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PubMed1977

Photoreactivating enzyme from Escherichia coli: appearance of new absorption on binding to ultraviolet irradiated DNA.

The photoreactivating enzyme, PRE, monomerizes pyrimidine dimers in DNA in a light requiring reaction (lambda greater than 300 nm). However, the purified PRE from E. coli has no well-defined absorption band for lambda greater than 300 nm. Using absorption difference spectroscopy, we show that when PRE is mixed with ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, new absorption appears in the spectral region required for catalysis. There is a concomitant decrease in the absorption of the mixture for wavelength less than 300 nm. The hyperchromicity for lambda greater than 300 nm is true absorption, not an artifact due to light scattering. Both the hyperchromicity (lambda greater than 300 nm) and hypochromicity (lambda less than 300 nm) can be reversed by irradiation of 365 nm with identical first-order kinetics. We estimate the molar extinction coefficient of the new absorption to be 6900 +/- 1400 at 350 nm. We conclude that the PRE from E. coli does not possess a distinct "chromophore" which by itself is entirely responsible for the absorption of photoreactivating light. Instead, new absorption results when PRE binds its substrate, dimer-containing DNA.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed2003

Iron and zinc absorption from two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes in young women.

Extrinsic and intrinsic iron and zinc labels were used to test iron and zinc absorption from two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes, containing normal (common beans, CB) or higher (HFeZnB) iron and zinc concentrations, fed in single meals to young women with low iron reserves. The women were divided into two groups, with one receiving a CB test meal (n = 12) and the other, an HFeZnB test meal (n = 11). The beans were intrinsically labeled hydroponically with (55)Fe (CB and HFeZnB) and with (70)Zn (HFeZnB). Concentrations of zinc and iron were 98 and 65% higher, respectively, in HFeZnB as compared to CB, but phytic acid contents were similar. Extrinsic labels were (59)Fe (CB and HFeZnB), (67)Zn (CB), and (68)Zn (HFeZnB). Iron and zinc percent absorption levels were calculated from radio-iron activity in red blood cells and from urinary excretion of zinc isotopes. Intrinsic and extrinsic iron absorption measures were highly correlated (R (2) = 0.986) (average extrinsic/intrinsic ratio was 1.00). Iron absorption was low (geometric mean < 2%) in both bean types, and total iron absorbed was not different between types. Intrinsic zinc absorption from the HFeZn beans was higher than extrinsic absorption (15.2% vs 13.4%, p < 0.05) (average extrinsic/intrinsic was 0.90). The correlation between intrinsic and extrinsic zinc measures was not as high as that for iron (R (2) = 0.719). Percent zinc absorption levels were similar in both bean types, but total extrinsic zinc absorbed was 90% higher (p < 0.05) from the HFeZnB meal. Thus, the less expensive and time-consuming extrinsic labeling may be used to screen various varieties of beans for iron bioavailability in humans, but it underestimates zinc absorption by approximately 10%. Selective breeding for high-zinc bean genotypes may improve zinc status. However, high-iron genotypes appear to have little effect on iron status when fed alone in single meals to women with low iron reserves.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

UV-absorption spectra of the radical transients generated from the 193-nm photolysis of allene, propyne, and 2-butyne.

