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PubMed1976

Host-Pathogen Interactions: XII. Response of Suspension-cultured Soybean Cells to the Elicitor Isolated from Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, a Fungal Pathogen of Soybeans.

The glucan elicitor isolated from the mycelial walls of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, the fungus which causes stem and root rot in soybeans, stimulates the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the accumulation of glyceollin in suspension-cultured soybean cells. Nigeran, a commercially available fungal wall glucan, was the only other compound tested which has any activity in this system. Glyceollin is a phenylpropanoid-derived phytoalexin which is toxic to P. megasperma var. sojae. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the action of elicitors in stimulating phytoalexin synthesis is not species or variety specific but, rather, is part of a general defensive response of plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in soybean root callus and differentiated soybean root cultures as a function of concentration and tissue age.

The metabolism of [1-(14)C]2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill var. Amsoy) root callus and in differentiated soybean root cultures was investigated as a function of pesticide concentration and age of tissue. The chronological age of the tissue was found to be correlated with the mitotic index which reached a peak at 2 weeks and then declined. The metabolism of 2,4-D changed with age of the root callus tissue. The amount of free 2,4-D found in 3-week-old root callus tissue rapidly increased as the concentration of 2,4-D in the medium was increased from 10(-6) to 10(-5) molar, whereas the low level of aqueous (glycosides) and ether soluble metabolites (2,4-D amino acid conjugates) increased slowly. With 9-week-old root callus tissue, the amount of free 2,4-D remained at a relatively low, constant level (saturation level) as the concentration of 2,4-D in the medium increased. Under these conditions the aqueous metabolites increased only slightly but the ether fraction (2,4-D amino acid conjugates) rapidly increased. Thus, the older root callus tissue appeared to regulate the level of free 2,4-D at about 4 nanomoles per gram by converting any excess 2,4-D into amino acid conjugates.In 3-week-old, differentiated root cultures the metabolism of 2,4-D closely paralleled the metabolism found in the older 9-week-old callus tissue. The saturation level of free 2,4-D found in this tissue was only about 1 to 2 nanomoles per gram.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Soybean lectin and related proteins in seeds and roots of le and le soybean varieties.

The localizations of soybean lectin (SBL) and antigenically related proteins in cotyledons and roots of lectin positive (Le(+)) and lectin negative (Le(-)) soybean cultivars were compared by light level immunocytochemistry using antibodies produced against the 120 kilodalton (kD) native seed lectin tetramer or its subunits. Lectin is present in the protein bodies of cotyledons cells as are two other seed proteins, the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and the storage protein glycinin. Analysis of single seed extracts by immunoblotting of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using the same antibodies, reveals up to 4 milligrams of the 30 kD seed lectin protein is present per seed in the Le(+) varieties. There is no detectable lectin in the protein bodies of Le(-) cotyledons as determined by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed this result to a sensitivity of less than 20 nanograms per seed. In contrast, the roots of both Le(+) and Le(-) plants bind the seed lectin antibody during immunocytochemistry, with fluorescence mainly localized in vacuole-like bodies in the epidermis. Root extracts contain a 33 kD polypeptide that binds anti-SBL antibody at an estimated minimal level of 20 nanograms per 4-day seedling, or 2.0 nanograms per primary root tip. This polypeptide is also present in the embryo axis and in leaves. The latter also contain a 26 kD species that binds seed lectin antibody. The 30 kD seed lectin subunit, however, is not detectable in roots or leaves.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Physical mapping of resistant and susceptible soybean genomes near the soybean cyst nematode resistance gene Rhg4.

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is the foremost pest of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). The rhg1 allele on linkage group (LG) G and the Rhg4 allele on LG A2 are important in conditioning resistance. Markers closely linked to the Rhg4 locus were used previously to screen a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from susceptible 'Williams 82' and identified a single 150-kb BAC, Gm_ISb001_056_G02 (56G2). End-sequenced subclones positioned onto a restriction map provided landmarks for identifying the corresponding region from a BAC library from accession PI 437654 with broad resistance to SCN. Seventy-three PI 437654 BACs were assigned to contigs based upon HindIII restriction fragment profiles. Four contigs represented the PI 437654 counterpart of the 'Williams 82' BAC, with PCR assays connecting these contigs. Some of the markers on the PI 437654 contigs are separated by a greater physical distance than in the 'Williams 82' BAC and some primers amplify bands from BACs in the mid-portion of the connected PI 437654 BAC contigs that are not amplified from the 'Williams 82' BAC. These observations suggest that there is an insertion in the PI 437654 genome relative to the 'Williams 82' genome in the Rhg4 region.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Pharmacological studies on small peptide fraction derived from soybean. The effects of small peptide fraction derived from soybean on fatigue, obesity and glycemia in mice].

