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PubMed1985

Orthopoxvirus DNA: a comparison of restriction profiles and maps.

Characteristic DNA endonuclease digest fragment electropherograms and restriction site maps permitted differentiation and genome structure analysis of 38 orthopoxviruses that included isolates of monkeypox virus from humans and animals, monkeypox white variants, variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, Tatera (gerbil) and raccoon poxviruses, and cowpox and camelpox viruses. HindIII cleavage sites mapped on the 38 virus genome DNAs plus SmaI, BglI, SacI, KpnI, XhoI, and SalI maps for variola (Harvey) and monkeypox (Copenhagen) virus DNAs were derived essentially by cross-hybridizations with monkeypox, vaccinia, and variola virus-cloned DNA restriction fragments, thus digest fragments could be assigned homologous regions on previously established genome maps. Salient of our observations, the DNA HindIII maps correlated to a high degree, but variations in middle and especially terminal DNA region cleavage sites provided a basis for discerning species, strains and variants. The extent of the inverted terminal repetitions (ITRs) for 37 DNAs were determined with HindIII, PvuI, SalI, and ClaI, plus nine more restriction enzymes for Bangladesh variola virus DNA by hybridizations with either the terminal tandemly repeated 70-bp segment or an EcoRI-PvuI near hairpin-end 75-bp segment from WR vaccinia virus. The opposite terminal regions of variola DNA were considerably asymmetrical compared to the large symmetrical ITRs of the other species examined. An apparent DNA inversion and concurrent deletion (1 kbp) with subsequent repair of DNA to original structure was suggested from right terminal region maps of four viruses chosen from a variola virus passage series in monkeys. Correlative with virus geographic distribution, two strains of monkeypox virus, each containing two variants, were differentiated by DNA profiles of isolates from smallpox-like disease (SLD) patients of the African rainforest region. The DNAs of five monkeypox viruses isolated from laboratory and zoo animals resembled most DNAs from SLD monkeypox viruses from Sierra Leone. A poxvirus from an American raccoon contained 40% DNA that did not cross-hybridize with orthopoxvirus DNA probes. The DNAs of recent isolates from a gerbil and from a camel each mapped as unique African orthopoxvirus species and differed from variola virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Dermorphin interaction with peripheral opioid receptors.

The interaction of dermorphin with different peripheral opioid receptor subtypes was investigated in vitro, using the guinea pig ileum as representative tissue for mu, the mouse vas deferens for delta, the rabbit vas deferens for kappa and the rat vas deferens for epsilon. The effect of dermorphin on each tissue preparation was compared with that of selective mu, delta, kappa epsilon agonists respectively morphine, met-enkephalinamide, ethylketocyclazocine and camel beta-endorphin. Antagonism with naloxone was also tested and calculated as Ke. It is concluded that dermorphin mainly interacts with the mu receptors, although it also binds to epsilon receptors; the interaction with delta receptors is questionable, and the kappa receptors are unaffected.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

beta-Endorphin in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells.

Acid extracts from mouse Neuroblastoma x rat Glioma hybrid cells have been purified by means of Sep-Pak C-18 and fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. Each fraction has been submitted to a sensitive beta-endorphin radioimmunoassay and an immunoreactivity peak at camel beta-endorphin retention time was found.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Beta-endorphin: interaction with specific nonopioid binding sites on EL4 thymoma cells.