The 193-nm photochemistry of allene (H2C=C=CH2), propyne (H3C-C[triple bond]CH), and 2-butyne (H3C-C[triple bond]C-CH3) has been examined, and the UV spectral region between 220 and 350 nm has been surveyed for UV-absorption detection of transient species generated from the photolysis of these molecules. Time-resolved UV-absorption spectroscopy was used for detection of transient absorption. Gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) analysis of the photolyzed samples were employed for identification of the final photodissociation products. An emphasis of the study has been on the examination of possibilities of formation of different C3H3 isomeric radicals, that is, propargyl (H2CCCH) or propynyl (H3CCC), from the 193-nm photolysis of these molecules. Survey of the UV spectral region, following the 193-nm photolysis of dilute mixtures of allene/He resulted in detection of a strong absorption band around 230 nm and a weaker band in the 320-nm region with a relative intensity of about 8:1. The time-resolved absorption traces after the photolysis event show an instantaneous rise, followed by a simple decay. The spectral features, observed in this work, following 193-nm photolysis of allene are in good agreement with the previously reported spectrum of H2CCCH radical in the 240- and 320-nm regions and are believed to originate primarily from propargyl radicals. In comparison, the spectra obtained from the 193-nm photolysis of dilute mixtures of HCCCH3/He and CH3CCCH3/He were nearly identical, consisting of two relatively broad bands centered at about 240- and 320-nm regions with a relative intensity of about 2:1, respectively. In addition, the time-resolved absorption traces after photolysis of propyne and 2-butyne samples, both in the 240 and 320 nm regions, indicated an instant rise followed by an additional slower absorption rise. The distinct differences between the results of allene with those of propyne and 2-butyne suggest the observed absorption features following 193-nm photolysis of these molecules are likely to be composite with contributions from a number of transient species other than propargyl radicals. Propyne and 2-butyne are structurally similar. The methyl (CH3) and propynyl (CH3C[triple bond]C) radicals are likely to be among the photodissociation products of 2-butyne, and similarly, propynyl is likely to be a photodissociation product of propyne. GC/MS product analysis of photolyzed 2-butyne/He mixtures indicates the formation of C2H6 (formed from the combination of CH3 radicals), and a number of C6H6 and C4H6 isomers formed from self- and cross reactions of C3H3 and CH3 radicals, including 1,5-hexadiyne and 2,4-hexadyine, that are potential products of combination reactions of propargyl as well as propynyl radicals.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Absorption cross sections of formaldehyde at wavelengths from 300 to 340 nm at 294 and 245 K.

Absorption cross sections for the A1A2-X1A1 electronic transition of formaldehyde have been measured by ultraviolet (UV) laser absorption spectroscopy in the tropospherically significant wavelength range 300-340 nm, over which HCHO is photochemically active. Absorption cross sections are reported at two temperatures, 294 and 245 K and at a spectral resolution of 0.0035 nm (0.35 cm-1). At this resolution, greater peak absorption cross sections are obtained for many of the sharp spectral features than were previously reported. To simulate atmospheric conditions in the troposphere, the effects of adding a pressure of nitrogen of up to 500 Torr and of reduced sample temperature were investigated. The overall magnitudes of peak absorption cross sections are largely unaffected by the added pressure of nitrogen, but a modest degree of pressure broadening (0.2-0.3 cm-1 atm-1) is evident in the line shapes. Computer simulations of spectra have been optimized by comparison with wavelength-dependent formaldehyde absorption cross sections for each major vibronic band in the chosen wavelength range. Experimental and computer simulated spectra at 294 and 245 K are compared to test the reliability of the computer simulations for quantification of the effects of temperature on absorption cross sections. All experimental absorption cross section data and tables of input parameters for spectral simulations are available as Supporting Information.

Atmosphere↗

PubMed2006

Visible light absorption by various titanium dioxide specimens.

A set of heat-induced and photoinduced absorption spectra of various compositions of Degussa P25 TiO2 and different polymers has been examined. The spectra are described as the sum of overlapping absorption bands (ABs) with maxima at 2.90 eV (427 nm, AB1), 2.55 eV (486 nm, AB2), and 2.05 eV (604 nm, AB3); the spectra correlate entirely with the experimentally observed absorption spectra after the reduction of TiO2. Absorption spectra of visible-light-active TiO2 photocatalysts reported recently in the literature have also been analyzed. Relatively narrow absorption spectra are very similar and independent of the method of photocatalyst preparation. The average absorption spectrum can be described reasonably well by the sum of the two absorption bands AB1 and AB2. It is argued that visible light activation of TiO2 specimens (anion-doped or otherwise) implicates defects associated with oxygen vacancies that give rise to color centers displaying these absorption bands and not to a narrowing of the original band gap of TiO2 (EBG approximately 3.2 eV, anatase) through mixing of dopant and oxygen states, as has been suggested recently in the literature.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Femtosecond absorption study of photodissociation of diphenylcyclopropenone in solution: reaction dynamics and coherent nuclear motion.

