[Interhemispheric differences in the spatial-frequency analysis of images].
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Graphical models of normal vessels and possible abnormal changes thereof (muscular coat hypertrophy or atrophy, and narrowed or intact vascular lumen) have been constructed on the basis of morphometric studies of arteries and arterioles of normal human and white rat heart, liver, brain, lungs, kidneys, stomach, pancreas and small intestine. It is demonstrated that the wall thickness-to-lumen diameter ratio or any similar parameters cannot be used as an unequivocal indicator of vascular change, therefore neither muscular coat hypertrophy, nor narrowed lumen should be regarded as proven in cases of arterial hypertension. The results of the measurement of wall thickness and external as well as inner vascular diameter should be represented as a three-dimensional model for correct assessment of vascular morphogenesis, biomorphosis or pathomorphosis.
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After a brief outline of the structure and electrophysiology of the normal visual pathways, the responses, as revealed by psychophysical studies, of the visual system to spatially and temporally varying stimuli are reviewed. An appropriate network model, involving two sequentially organized classes of visual channel, is presented. Examples are given in which the psychophysical methods developed to analyse the normal visual pathways are applied to cases in which these pathways are defective (amblyopia, albinism, hemianopia, parietal cortical lesion, inhibitory central colour vision defect). These cases not only illustrate the value of psychophysical techniques in analysing disturbances of visual function but are also suggestive of the mechanisms involved in higher processing of the retinal image.
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Anomalies in the contrast sensitivity functions of amblyopes are usually insufficient to account for the degree of visual deficit found in more complex tasks. Evidence is presented that many of the defects of amblyopic vision arise from a failure to encode the spatial phase relationships between detectable components of different spatial frequencies. It appears that visual processing in amblyopia occurs over a more truncated frequency range than is implied by detection experiments.
It is difficult to determine whether there is spatial clustering of disease if the geographical distribution of population is unknown. Permutation test reported in the paper can be used as a method to judge the spatial clustering with unknown distribution of a random sample of cases. Comparison of difference in frequency of small distances between pairs of cases and controls can show whether there is spatial clustering of the disease.