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PubMed2005

Weight change, weight change intention, and the incidence of mobility limitation in well-functioning community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Obesity increases the risk for functional decline in later years, but the functional consequences of weight change in older adults are currently unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether weight, weight change, and weight change intention are associated with risk for mobility limitation in elderly persons. METHODS: This study included 2,932 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70 to 79 years, participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, who were followed for 30 months. At baseline, reported weight change of 5 or more pounds during the previous year and weight change intention were assessed. Mobility limitation was defined as reported difficulty or inability to walk one-quarter mile or to climb 10 steps during two consecutive semiannual assessments during a period of 30 months. RESULTS: Approximately 30% of participants developed mobility limitation. Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased risk for mobility limitation. Unintentional weight loss in the previous year was associated with increased risk for mobility limitation in the extremely obese, which was defined as BMI >or= 35 (hazard ratios [HR], =3.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84--7.79), and the normal BMI, which was defined as BMI<25 (HR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.80--3.60). In persons with BMI 25 to 29.9, intentional weight loss (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.12--2.25) and weight fluctuation with any intention (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10--2.28) increased the risk for mobility limitation. Unintentional weight gain or fluctuation did not confer additional risk for mobility limitation compared with weight stability, regardless of the level of body weight. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of well-functioning elderly persons, functional consequences of past weight change depended on the type of weight change, intentionality, and current measured body weight.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Differential parental weight and height contributions to offspring birthweight and weight gain in infancy.

BACKGROUND: Parental weight and height correlate with offspring birthweight and weight gain, suggesting genetic and environmental influences on fetal growth. The differential contributions of the mother's and father's height and weight to birthweight, or weight gain in infancy, remain unclear and were examined using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. METHODS: We calculated z-scores for birthweight and conditional weight gain to age 9 months (weight gain adjusted for birthweight) for 6811 term white singleton infants living with natural parents, using the British 1990 growth reference. We also calculated parental height and weight z-scores. The effects of parental size on birthweight and weight gain were analysed using multivariable regression, with a novel reparameterization to test for differences in effect size between mother and father. RESULTS: Maternal weight had a far greater influence than paternal weight on birthweight [coefficient for the difference between parents (95% CI): 0.15 (0.100.20)], while parental height contributions were similar [0.03 (-0.02 to 0.07)]. Weights and heights of mothers and fathers contributed equally to infant weight gain [difference coefficients -0.03 (-0.09 to 0.02) and 0.02 (-0.03 to 0.07), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: The influences of parental height and weight on birthweight and infant weight gain are similar for the two parents, with the exception of the influence of weight on birthweight where the mother is much more influential than the father. Parental size associations with infant growth result from a complex combination of genetic and environmental influences. This novel reparameterization of parental anthropometry is applicable to other studies examining parental influences on offspring size and growth across the life course.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1989

Maternal weight gain, smoking and other factors in pregnancy as predictors of infant birth-weight in Sydney women.