Reaction dynamics and coherent nuclear motions in the photodissociation of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) were studied in solution by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. Subpicosecond transient absorption spectra were measured in the visible region with excitation at the second absorption band of DPCP. The obtained spectra showed a new short-lived band around 480 nm immediately after photoexcitation, which is assignable to the initially populated S(2) state of DPCP before the dissociation. The dissociation takes place from this excited state (the precursor of the reaction) with a time constant of 0.2 ps, and the excited state of diphenylacetylene (DPA) is generated as the reaction product. The transient absorption after the dissociation decayed with a time constant of 8 ps that is very close to the S(2)-state lifetime of DPA, but the spectrum of this 8-ps component was different from the S(2) absorption observed with direct photoexcitation of DPA. We conclude that the dissociation of DPCP generates the S(2) state of DPA that probably has a cis-bent structure. At later delay times (>30 ps), the transient absorption signals are very similar to those obtained by direct photoexcitation of DPA. This confirmed that the electronic relaxation from the S(2) state of the product DPA occurs in a similar manner to that of DPA itself, i.e., the internal conversion to the S(1) state and subsequent intersystem crossing to the T(1) state. In order to examine the coherent nuclear dynamics in this dissociation reaction, we carried out time-resolved absorption measurements for the 480-nm band with 70 fs resolution. It was found that an underdamped oscillatory modulation with a 0.1-ps period is superposed on the decay of the precursor absorption. This indicates that DPCP exhibits a coherent nuclear motion having a approximately 330-cm(-1) frequency in the dissociative excited state. Based on a comparison with the measured and calculated Raman spectra of ground-state DPCP, we discuss the assignment of the "330-cm(-1) vibration" and attribute it to a vibration involving the displacement of the CO group as well as the deformation of the Ph-C[Double Bond]C-Ph skeleton. We consider that this motion is closely related to the reaction coordinate of the photodissociation of DPCP.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Two-photon absorption cross sections: an investigation of solvent effects. Theoretical studies on formaldehyde and water.

The effects of a solvent on the two-photon absorption of microsolvated formaldehyde and liquid water have been studied using hybrid coupled-cluster/molecular mechanics (CC/MM) response theory. Both water and formaldehyde were considered solvated in water, where the solvent water molecules were described within the framework of molecular mechanics. Prior to the CC/MM calculations, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the water/formaldehyde and water/water aggregates and many configurations were generated. By carrying out CC/MM response calculations on the individual configurations, it was possible to obtain statistically averaged results for both the excitation energies and two-photon absorption cross sections. For liquid water, the comparison between one- and two-photon absorption spectra is in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. In particular, the lowest energy transition occurring in the one-photon absorption spectrum of water only occurs with a relatively small strength in the two-photon absorption spectrum. This result is important for the interpretation of two-photon absorption data as these results show that in the absence of selection rules that determine which transitions are forbidden, the spectral profile of the two-photon absorption spectrum can be significantly different from the spectral profile of the one-photon absorption spectrum.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Chloride fluxes during cAMP stimulation of liquid absorption across the native rat alveolar epithelium.

cAMP activates Cl- channels in the alveolar epithelium of rabbits (Nielsen et al. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275:L1127-L1133), resulting in Cl- secretion; and of rats (Jiang et al. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275:C1610-C1620), resulting in Cl- absorption. The relationship between Cl- fluxes and liquid absorption across the alveolar barrier was examined using isolated perfused rat lungs. Unidirectional 36Cl- fluxes (apparent PACl products) in the apical-to-basal (absorption, PAClab) and reverse (secretion, PAClba) directions were identical under control conditions. Both increased about 2-fold during stimulation of liquid absorption by dibutyrylcAMP + isobutylmethylxanthine (P < .001). Inhibiting Na+ and liquid absorption during cAMP stimulation by adding amiloride to the alveolar instillate decreased PAClab to control level (P < .01), but did not affect PAClba. Neither alveolar liquid absorption nor PAClba was affected by apical N-phenylanthranilic acid or basolateral bumetanide during cAMP stimulation. Mannitol permeability--surface area products did not differ with the experimental condition. These observations indicate that cAMP stimulation results in enhanced Cl- and liquid absorption from rat airspaces and Cl- secretion into them. They suggest that Cl- absorption follows Na+ transport, but fail to demonstrate any significant participation of cAMP-activated Cl- channels in these changes.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗

PubMed1991

The effect of carbohydrates in milk on the absorption of calcium by postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the presence of carbohydrate in milk, either lactose or its hydrolysis products, enhance the bioavailability of calcium (Ca) in milk. Two studies were performed. In study A, fractional Ca absorption was measured in 11 lactose-tolerant postmenopausal women after an oral dose of 47Ca-equilibrated milk formula containing no carbohydrate (NOCHO), lactose (LACTOSE), or an equivalent amount of glucose plus galactose (SUGAR); all participated in three absorption studies in random order. The NOCHO formula contained 10.0 g protein and 217 mg Ca from a combination of milk mineral and protein isolates; the LACTOSE and SUGAR formulae contained in addition 12 g lactose or 6 g glucose plus 6 g galactose, respectively. In study B, fractional Ca absorption was measured in five postmenopausal women after an oral dose of 47Ca-equilibrated skim milk (217 mg Ca) and lactase-treated milk, each with sufficient carbohydrate added to equal 12 g. For both studies, the increase in forearm radioactivity 4 and 8 hours after oral 47Ca administration relative to the increase observed after IV administration was used to estimate fractional Ca absorption. The addition of lactose but not glucose plus galactose to the NOCHO formula enhanced Ca absorption (p less than 0.05). Fractional absorption at 4 hours was 0.386 from the LACTOSE formula compared with 0.310 for both the NOCHO and SUGAR formulae. Those individuals with the lowest absorption in the absence of carbohydrate had the greatest increase with lactose. In contrast, Ca absorption was the same from skim milk as from lactase-treated skim milk (study B).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Pulmonary absorption enhancement of salmon calcitonin.

The aim of this work was to develop formulations of calcitonin for pulmonary delivery to enhance the absorption and study the comparative pharmacodynamic behavior of developed formulations in rats. Formulations with different pH, absorption promoters of different classes and combination thereof at three concentration levels were prepared and instilled intratracheally in anesthetized rats. The absorption of calcitonin was measured by its hypocalcemic effect in blood collected at specific time points. The formulations having least concentration of absorption promoter with significant blood calcium reduction were selected out from three concentration levels of absorption promoters used. The relative pulmonary bioactivity of calcitonin in acetate buffer pH 6.0 and pH 3.9 was 21.0+/-1.5% and 53.9+/-2.8%, respectively, compared to subcutaneously administered calcitonin in equivalent dose. When sodium tauroglycocholate, dimethyl beta-cyclodextrin, chymostatin, and bacitracin were co-administered in acetate buffer pH 3.9 solution, the relative bioactivity of 139.1+/-7.3% was obtained. Only 72.0+/-2.7%, 79.2+/-3.9%, 83.0+/-2.1% and 87.0+/-3.9% were obtained, respectively, upon incorporation of these absorption promoters individually. It was concluded that absorption promoters in combination significantly increase the pulmonary bioactivity of calcitonin. These studies proves that calcitonin administered through the pulmonary route can yield higher systemic absorption for enhanced bioactivity.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of pulmonary absorption using pharmacokinetic methods.

When assessing inhaled drug absorption, standard pharmacokinetic analyses cannot differentiate drug that reaches the systemic circulation from the lungs from that of the gut. Pulmonary absorption kinetics can be assessed for drugs with negligible gastrointestinal absorption or for drugs that are eliminated via first-pass metabolism. For other drugs, pulmonary absorption kinetics can be studied by blocking gastrointestinal absorption with charcoal, or by studying absorption during the first 30 minutes post inhalation before appreciable oral absorption has occurred. Pharmacokinetic data generally agree well with pulmonary deposition data derived by measuring inhaled radiotracer-labelled drug using gamma-scintigraphy. Monitoring pulmonary and oral absorption also provides information on total systemic exposure and therefore safety. Furthermore, the duration of action of different inhaled drugs and the degree of pulmonary targeting can be obtained by determining the corticosteroid occupancy of lung and systemic glucocorticoid receptors. Pharmacokinetic data from healthy volunteers cannot be extrapolated to patients with asthma, as systemic exposure to inhaled drugs can be markedly less in patients than in healthy volunteers. This correlates with the observed differences in side effects in these two groups. Although pharmacokinetic methods do not provide information on regional deposition, they do generate data on systemic and pulmonary exposure, and so play a role in the development of delivery systems.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1997

Absorption, social desirability, and symptoms in a behavioral medicine population.

The relationships among absorption, social desirability, and psychological and somatic symptoms were examined in a clinical population of patients at a behavioral medicine clinic. Absorption, as measured by the Tellegen Absorption Scale, was significantly and positively related to the somatization and global distress indices of the Brief Symptom Inventory. However, absorption was negatively related to social desirability, as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. Global distress, but not somatization, also was negatively related to social desirability. After controlling for social desirability, global distress was marginally related to absorption. In addition, absorption interacted with a measure of how much patients were bothered by their primary symptom. Patients who had high absorption reported more somatic and global distress if they also reported being very bothered by their primary symptom than if they were less bothered by it. The results are discussed with respect to related research on absorption, social desirability, and symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Engineering the structure-induced enhanced absorption in three-dimensional metallic photonic crystals.