Binding of 125I-labeled camel beta-endorphin (125I-beta C-endorphin) to cells of several mouse thymoma cell lines was examined and was highest to EL4 cells. 125I-beta C-endorphin binding to EL4 cells was temperature-dependent; it was further characterized at 4 degrees C and exhibited saturability, complete reversibility, structural specificity and pH-dependence. 125I-beta C-endorphin binding was not inhibited by the opioid pentapeptides [Leu] enkephalin or [Met] enkephalin (which share common sequences with the N-terminus of beta C-endorphin) or by the N-terminal beta C-endorphin fragments beta C-endorphin (1-16) or beta C-endorphin (1-27). In contrast, binding was inhibited by beta C-endorphin (1-31), indicating that beta C-endorphin binding to EL4 cells was with a C-terminal beta C-endorphin segment. We suggest that binding of beta-endorphin to such nonopioid binding sites may precede its apparent effects on the proliferation of T-lymphocytes (5,6).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Neurotrophic effects of beta endorphin C-terminal tetrapeptide (MPF)

The ability of newts and other urolele amphibians to regenerate an accidentally-removed or amputated limb is lost after hypophysectomy, but restored following intraperitoneal injection of beta endorphin, or the C-terminal tetrapeptide sequence of human beta endorphin, Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu (= MPF). The closely related tetrapeptide, Lys-Lys-Gly-Gln (the C-terminal sequence of pig, sheep, and camel beta endorphin), the dipeptide Gly-Glu, the enkephalins, and other N-terminal sequences of beta endorphin (eg gamma endorphin) do not elicit the effect.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The opioid specificity of beta-endorphin enhancement of murine lymphocyte proliferation.

Beta-endorphin (beta-end) is a potent analgesic peptide which exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities in the central nervous system (CNS) following binding of its N-terminus to specific opioid receptors. Although C-terminal binding sites for this 31-amino-acid peptide have been characterized in CNS tissue, identification of their possible function has been facilitated by studies of beta-end effects on lymphocyte activities. In this communication, we report a detailed analysis of the opioid specificity of the ability of beta-end to enhance T cell mitogen-induced proliferation in unfractionated murine splenocytes. Intact 31-amino-acid beta-end peptides from several species, including human, camel and rat, enhanced concanavalin A-stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake 50-640% in a dose-dependent, naloxone-irreversible fashion. The presence of the C-terminal amino acids was required for the enhancement activity, since met-enkephalin, alpha- and gamma-endorphin, and human beta-end 1-27 were ineffective. Accordingly, the truncated peptides, human beta-end 6-31 and 18-31, were also able to enhance the Con A response. However, human beta-end 18-31 was consistently not as effective as beta-end 6-31 or the intact 31-residue peptide. These data suggest that although the C-terminus contains the primary active sequence, the N-terminus contributes to the overall potency of the effect. In support of this assertion, N-acetylation, which abolishes opioid binding activity, resulted in a reduced magnitude of enhancement. The data suggest that beta-end interacts with a non-opioid receptor which has specificity characteristics strikingly similar to non-opioid receptors characterized in CNS tissue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Direct identification and characterization of llama (Lama glama L.) whey proteins by microsequencing after western blotting.

Amino acid sequence determination is the most reliable and powerful tool to identify a protein or to classify a new one by comparison of its primary structure with already known sequences. A rapid and simple purification procedure is an essential pre-requisite for routine sequence determination. Structural characterization of llama whey proteins was undertaken for evolutionary as well as economic purposes. N-terminal sequence analyses directly on an immobilon polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane, following Western blotting of both native and SDS-denatured llama whey proteins after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed three different forms of glycosylated alpha-lactalbumin, and a protein with a high degree of homology with a camel whey protein of unknown function. Furthermore, by immunoblotting techniques, the electrophoretic band corresponding to serum albumin was identified.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Epitopes of the T19 lymphocyte surface antigen are extensively conserved in ruminants.

The reactivity of five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs SBU-T19, 197, IL-A29, CC-15 and CC-39) specific for the T19 molecule on sheep and cattle CD4-CD8- T cells was compared. MAbs SBU-T19 and 197 were shown to recognise separate epitopes on T19. All mAbs reacted with lymphocytes from several different ruminant species and the tissue distribution and frequency of positive cells was similar in each case. None of the mAbs reacted with horse, pig or camel lymphocytes. The extensive conservation of T19 epitopes in ruminants during the mammalian radiation could indicate an important role for this molecule in the ruminant immune system.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phylogenetically conserved epitopes of leukocyte antigens.