Two hundred and four (204) women attending a Sydney maternity hospital and their babies were followed throughout pregnancy in a study, which aimed: 1) to describe the distribution of maternal weight gain in present day Australian women and 2) to determine the effect of weight gain and other factors on birth-weight. Maternal weights and skinfold thicknesses were measured serially to give an indication of weight gain. Mean weight gain from conception to term was 14.2kg and mean birth-weight was 3,442g. Maternal predictors of birth-weight such as maternal weight gain, parity, age, education, height, public or private booking status, smoking, prepregnancy weight, and sex of the infant and gestational age were explored using simple and multiple regression analysis. Weight gain was predictive of birth-weight, each kg increase in total weight gain resulting in about a 30g increase in birthweight. Other strong predictors were gestational age, maternal smoking, sex of the infant and maternal parity. Maternal height was less strongly predictive and age and prepregnant weight were not predictive. Smoking mothers had infants who were 268g lighter than those of nonsmoking mothers. However, smokers were also younger, shorter, had less education and were more likely to book as public patients than nonsmokers. After adjusting for all other predictors, the birth-weight of infants whose mothers smoked, was still 224g less than that for nonsmoking mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Timing of weight gain during pregnancy: promoting fetal growth and minimizing maternal weight retention.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of the extent and timing of pregnancy weight gain with infant birth weight (IBW) and postpartum weight retention (PPWR). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of pregnant women followed through 6 weeks postpartum. MEASUREMENTS: Birth weight and maternal weight gain before 20 weeks, 21-30 weeks, 31 weeks to term and postpartum weight retention were measured. SUBJECTS: A total of 371 healthy white nonsmoking pregnant women followed by the Prenatal Nutrition Counselling Program of the Department of Health and Social Services of the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada, between 1979 and 1989 who had uncomplicated pregnancies resulting in full term singleton infants. RESULTS: Weight gain during pregnancy (> 12 kg) was associated with PPWR (> 2.5 kg) in underweight, normal and overweight women. Pregnancy weight gain explained 65.2% of the variability in PPWR, but very little of the variability (4.7%) in IBW. Predictors of IBW (gestational age, pregravid weight and infant gender) were not related to PPWR. Early maternal weight gain (< or = 20 weeks) was a strong predictor of PPWR. Comparisons of mothers with PPWR above and below the median of the group indicated important differences in early weight gain (< or = 20 weeks) for underweight (3.3 kg), normal weight (3.3 kg), and overweight (6.2 kg) mothers. CONCLUSION: The results emphasize the importance of the timing of gestational weight gain and show an advantage in deferring a larger portion of required weight gain to late pregnancy (particularly in well-nourished overweight women) in order to promote fetal growth while reducing the risk of high weight retention and its potential adverse health consequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Vitamin K antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND: Patients who have had an episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism are usually treated for at least five days with intravenous unfractionated heparin or subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin. Thereafter, they received a three month course of a vitamin K antagonist, with a dose adjusted to achieve an International Normalized Ratio between 2.0 and 3.0. Some patients have contraindications to vitamin K antagonists. In addition, treatment with vitamin K antagonists has the disadvantage of regular laboratory measurements. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism with low-molecular-weight heparins compared with vitamin K antagonists. SEARCH STRATEGY: Computerized searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Current Contents were made and relevant journals were hand-searched using the search strategy described by the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Disease Group. In addition, randomized clinical trials were located through personal communication with colleagues. Where necessary, the reviewers contacted pharmaceutical companies for further information. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two reviewers evaluated studies independently for methodological quality. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers reviewed and extracted data independently using a standard form. Primary analysis concerned all patients in the studies during the period of randomized treatment. Additional separate analyses were performed for category I and category II studies; studies that used similar initial treatments in both study arms and those that used different treatment regimes during the initial treatment; and the total period of follow-up in the different studies. MAIN RESULTS: Five studies were identified that fulfilled our predefined criteria (three category I and two category II studies). When all five studies were combined, a statistically non-significant reduction of the risk of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in favor of low-molecular-weight heparin treatment (OR 0.72; 95% CI [0.42, 1.23]) was found. In category I studies, analysis of the pooled data showed a statistically non-significant reduction of the risk of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in favor of low-molecular-weight heparin treatment (OR 0.75; 95% CI [0.40, 1.39]). This OR was mainly due to one possibly confounded study, and after omitting this study from the analysis a statistically non-significant reduction of the risk of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in favor of vitamin K antagonist treatment remained (OR 1.95; 95% CI [0.74, 5.19]). No differences in the risk of bleeding (OR 0.63; 95% CI [0.21, 1.88]) and mortality (OR 1.13; 95% CI [0.47, 2.69] were observed. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Low-molecular-weight heparins are possibly as effective and safe as vitamin K antagonists in the prevention of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism after an episode of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis, but have the disadvantage of much higher medicinal costs. Treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin is possibly a safe alternative in some patients; for example patients who live in geographically inaccessible places; patients who are reluctant to go to the thrombosis service on a regular basis; and patients with contraindications to vitamin K antagonists (e.g. pregnant women). Therefore, in the absence of definitive evidence on the safety and efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparins compared with vitamin K antagonists, we believe that treatment with vitamin K antagonists is still the treatment of choice in the prevention of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism after an episode of deep venous thrombosis, in the majority of patients.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1995

Women's nutritional status, iron consumption and weight gain during pregnancy in relation to neonatal weight and length in West Java, Indonesia.