The present research was an attempt to determine the pharmacological actions as for anti-fatigue, anti-obesity and hypoglycemia of small peptide isolated from soybean in mice. Small peptide administration prevented the decrease in sporting movement induced by concussion stress for 3 h in mice. In addition, it should be noted that the recovery rate of fatigue in 60 min after small peptide administration was over one hundred percentage in comparison with that after pretreatment, while the equivalent dose administration of amino acid mixture with the same small peptide amino acid composition did not prevent the decrease in sporting movement. In gold-thioglucose (500 mg/kg (i.p.))-induced obese mouse body weight gain, liver weight and body lipid level around uterine were significantly reduced by the chronic oral administration of small peptide (200, 1000 mg/kg). Administration in 1000 mg per kg of small peptide significantly lowered hyperglycemia in 30 and 120 min after glucose (3 g/kg (p.o.)) administration, whereas the equivalent amino acid mixture showed no effect. In conclusion, it suggested that small peptide isolated from soybean might have some pharmacological effects of anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, and hypoglycemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of lactational status on forage intake, digestibility, and particulate passage rate of beef cows supplemented with soybean meal, wheat middlings, and corn and soybean meal.

Sixteen mature, lactating (453 kg) and 16 nonlactating (487 kg) Hereford and Angus x Hereford cows were used to determine effects of different dietary supplements and lactational status on forage intake, digestibility, and particulate passage rate. Supplement treatments and amounts fed (kg/d) were as follows: control, 0; and equal daily amounts of CP from soybean meal (SBM), 1.36; wheat middlings (WM), 3.41; or a blend of corn and soybean meal (corn-SBM; 22% corn and 76% SBM), 3.41. Cows were fed supplements at 0800 and had ad libitum access to prairie hay (4.9% CP) in stalls from 0800 to 1100 and from 1300 to 1600 for three 17-d periods. Lactational status and supplement type did not interact (P greater than .50) for hay DMI, DM digestibility, or particulate passage rate. Cows fed SBM ate more hay DM (P less than .01) and had greater hay DM digestibility (P less than .01) than did cows in other treatment groups. Average hay DMI (kg/100 kg of BW) was 1.95, 2.16, 1.94, and 1.89, and hay DM digestibility was 52, 61, 55, and 53% for control, SBM, WM, and corn-SBM supplements, respectively. Total diet DM digestibility was increased by supplementation (P less than .01), but no differences (P greater than .18) were observed among supplements. Lactating cows ate more (P = .13) hay DM (2.11 vs 1.87 kg/100 kg of BW) and had greater (P less than .05) fecal output (4.6 vs 4.3 kg/d) than did nonlactating cows. Dry matter digestibility and particulate passage rate were not affected (P greater than .35) by lactational status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Performance and digestibilities of beef cattle fed diets supplemented with either soybean meal or roasted soybeans and implanted with Synovex.

Two 160-d feedlot experiments, each consisting of 20 Angus-Hereford steers (216 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 1; 258 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 2) and 20 Angus-Hereford heifers (208 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 1; 236 +/- 5 kg BW, Exp. 2), were used to investigate the effects of supplementing diets with either roasted soybeans (RSB, roasted at 127 degrees C for 10 min) or soybean meal (SBM) and implanting or not implanting with an estrogenic growth promoter (SYN; Synovex-S, 20 mg of estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg of progesterone or Synovex-H, 20 mg of estradiol benzoate plus 200 mg of testosterone) on performance. The cattle were fed a basal diet of 15% orchardgrass silage, 15% corn silage, and 70% corn-based concentrate. Treatments were 1) no SYN and fed a SBM-supplemented diet, 2) no SYN and fed a RSB-supplemented diet, 3) SYN and SBM, and 4) SYN and RSB. Cattle in the SYN groups were reimplanted at 80 d. Four additional Angus-Hereford steers were used in a digestion and nitrogen balance experiment conducted during the first half of Exp. 1. For the total 160-d feedlot experiments, DMI for RSB compared with SBM was lower (P < .01; 8.5 vs 9.2 kg/d, SEM = .07) and ADG/DMI tended to be higher (P < .10; 165 vs 157 g/kg, SEM = 1.3). Final BW of steers fed RSB was similar (P > .10) to that of steers fed SBM (473 vs 478 kg, SEM = 5.6), as was ADG (1.39 vs 1.43 kg/d, SEM = .02). Dry matter intake for SYN-implanted steers was higher (P < .01) than for steers not implanted (9.2 vs 8.5 kg/d). Likewise, final BW (491 vs 460 kg) and ADG (1.49 vs 1.33 kg/d) were higher (P < .01), and ADG/DMI (166 vs 157 g/kg) tended to be higher (P < .10), for SYN-implanted steers than for steers not implanted. During the more rapid muscle growth period (0 to 80 d), DMI for RSB compared with SBM was lower (P < .01; 7.8 vs 8.6 kg/d, SEM = .07) and ADG/DMI was similar (P > .10; 181 vs 172 g/kg, SEM = 1.8). Dry matter intake for SYN-implanted steers was higher (P < .05) than for steers not implanted (8.4 vs 8.0 kg/d), as was ADG/DMI (P < .01, 182 vs 171 g/kg). During this more rapid growth period, the supplement x implant interaction for ADG was significant (P < .05; 1.35, 1.36, 1.59, and 1.44 kg/d for Treatments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, SEM = .04). There were no differences in digestibilities or N balance. The results suggest that there is no improvement in performance under feedlot conditions when RSB replaces SBM in the diet of beef cattle, and, in young cattle, RSB may reduce the response expected by an estrogenic growth promoter.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Protected methionine supplementation with extruded blend of soybeans and soybean meal for dairy cows.