The occurrence of conserved epitopes in the immune system was investigated on the leukocytes of cattle, river buffalo, sheep, camel, swine and humans by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The distribution of the most conservative epitopes on leukocyte sub-populations suggests that the expression pattern of the proteins is similar. Western blotting experiments indicate that the recognized antigens are structural homologues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

The morbidity and mortality pattern of Brucella endocarditis.

Six cases of well-documented Brucella endocarditis are reported. All the patients gave a history of ingestion of raw milk and/or being in contact with sheep and/or camels during herding. The diagnosis was based in each case on a history of ingestion of raw milk, high titres of Brucella antibodies, a positive blood culture and echocardiography. A combination of tetracycline, rifampicin and streptomycin was found to be effective in eradicating the Brucella organism. Two cases required aortic valve replacement, and another two required replacement of both aortic and mitral valves. One case died before any surgical intervention could be performed and one patient did not require surgery. Although it was noted that the Brucella organism attacks mainly valves which are already damaged, it may also attack and infect normal valves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Trypanosomiasis of domestic animals in China.

Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi (surra) is a problem of great economic importance in livestock in China because it affects important working animals: buffaloes in the south and east, and horses and cattle in the north and west. In addition, buffaloes are an important source of meat and leather for the Chinese population. In the north and west, T. evansi is found mainly in camels, whereas in the east, the south and the southwest, it is primarily buffaloes, cattle and horses that are affected by this parasitic flagellate. Although trypanosomiasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases of domestic animals in China, little information on this disease has been published. In this article Zhao-Rong Lun, Yuang Fang, Chang-Ji Wang and Reto Brun evaluate trypanosomiasis of domestic animals in China and review epidemiological studies of the past 40 years.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Brucellosis in Saudi Arabia.

This paper describes the history of brucellosis and the current public health picture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Health protection is made more difficult by several factors: (a) the local custom of drinking raw and warm milk of sheep, goats, and camels, (b) the animal reservoir of infection in the country complicated by importation of live animals both for sacrifice during Haj periods and to increase commercial flocks, and (c) by uncontrolled movements of humans and stock across political borders.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sedentism and child health among Rendille pastoralists of northern Kenya.

Many nomadic pastoralists of Africa are settling near towns and famine-relief centers in response to drought-induced livestock loss, loss of pasture land, increased involvement in market economies and political turmoil including civil war. The present study uses measurements of child health, particularly morbidity, dietary and growth patterns, to evaluate the consequences of sedentism for three Rendille communities of northern Kenya. A nutritional and health survey utilizing interviews, anthropometric measurements, physical examinations and hemoglobin measurements was conducted for 105 mothers and their 174 children under six years of age in three Rendille communities, one fully nomadic and two sedentary, in July 1990, a year of above average rainfall, and again in June 1992, a drought year. Results indicate that while the nomadic Rendille community of Lewogoso shares similar morbidity patterns with its sedentary counterparts and had similar numbers of malnourished children during the wet year, the sedentary communities had significantly more malnutrition among children under six during the dry year. Moreover, the children in the settled town of Korr had significantly higher levels of anemia. Differences in malnutrition are attributed to distinctive dietary regimes: during the drought, nomadic children consumed three times as much milk as the sedentary children, while settled children's diets concentrated on starches, fat and sugar. This study suggests that the pastoral nomadic diet, particularly one dependent on camels' milk, offers children better resistance to the pressures of drought and supports findings that the subsistence base of mixed-species pastoralism is superior to sedentary alternatives with respect to child health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Tonic pain time-dependently affects beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the ventral periaqueductal gray matter of the rat brain.

beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity (B-EP-LI) levels have been investigated in the ventral periaqueductal gray matter (vPAG) of rats killed 30, 60 or 120 min after the subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin (0.08 ml, 5%) in one fore- or hindpaw, or comparable handling. B-EP-LI was estimated by radioimmunoassay, using an anti-camel B-EP serum directed against the C-terminal portion of B-EP molecule. In both fore- and hindlimb groups vPAG B-EP-LI values were significantly increased 60 and 120 min after the injection relative to controls. Values from animals killed 120 min after formalin injection were higher than the ones at 30 and 60 min, forelimb effects being quantitatively more pronounced. The increase in B-EP-LI appeared distributed along the whole rostrocaudal extent of the region.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Behavioral manifestations of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal nerve ligation in the primate.

A goal of the present study was to document the behavioral changes observed in a model of painful neuropathy in the primate (Macaca fascicularis). A neuropathic state was induced by tight ligation of the L7 spinal nerve, just distal to the L7 dorsal root ganglion. Sensory testing was done on the ventral surface of the foot, a region that includes the L7 dermatome. Within 1 week following surgery, all monkeys (n = 3) developed a marked sensitivity to mechanical stimulation (with a camel hair brush and von Frey hairs), indicating the presence of mechanical allodynia. In 2 animals, the increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation was also observed on the contralateral side. The threshold for withdrawal to a heat stimulus decreased, indicating the presence of heat hyperalgesia. Presentation of various cooling stimuli, such as acetone and cold water baths, suggested that cold allodynia had also developed. These behavioral phenomena are similar to those seen in humans diagnosed with peripheral neuropathic pain. The behavioral abnormalities are discussed in relation to the responses of spinothalamic tract cells recorded from primates with the same peripheral nerve injury (Palecek et al. 1992).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence and serology of hydatidosis in large ruminants of Pakistan.

Hydatidosis was seen in 38.90% of cattle, 33.06% of buffaloes and 58.9% of camels slaughtered at a local abattoir. No statistically significant seasonal difference in prevalence was observed. Most cysts (63.14%) were infertile. Protein and carbohydrate contents of fluid from fertile and infertile cysts did not differ significantly. Sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of indirect haemagglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were low.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1995

Polypeptide profiles and antigenic characterization of cell membrane and flagellar preparations of different stocks of Trypanosoma evansi.

Polypeptides and antigens of cell membrane (CM) and flagellar (Fl) preparations of seven different stocks of Trypanosoma evansi were studied using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by Western blotting. The stocks were collected from Bareilly, Bikaner, Hisar Karnal, Lucknow and Ludhiana localities of northern India and were isolated from either buffalo, equids or camel. Between two and five polypeptides with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 48.4 to 80.2 kDa (except one stock) were detected in the CM preparations and between four and 12 polypeptides ranging from 17.6 to 80.2 kDa were observed in the Fl preparations. The 78.3 kDa polypeptide was common to the CM preparation of all seven stocks. The number of antigens found in the CM of different stocks using homologous and heterologous hyperimmune sera (HIS) varied between three and 11 and were in the MW range of 25-98 kDa. Likewise the number of Fl antigens of different stocks varied between three and 14, predominantly in the MW range 17-98 kDa. Antigenic cross-reactivity among polypeptides of the CM and Fl preparations detected by various HIS was also high, indicating the possibility of less antigenic variability among these seven stocks.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

International collaborative research: significance of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases to world animal health.

A general review is given of the tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases of greatest economic importance in ruminants, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, theileriosis and cowdriosis, each caused by one or more species of hemoparasites. Most affected are cattle and small ruminants, buffalo are more resistant and little is known regarding camels. The situation varies from one continent or region to another. Innate and breed susceptibility to these diseases are of tremendous importance. Disease in the field cannot be considered separated from the whole complex of tick-borne diseases and from the ticks themselves, particularly if the aim is to attain endemic stability. International coordination is needed now that research funds are scarce. An appendix contains tables with hemoparasites of various domestic animals and notes with background details.

Animal Welfare↗