Order-of-magnitude enhancement of light absorption can take place near the photonic band gaps in three-dimensional layer-by-layer metallic photonic crystals in the mid-infrared wavelength regime where a conventional bulk metallic material shows weak absorption. In this paper we investigate the dependence of this enhanced absorption on several structural parameters of the crystal by means of a plane-wave-based transfer-matrix method in combination with an analytic model expansion approach. We find that when the metallic layers are brought out of touch, the magnitude of the absorption peaks grows rather than decays, in contrast with the conventional wisdom that the connectivity of metallic structure can enhance the absorption. Besides, the increase in the metallic layer separation distance will result in redshifts of absorption peak. The position of the absorption peak can also be engineered conveniently by simply changing the refractive index of the dielectric material filling the open domain between metal walls. Due to the approximate scalability of Maxwell's equations, the absorption peak shows a nearly linear dependence in position on this refractive index.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1969

Influence of calcium and magnesium on manganese absorption.

Mutual effects between Mn, Ca, and Mg were studied during steady-state absorption experiments with excised barley roots. Calcium appeared to enhance the rate of Mn absorption; whereas, Mg had a highly depressive effect. The combination of both Ca and Mg was even more inhibitory to Mn absorption than Mg alone. Manganese had no effect on the usual negligible Ca absorption by this tissue, but effectively inhibited the absorption of Mg. Although divalent cation absorption from the Ca-Mg-Mn system was essentially nil, K absorption was greatly stimulated in the presence of these cations. These mutual effects and others reported in the literature are explained by the hypothesis that selectivity in ion absorption results from cation-induced conformational changes in the structure of the carrier molecule.

Calcium↗

PubMed1973

Vanadium Uptake by Plants: Absorption Kinetics and the Effects of pH, Metabolic Inhibitors, and Other Anions and Cations.

The kinetics of vanadium absorption by excised barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Eire) roots were investigated with respect to ionic species of V in solution, time and concentration dependence, Ca sensitivity, and interaction with various anions, cations, and pH levels. The role of metabolism in V absorption was also studied using anaerobic treatment (N(2) gas) and chemical inhibitors (NaN(3), KCN, or 2,4-dinitrophenol). Approximately one-third of the labeled V initially taken up by excised roots was desorbed to a constant level after 45 min in unlabeled V solutions. The rate of absorption of labeled V from 5 mum NH(4)VO(3) solutions containing 0.5 mm CaSO(4) was constant for at least 3 hours. Omission of Ca resulted in a 72% reduction in V uptake when compared to controls with 0.5 mm CaSO(4). The rate of uptake of V was highest at pH 4 but dropped to a very low level at pH 10. It was relatively constant between the pH levels of 5 and 8 at which the VO(3) (-) ion is the predominant ionic species in solution. The rate of absorption of V was followed as a function of concentrations from 0.5 to 100 mum NH(4)VO(3). It was found to be a linear function of concentration and did not follow saturation kinetics. Absorption experiments carried out with labeled V from either N(a)VO(3) or NH(4)VO(3) sources gave similar results. No anion studied (i.e. HPO(4) (2-), HAsO(4) (2-), MoO(4) (2-), SeO(4) (2-), SeO(3) (2-), CrO(4) (2-), BO(3) (3-), No(3) (-), and Cl(-)) interfered appreciably (i.e. less than 30% inhibition) with the absorption of labeled V. Anaerobic treatment of absorption solution with N(2) gas did not inhibit V absorption by excised roots. The results obtained using chemical inhibitors were not consistent. It was concluded that V is not actively absorbed by excised barley roots.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1979

Comparison of Reductions in Adenosine Triphosphate Content, Plasma Membrane-associated Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity, and Potassium Absorption in Oat Roots by Diethylstilbestrol.