Pregnant and non-pregnant women in Indramayu, West Java were examined for nutritional status, using anthropometric indicators. For the pregnant women, longitudinal data on nutritional status, iron consumption and weight gain were examined in relation to neonatal weight and length. Comparing the non-pregnant women's average nutritional status with reference tables for height, weight and MUAC, they placed at the 25th percentile or less on all indicators. Using original formulae to estimate pre-pregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain, the study showed that 18% of pregnant women had a pre-pregnancy weight of under 40 kg and the average pregnancy weight gain was under 9 kg. Comparing estimated pregnancy weight gain with the amount of weight gain needed to compensate for generally low pre-pregnancy weight, only about 9% of women gained adequately. In multiple regression models that controlled for other maternal and neonatal factors, iron consumption during pregnancy was a significant predictor of full-term (37 weeks or more) neonatal weight (P = 0.01) and length (P = 0.01). Consumption of one or more tablets (200 mg ferrous sulfate and 0.25 mg folic acid) per week by women during pregnancy was associated with increased neonatal weight (by 172 g on average) and length (by 1 cm on average). Adequate weight gain during pregnancy and maternal height also contributed to the specification of the neonatal weight model (P = 0.07 for both). In the neonatal length model, maternal height was also nearly significant (P = 0.03). The same models did not explain the variability in neonatal weight and length in the pre-term group (< 37 weeks gestation).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Weight loss and sweetness preferences: the effects of recent versus past weight loss.

The present study examined the effects of weight loss, recent and past, on perceptions of pleasantness and sweetness intensity of sucrose solutions. Subjects high or low in current weight loss, and high or low in past weight loss (weight suppression) rated sucrose solutions before and after the ingestion of a glucose solution. Current weight loss was total weight loss over the 3 months prior to the study; past weight loss was defined in terms of the difference between maximal and current weight. Subjects were 40 women, all of whom reported that they were dieting. After a 12-hour overnight fast, each subject tasted and rated five concentrations of sucrose solutions (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0) for pleasantness and sweetness. High weight suppressors rated the sucrose solutions, before and after the glucose load, as significantly less pleasant than did low weight suppressors. High recent weight losers rated the sucrose solutions as significantly more pleasant than did low current weight losers following, but not prior to, the glucose load. These results were inconsistent with setpoint theory. High weight suppressors did not show an increase in sweetness preference as predicted by this theory. It was suggested that while weight loss affects taste hedonics, the nature of this relationship depends on the recency of the weight loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of acarbose on weight maintenance after dietary weight loss in obese subjects.

AIMS: Acarbose is a well established antidiabetic drug and is known to exert a modest weight-lowering effect. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of acarbose to improve weight maintenance after a substantial weight loss by dietary measures in obese subjects. DESIGN: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of acarbose on weight change over a 6-month follow-up period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and ten obese subjects with a BMI > or = 32 and < or = 38 kg/m2 were included in the study and underwent a 10-16-week very-low-calorie diet programme to initiate weight loss. Then, subjects were randomised to receive either acarbose or placebo for 26 +/- 2 weeks. The primary variable was body weight. The primary efficacy analysis was performed in the per-protocol population (n = 75). RESULTS: After an initial mean weight loss of 10.0 +/- 3.4 kg, 54 subjects received acarbose at increasing dosage and 56 subjects received placebo treatment. After 14 weeks of follow-up, there was no change in body weight in the two groups. After 26 weeks, completed by 37 subjects in the acarbose group and by 38 subjects in the placebo group, a small weight regain of 0.6 kg was documented in the latter, whereas no weight increase was observed under acarbose treatment (p = 0.38, analysis of covariance with initial body weight as covariable). CONCLUSION: In obese individuals who undergo a hypocaloric diet and achieve a substantial loss of body weight, acarbose treatment provides only a very modest, not significant benefit to stabilise weight reduction. Thus, acarbose is not a useful adjunct to improve weight maintenance in obese subjects after weight loss.