Methionine may be the first amino acid limiting milk production in early lactation cows. To evaluate this further, 23 high producing Holstein cows (9 multiparous and 14 primiparous) were fed an extruded blend of soybeans and soybean meal (40:60) without or with 15 g of added DL-methionine as 50 g of ruminally protected methionine product during wk 4 to 16 postpartum. Cows were fed a 15.8% crude protein total mixed ration consisting of 30% (dry basis) corn silage, 15% alfalfa hay, and 55% concentrate mix. Covariant-adjusted yields of milk (35.3 and 33.9 kg/d) and solids-corrected milk (29.3 and 28.2 kg/d) were lower for cows fed ruminally protected methionine, whereas yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (28.2 and 27.4 kg/d) were similar. Percentages of fat (2.68 and 2.69) and solids-not-fat (8.82 and 8.83) were similar, and percentages of protein (2.86 and 2.90) were higher from cows fed supplemental methionine. Dry matter intakes (20.5 and 21.6 kg/d) were higher for cows fed ruminally protected methionine. Methionine concentrations in arterial and venous serum were elevated slightly by feeding supplemental methionine. Although methionine was still the first-limiting amino acid as calculated by two different methods, supplementation of this diet with ruminally protected methionine did not increase production of early lactation cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Performance of single comb White Leghorn layers fed corn-soybean meal and barley-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with a direct-fed microbial.

An experiment was conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) layers to determine the effect of feeding either corn-soybean meal (C-S) or barley-corn soybean meal (B-C-S) diets with or without condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS) or with or without CCMS-1,100 mg Lactobacillus (Lacto)/kg (ppm) diet on performance, nutrient retentions, digesta passage rate, and histological changes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Six dietary treatments were fed for eight 28-d periods and consisted of C-S (control), C-S + CCMS, C-S + CCMS-1,100 ppm Lacto (4.4 x 107 cfu/mg Lacto), B-C-S (control), B-C-S + CCMS, and B-C-S + CCMS-1,100 ppm Lacto. The CCMS served as the carrier for the Lacto, and the CCMS-Lacto premix (55 g Lacto/kg) was incorporated at 2% of the diet. Lactobacillus supplementation in C-S diets improved (P < .05) egg weight, egg mass, egg size, and body weight gains, and in B-C-S diets improved body weight gains. There were no differences in feed consumption, feed conversion, internal egg quality, and egg specific gravity among the dietary treatments. Passage rates of digesta were increased (P < .05) when either C-S or B-C-S layer diets were supplemented with Lacto. Lactobacillus supplementations of the C-S and B-C-S diets increased (P < .05) fat and calcium, and fat, phosphorus, copper, and manganese retentions, respectively. Increased cellularity of Peyer's patches in the ileum indicated a stimulation of the mucosal immune system that responds to antigenic stimuli by secreting immunoglobulin (IgA).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Reduction of aflatoxins by Korean soybean paste and its effect on cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity--part 2. Antigenotoxic effects of the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste (doen-jang) on aflatoxin B1-induced bacterial reverse mutation and chromosome aberration.