The possibility was investigated that diethylstilbestrol (DES) inhibits potassium absorption in oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Goodfield) roots by inhibiting mitochondrial functions in addition to inhibiting the plasma membrane ATPase. DES at 10(-6) molar stimulated the mitochondrial ATPase slightly, but higher concentrations had no effect. Oxidative phosphorylation by isolated mitochondria was inhibited 50% by 2.6 x 10(-5) molar DES; concentrations of 10(-4) molar or greater were completely inhibitory. After a lag of about 2 minutes, 10(-4) molar DES produced a linear decrease in ATP content of excised roots. After 20 minutes, the ATP content of the tissue was about 50% of the control and remained at that level after 30 minutes in DES.Comparison of changes in ATP content, plasma membrane ATPase activity, and K(+) absorption rate with time in the presence of DES showed that the rapid decrease in K(+) absorption rate corresponded more closely with the decrease in ATPase activity than the decrease in ATP content. Total inhibition of the ATPase was calculated by multiplying together the percentage decreases in ATPase activity and ATP content. At times greater than 10 minutes this "net" ATPase activity corresponded very closely with the K(+) absorption rate.These results show that DES can inhibit potassium absorption by reducing mitochondrial ATP production in addition to inhibiting the plasma membrane ATPase. However, the rapid (less than 5 minutes) inhibition of absorption is caused by direct inhibition of the ATPase rather than a reduced ATP supply because the ATP content is lowered only slightly whereas the ATPase is inhibited dramatically in that time. The relationship between plasma membrane ATPase activity and K(+) absorption rate as inhibited by DES supports the hypothesis that the ATPase is involved in cation absorption by plant roots.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1981

Characterization of the inhibition of k absorption in oat roots by salicylic Acid.

The phenolic compounds salicylic acid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid) and ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) inhibited K(+) ((86)Rb(+)) absorption in excised oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Goodfield) root tissue. Salicylic acid was the most inhibitory. The degree of inhibition was both concentration- and pH-dependent. With decreasing pH, the inhibitory effect of the phenolic increased. During the early stages of incubation, the time required to inhibit K(+) absorption was also pH- and concentration-dependent. At pH 4.0, 5x10(-4) molar salicylic acid inhibited K(+) absorption about 60% within 1 minute; whereas, at pH 6.5, this concentration affected absorption only after 10 to 15 minutes. However, at 5 x 10(-3) molar and pH 6.5, salicylic acid was inhibitory within 1 minute. The capacity of the tissue to recover following a 1-hour treatment in 5 x 10(-4) molar salicylic acid ranged from no recovery at pH 4.5 to complete recovery at pH 7.5. The absorption of salicylic acid was pH-dependent, also. As pH decreased, more of the phenolic compound was absorbed by the tissue. The increased absorption of the compound at low pH most likely contributed to apparent tissue damage at pH 4.5 and might have accounted for the lack of recovery of K(+) absorption as pH decreased.Under the proper conditions of pH and concentration, phenolic acids such as salicylic acid could significantly affect mineral absorption by plants in the field.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

Simultaneous Measurement of NH(4) Absorption and N(2) Fixation by Glycine max L. : RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE, pH, AND EXTERNAL NITROGEN CONCENTRATION.

Ammonium absorption rates by intact nodulated and unnodulated soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr., Amsoy 71) were determined from the liquid phase of a mist assay chamber. From the gas phase, simultaneous measurements of acetylene reduction rates were made from nodulated plants. Ammonium absorption capacity was consistently greater in unnodulated plants.At the beginning of flowering, plant roots were sprayed with an uptake solution ranging from 0.05 to 1.0 millimolar NH(4)Cl, and root nodules concurrently were exposed to 0.12 atmosphere acetylene. The NH(4) (+) absorption system of both nodulated and unnodulated plants were nearly saturated at 0.3 to 0.5 millimolar NH(4) (+).Increasing the pH from 4.0 to 6.8 stimulated NH(4) (+) absorption rate in both flowering and preflowering nodulated and unnodulated plants. Acetylene reduction rate was not altered by short-term exposure to increased acidity. Short-term exposure to lower absorption solution temperatures from 32 degrees C to 18 degrees C did not significantly affect NH(4) (+) absorption rate in flowering nodulated or unnodulated plants. However, acetylene reduction rate increased as the absorption solution temperature increased. The Q(10) value was 1.5 for the reaction rate. Increasing external NO(3) (-) concentration from 0.1 to 5.0 millimolar NO(3) (-) did not significantly influence the kinetics of NH(4) (+) absorption or acetylene reduction rate.

Journal Article↗