Acarbose↗
PubMed1995

Association of weight loss and weight fluctuation with mortality among Japanese American men.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss and fluctuations in weight have been associated with increased risks of death from cardiovascular disease and from all causes. The clinical and public health implications of these associations are unclear. METHODS: We examined the long-term relation of weight change and fluctuation in weight with mortality over a 6-year period in 6537 middle-aged Japanese American men enrolled in the Honolulu Heart Program, a prospective study (mean follow-up, 14.5 years). RESULTS: Men who had a weight loss of 4.5 kg or more or who had large fluctuations in weight (or both) over a six-year period were, on average, in poorer health than their peers whose weight was more stable. After the exclusion of subjects who died during the first five years of follow-up and after adjustment for confounding factors, a weight loss of more than 4.5 kg was associated with the risk of death from all causes, with the exception of death from cancer. The subjects whose weight fluctuated the most had a significantly higher risk of death from cardiovascular causes (relative risk, 1.41; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.93), death from noncardiovascular and noncancerous causes (relative risk, 1.53; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.12 to 2.10), and death from all causes (relative risk, 1.25; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.48). However, the associations of weight loss and variation in weight with death from cardiovascular causes and from noncardiovascular and noncancerous causes were not found among healthy men who had never smoked. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between weight loss or fluctuation and mortality were partially explained by confounding factors and by the presence of preexisting disease. However, weight loss and weight fluctuation were unrelated to death among healthy men who had never smoked. Thus, concern about the health hazards of weight loss and variation may not be applicable to otherwise healthy people.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Charting of daily weight pattern reinforces maintenance of weight reduction in moderately obese patients.

To maintain reduced body weight by behavioral therapy in moderately obese patients, body weight was measured four times daily and charted in a weekly graph. Seventy-two female patients with simple obesity were divided into two groups: 55 patients with appliance of charting of weight pattern (group-I), and 17 patients without the charting (group-II). The percentage of patients followed for 2 years was different between group-I (87%) and group-II (65%) during 2 years after completion of weight reduction therapy interviews (p less than 0.05). Forty-eight of group-I patients succeeded in decreasing their weight by 15.2 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SEM) kg during the 6.5 +/- 0.8 months of the therapy interviews. They were followed up for 3.8 years with no rebound weight gain. Eleven patients in group-II also succeeded in decreasing their weight by 16.8 +/- 1.9 kg during 7.8 +/- 1.3 months but their body weight rebounded by 9.0 kg during the 2-year followup period. Twelve of 15 male patients with weight charting maintained reduced weight during 4.3 years. It was easier and more effective for obese patients to maintain weight graphs for the longer period than to record no weight graphs. Obese patients could themselves monitor irregular weight patterns produced by overeating and correct the irregularities in food intake and daily lifestyles. This seems to explain why the illustration of daily fluctuations of weight measurements was useful for long-term maintenance of weight reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Weight-related perceptions among patients and physicians: how well do physicians judge patients' motivation to lose weight?

BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest that patients and physicians have different perceptions and expectations surrounding weight; however, few studies have directly compared patients' and physicians' perspectives. OBJECTIVES: (1) To measure the extent to which obese patients and their physicians have discrepant weight-related perceptions, and (2) to explore patient and physician characteristics that may influence patient-physician discrepancy in motivation to lose weight. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred and fifty-six obese patients (302 females; mean age = 55.1 years; mean BMI = 37.9) and their 28 primary care physicians (22 males, mean age = 44.1 years) from nonmetropolitan practices completed an anonymous survey after an office visit. MEASURES: Weight-related perceptions included perceived weight status, health impact of weight, 1-year weight loss expectations, and motivation to lose weight. Correlates included patient and physician sex, age, and BMI; physicians' reported frequency, perceived patient preference, and confidence for weight counseling; and practice characteristics (e.g., years in practice). RESULTS: Physicians assigned patients to heavier descriptive weight categories and reported a worse health impact than patients perceived for themselves, whereas patients believed they could lose more weight and reported a higher motivation to lose weight than their physicians perceived for patients (P < .001). Physicians who believed patients preferred to discuss weight more often (P = .001) and who saw more patients per week (P = .04) were less likely to underestimate patient motivation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients reported more optimistic weight-related perceptions and expectations than their physicians. Further research is needed to determine how these patient-physician discrepancies may influence weight loss counseling in primary care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial thriving during late pregnancy: relationship to ethnicity, gestational weight gain, and birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: To test the relationships between psychosocial thriving (depressive symptoms, health-related lifestyle) and gestational weight gain and birth weight. To test the influences of ethnicity on the relationships between psychosocial thriving and gestational weight gain and birth weight. DESIGN: Baseline data taken from the Austin New Mothers Study. SETTING: A community hospital in Texas. PARTICIPANTS: 305 low-risk African American, Hispanic, and White women with full-term pregnancies, singleton births, and Medicaid coverage. MAIN MEASURES: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Self Care Inventory, Food Habits Questionnaire, gestational weight gain, and birth weight. RESULTS: Newborns of African American women had lower birth weights (3,240 g) than newborns of Hispanic (3,422 g) or White women (3,472 g), even though no ethnic differences were found among the mothers on psychosocial variables. Late in pregnancy, women had high levels and prevalence (> 70%) of depressive symptoms regardless of ethnicity, and 50% exceeded recommended gestational weight gains. In full regression models, psychosocial variables were not significant predictors of gestational weight gain or birth weight. Ethnicity also was not a significant moderator of weight outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial thriving late in pregnancy was unrelated to gestational weight gain or birth weight. Ethnicity did not moderate psychosocial-weight relationships. Although ethnic differences were not found on psychosocial variables, high levels of depressive symptoms and greater than recommended gestational weight gains were prevalent. These findings have implications for maternal health during and beyond pregnancy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of weight gain and subsequent weight loss on glucose tolerance and insulin response in healthy cats.

The effects of weight gain and subsequent weight loss on glucose tolerance and insulin response were evaluated in 12 healthy cats. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed at entry into the study, after a significant gain of body weight induced by feeding palatable commercial cat food ad libitum, after a significant loss of body weight induced by feeding a poorly palatable purified diet to discourage eating and promote fasting, and after recovery from fasting when body weight had returned to pre-study values and cats were eating commercial foods. A complete physical examination with measurement of body weight was performed weekly, a CBC and serum biochemistry panel were evaluated at the time of each IVGTT, and a liver biopsy specimen obtained 2 to 4 days after each IVGTT was evaluated histologically for each cat. Mean serum glucose and insulin concentrations after glucose infusion and total amount of insulin secreted during the second 60 minutes and entire 120 minutes after glucose infusion were significantly (P < .05) increased after weight gain, as compared with baseline. At the end of weight loss, cats had hepatic lipidosis and serum biochemical abnormalities consistent with feline hepatic lipidosis. There was a significant (P < .05) increase in mean serum glucose concentration and t1/2, and a significant (P < .05) decrease in mean serum insulin concentration and the glucose disappearance coefficient (K) after glucose infusion for measurements obtained after weight loss, compared with those obtained after weight gain and at baseline. Insulin peak response, insulinogenic index, and total amount of insulin secreted during the initial 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 60 minutes after glucose infusion were decreased markedly (P < .05), compared with measurements obtained after weight gain and at baseline. In addition, the total amount of insulin secreted for 120 minutes after glucose infusion was decreased markedly (P < .05) in measurements obtained after weight loss, compared with those obtained after weight gain. At the end of recovery, all cats were voluntarily consuming food, serum biochemical abnormalities identified after weight loss had resolved, the number and size of lipid vacuoles in hepatocytes had decreased, and results of IVGTT were similar to those obtained at baseline. These findings confirmed the reversibility of obesity-induced insulin resistance in cats, and documented initial deterioration in glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose infusion when weight loss was caused by severe restriction of caloric intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Analysis of relationship between birth weight by gestational age and decreasing birth weight in Kumamoto Prefecture, 1979-1997].