A bacterial reverse-mutation assay with Salmonella Typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100, and TA102 and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells were used to investigate the genotoxicity of the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste (doen-jang [dwen-jahng]) and its antigenotoxic activity against aflatoxin B1. The methanol extract revealed nonmutagenic potential for all of the bacterial strains tested. The extract significantly reduced the numbers of revertants per plate when it was added to the assay system with Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 (P < 0.05). The extract also exhibited significant inhibitory effects on chromosome aberration in CHL cells (P < 0.05). The findings of this work indicate that the methanol extract of Korean soybean paste could have strong potential as an antigenotoxic material.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed2000

Reduction of aflatoxins by Korean soybean paste and its effect on cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity--part 1. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus by Korean soybean paste (Doen-jang) and identification of the active component.

The inhibitory effect of methanol extract of Korean soybean paste on the mold growth and aflatoxin production of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 was studied using different concentrations of the extract in yeast-extract sucrose broth. While inhibition in mold growth due to increasing the concentration of the extract was observed, the more remarkable effect was the inhibition of aflatoxin production. Reduction of mycelial weight as a result of addition of the extract was observed to range between 1.5 to 12.9% while reduction of aflatoxin production quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography ranged from 14.3 to 41.7%. Five percent of the extract significantly reduced aflatoxin production at the end of the incubation period (P < 0.05), although the effect on mycelial growth was less pronounced. This study indicates that soybean paste could also be an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin production even though mycelial growth may be permitted. The main active component identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was linoleic acid.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2006

[Ultrastructure of parenchymal leaf cells of different soybean varieties systemically infected with soybean mosaic virus].

A comparative study was made of the ultrastructure of parenchyma leaf cells of different soybean varieties systemically infected with soybean mosaic virus (SMV). It has been shown that virus accumulation and formation of virus-specific cylindrical inclusions (CIs) occur in the infected cells, in addition to intracellular changes showing stimulation of lytic processes, such as activation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, cytosegresomes, myelin-like bodies, different disturbances in the structure of cell organelles. Many infected cells demonstrated microbodies with invagination in which cylindrical inclusions were often found showing signs of destruction. It is suggested that such microbodies possess autophagic activity towards CIs. A possible relation of the observed virus-induced ultrastructural cell changes with the degree of SMV affection of investigated varieties is discussed

Inclusion Bodies, Viral↗
PubMed2007

From oligomers to molecular giants of soybean oil in supercritical carbon dioxide medium: 1. Preparation of polymers with lower molecular weight from soybean oil.

Polymers with a low molecular weight derived from soybean oil have been prepared in a supercritical carbon dioxide medium by cationic polymerization. Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate was used as an initiator. Influences of polymerization temperature, amount of initiator, and carbon dioxide pressure on the molecular weight were investigated. It is shown that the higher polymerization temperature favors polymers with relatively higher molecular weights. Larger amounts of initiator also provide polymers with higher molecular weights. Higher pressure favors polymers with relatively higher molecular weights. The applications of these soy-based materials will be in the lubrication and hydraulic fluid areas.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed1977

Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. X. Isolation and partial characterization of four soybean double-headed proteinase inhibitors.

Four Bowman-Birk type double-headed inhibitors (B, C-II, D-II, and E-I) were isolated from soybeans. Inhibitor B was different from Bowman-Birk inhibitor only in chromatographic behavior. One mole of C-II inhibited one mole each of bovine trypsin and bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, probably at the same site, and porcine elastase at another reactive site. In the ordinary assay system D-II and E-I inhibited only trypsin activity at a non-stoichiometric inhibitor-enzyme ratio of 1:1.4, and the complexes had rather high dissociation constants. These inhibitors were all inactive toward subtilisin BPN'.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Fractionation of feline bone marrow with the soybean agglutinin lectin yields populations enriched for erythroid and myeloid elements: transplantation of soybean agglutinin-negative cells into lethally irradiated recipients.