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate possible factors associated with the recent decrease in birth weight in Kumamoto Prefecture between 1979 and 1997. METHODS: Vital statistics on birth between 1979 and 1997 were obtained from the records of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan, on the basis of which, infants were divided into low-birth weight (LBW: <2500 g) group and the normal-birth-weight (> or =2500 g) group, and the proportions of birth and birth weights by gestational age (from 22 to 42 weeks) of both groups between 1979 and 1997 were compared. RESULTS: For the normal-birth-weight group, the peaks of the proportions of birth and birth weights by gestational age in 1997 shifted to early gestation, compared with the peaks in 1979. The birth weight by gestational age in 1997 decreased, compared with that in 1979 among the normal-birth-weight group, in particular, the birth weight from 37 to 40 gestational ages decreased significantly, and the mean birth weight showed a linear relationship with these gestational ages as observed in normal fetal development. However, in the LBW group, the mean birth weight showed a small increase after 1992 and a large increase in birth weight by gestational age in the last month of pregnancy in 1997. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in the proportions of birth and birth weights by gestational age among the normal-birth-weight group were found to be the important factors the recent decrease in birth weight. These factors might be associated with advances in medical technology and the fact that young women diet in order to slim.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1996

Genetic relationships of lamb weight, maternal ability, and mature ewe weight in Swedish finewool sheep.

Genetic parameters were estimated for weights of lambs from birth to 1 d before slaughter and mature ewe weight (EMW) using REML procedures and single- and two-trait animal models. The data consisted of weight registrations from 5,001 animals descended from 131 sires, 788 dams, 48 maternal grandsires, and 530 maternal granddams in an experimental flock with Swedish finewool sheep. Direct heritabilities increased with lamb age from .07 for birth weight to .21 for weight before slaughter. Maternal heritabilities declined with age from .30 to .07. Direct-maternal genetic correlations were positive and increased with age from .11 for birth weight to .73 for weight before slaughter. For daily gain during shorter periods, direct heritability increased from .07 for the period from birth until 3 wk of age to .14 for the period from weaning until 1 d before slaughter. The values for maternal heritabilities were .16 and .03, respectively. The direct-maternal genetic correlations ranged from -.11 to .59. The direct heritability for EMW varied between analyses from .29 to .63. A nonsignificant maternal heritability of .22 was noted for EMW. Direct genetic correlations between EMW and various lamb weights varied between .36 to .85. Genetic correlations between direct effects on EMW and maternal effects on lamb weights varied between .39 and .53. Direct and maternal genetic correlations between the lamb weights were positive. The results showed that the maternal influence on lamb weights decreased with age. It was indicated that positive genetic relationships exist between ewe weight and maternal effects on lamb weight. Therefore, selection for larger lamb weights alone will not only increase ewe weights but also improve the maternal ability to the ewe.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Long-term olanzapine treatment: weight change and weight-related health factors in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Weight change and the weight-related health factors of nonfasting serum glucose, serum cholesterol, and diastolic blood pressure levels were analyzed in patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia and related disorders who received treatment with olanzapine for up to 3 years, and comparisons were made to patients treated with haloperidol. Baseline body mass index (BBMI; kg/m2) and dose (mg/day) were investigated as predictors of long-term weight change experienced during olanzapine treatment. METHOD: This analysis retrospectively examined 573 patients receiving olanzapine and 103 patients receiving haloperidol for 39 weeks or more from a study of 1,996 patients randomly assigned 2:1 to either olanzapine, 5 to 20 mg/day, or haloperidol, 5 to 20 mg/day. After 6 weeks of acute therapy, patients continued for 1 year or more with either double-blind or open-label olanzapine therapy or double-blind haloperidol therapy. RESULTS: Mean weight gain for olanzapine-treated patients observed for a median of 2.54 years trended toward a plateau after the first 39 weeks of treatment with a last-observation-carried-forward mean weight change of 6.26 kg (13.8 lb) and a median of 5.90 kg (13.0 lb). This was significantly higher than that for haloperidol-treated patients, whose mean weight gain was 0.69 kg (1.5 lb) after 1.15 years (p < .001). Patients with higher BBMI (> 27.6) gained significantly less weight during treatment with olanzapine than their lighter counterparts (BBMI < 27.6) (p < .001). The effect of olanzapine dose on weight was not significant (p > or = . 183). Median serum glucose at endpoint was not significantly associated (p = .096) with weight change for olanzapine. Median serum cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure for olanzapine-treated patients at endpoint showed a relationship with weight change that was statistically (p < or = .001) but not clinically significant. The difference in incidence of elevated serum glucose, cholesterol, or diastolic blood pressure between olanzapine and haloperidol therapy groups was not different (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Mean weight gain during olanzapine treatment trended toward a plateau after the initial 39 weeks of treatment with no further significant gain out to 3 years. Higher BBMI was predictive of a lower long-term weight gain, while dose was not a significant predictor of greater longer term weight change. The relationship between weight change and glucose was not statistically significant. The association between weight change and changes in cholesterol as well as changes in diastolic blood pressure was statistically significant but not considered clinically relevant based on the ranges observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between bone and ash weight to age, body weight and body length of thai adults after cremation.

BACKGROUND: Cremation is the most common Thai funeral mode. In Thailand, there have not been any previous reports of bone and ash weight after cremation. OBJECTIVE: Collect the bone and ash weight after the cremation and find the variables that affected the bone and ash weight. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred and ten samples, including fifty-five males and fifty-five females, were collected from the Thai population. A Thai crematorium (Series Tiger 1) that could produce a temperature of approximately 850 degrees C - 1200 degrees C was employed. It took about 1-1.5 hours to complete the incineration. RESULTS: The average bone and ash weight of the males was 2.68 kg with SD 1.41; female was 2.12 with SD 1.25; and total was 2.40 with SD 1.36. The present study supported that age and body weight affected the bone and ash weight while the body length (height) did not. The fitted equation was y = 1.969 - 0.01846 (age) + 0.03087 (body weight), where y = predicted bone and ash weight. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that age and body weight affected the bone and ash weight. From this information, the authors could find the predicted value of either age or body weight. If the authors would like to find the age, the authors can employ the fittest equation y = 76.097 - 3.219 (Bone and ash weight) where y = predicted age. Additionally, if the authors would like tofind the body weight, we can employ thefittest equation = 51.930 + 1.673 (Bone and ash weight) where y = predicted body weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Prediction of estimated fetal weight in extremely low birth weight neonates (500-1000 g).

This retrospective analysis of 76 extremely low birth weight neonates (500-1000 g) compared the actual birth weight with the estimated fetal weight derived from 20 published formulas. In our population, Rose's formula (natural log of birth weight = 0.143 x (biparietal diameter + mean abdominal diameter + femur length) + 4.198] had the smallest standard deviation and the best r2 (69 g and 0.780, respectively). The maximum estimated fetal weight underestimate and overestimate were 95 and 159 g, respectively. Using this formula, 46 of 63 (73%) of the estimated fetal weights were within 10% of the birth weight and 56 of 63 (89%) were within (+/-) 100 g of the birth weight. No formula was found to be statistically different by pooled estimate of differences of slopes. When only the biparietal diameter and abdominal wall circumference were available, the Shepard revision of the Warsof equation gave standard deviation 81.7 g and r2 of 0.748; 53 of 67 estimated weights (79%) were within 100 g of the birth weight. When only femur length and mean abdominal diameter were available, the Rose 3 formula [natural log of birth weight = 0.2053 (femur length + mean abdominal diameter) + 4.3726] gave a standard deviation of 89.9 g and r2 of 0.658. Fifty-seven of 71 estimated weights (80%) were within 100 g of the actual birth weight. This study, the largest comparison of formulas to estimate the birth weight of 500-1000-g fetuses, found that no formula estimated fetal weight significantly more accurately than any other.

Anthropometry↗