Feline bone marrow cells treated with the soybean agglutinin (SBA) lectin are separated into two populations, the agglutinated SBA(+) fraction containing predominantly cells of myeloid origin and the nonagglutinated SBA(-) fraction consisting of cells primarily of the erythroid lineage. FACScan analyses revealed a clear distinction of the cells based on their light scattering properties, i.e., large cells and cells with high granularity were found in the SBA(+) fraction, whereas cells having a low forward light scatter and side light scatter were found in the SBA(-) fraction. Colony-forming assays showed colony-forming unit-granulocyte/monocyte (CFU-GM) cells to have a strong affinity for SBA because these were found almost entirely in the SBA(+) fraction; in contrast, burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)-forming cells were concentrated in the SBA(-) fraction. When the marrow was fractionated by counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE), a differential binding to SBA among the CFU-GM forming cells was found. The SBA(-) fractions of cells collected at 21 and 25 ml/min contained primarily BFU-E forming cells, similar to that observed with whole marrow; the later CCE fractions, those collected at 32 ml/min and the rotor off fraction, when treated with SBA showed a small but significant number of CFU-GM cells in the SBA(-) fraction. T lymphocytes were found predominantly in the SBA(+) fractions of whole bone marrow and the CCE fractions. Successful autologous marrow transplants were performed with the early CCE SBA(-) fractions. The latter cells were used for our initial transplant attempts because ongoing studies in our laboratory had shown these cells to be free of any viral-containing cells when the marrow had been obtained from animals infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus. In summary, although SBA treatment of feline marrow yields a marked separation of CFU-GM and BFU-E progenitors, select CCE SBA(-) fractions contain stem cells capable of providing hematopoietic reconstitution of lethally irradiated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A study on gelation of soybean globulin solutions. Part 4. Effect of gelation conditions on the visco-elastic properties and structure of thermotropic gels of soybean globulin fraction.

To the study of the structure and properties of the thermotropic soybean globulin fraction (SGF) gels the stress relaxation and electron microscopy techniques has been applied. The value of slope of normalized relaxation function was used as a characteristic of relaxation properties of SGF gels. This value characterizes the velocity of the gels relaxation processes. It has been found that this characteristic is determined only by the gels' heating temperatures. Using the differential scanning microcalorimetric technique it was shown that the changes of the slope of normalized relaxation function of SGF gels are controlled only by heating temperature. The reason for this lies in the changes of the composition of the denaturation product of SGF gels. The increase is shown of the shear moduli of gels prepared at other than optimum temperatures by additional heating under optimal gelation conditions. That is a result of existence of a sol-fraction. The most significant increase of shear moduli is found for the SGF gels, sol-fraction of which is native 11S globulin. A correlation has been established between the changes of SGF gels' structure obtained from the dates of rheological measurements and electron microscopy technique.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed1990

Phytoalexin synthesis in soybean: purification and characterization of NADPH:2'-hydroxydaidzein oxidoreductase from elicitor-challenged soybean cell cultures.

An NADPH:2'-hydroxydaidzein oxidoreductase (HDR) from elicitor-challenged soybean cell cultures was purified to apparent homogeneity by a five-step procedure. The purification procedure included affinity adsorption on Blue Sepharose and elution of the enzyme with NADP+. It was shown by gel filtration and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that HDR consists of only one polypeptide, which has a Mr about 34,700. The pH optimum of the reaction was 7.0. Apparent Michaelis constants determined for 2'-hydroxydaidzein, 2'-hydroxyformononetin, and NADPH were, respectively, 50, 60, and 56 microM. A low conversion of 2'-hydroxygenistein to the corresponding isoflavanone was also observed but isoflavones lacking a 2'-hydroxyl group and various other flavonoids did not serve as substrates. Enzymatically derived 2'-hydroxydihydrodaidzein gave a positive CD spectrum at 328 nm, which shows its 3R stereochemistry. Antibodies against HDR were raised in rats.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed2003

Evolution of Soybean mosaic virus-G7 molecularly cloned genome in Rsv1-genotype soybean results in emergence of a mutant capable of evading Rsv1-mediated recognition.

Plant resistance (R) genes direct recognition of pathogens harboring matching avirluent signals leading to activation of defense responses. It has long been hypothesized that under selection pressure the infidelity of RNA virus replication together with large population size and short generation times results in emergence of mutants capable of evading R-mediated recognition. In this study, the Rsv1/Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) pathosystem was used to investigate this hypothesis. In soybean line PI 96983 (Rsv1), the progeny of molecularly cloned SMV strain G7 (pSMV-G7) provokes a lethal systemic hypersensitive response (LSHR) with up regulation of a defense-associated gene transcript (PR-1). Serial passages of a large population of the progeny in PI 96983 resulted in emergence of a mutant population (vSMV-G7d), incapable of provoking either Rsv1-mediated LSHR or PR-1 protein gene transcript up regulation. An infectious clone of the mutant (pSMV-G7d) was synthesized whose sequences were very similar but not identical to the vSMV-G7d population; however, it displayed a similar phenotype. The genome of pSMV-G7d differs from parental pSMV-G7 by 17 substitutions, of which 10 are translationally silent. The seven amino acid substitutions in deduced sequences of pSMV-G7d differ from that of pSMV-G7 by one each in P1 proteinase, helper component-proteinase, and coat protein, respectively, and by four in P3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in which experimental evolution of a molecularly cloned plant RNA virus resulted in emergence of a mutant capable of evading an R-mediated recognition.

Cloning, Molecular↗