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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Comparing ocular muscle limitation tests for clinical trial use.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate portable methods for documenting ocular muscle limitation that might be used at multiple sites in a clinical trial. METHODS: In a prospective consecutive case series, 2 examiners independently evaluated 3 methods of ocular muscle duction testing: a grading scale of 0 to -5 that is in clinical use, the Kestenbaum limbus test using a ruler to measure the millimeters of ocular movement, and an adapted cervical range of motion (CROM) device that measures ocular movement in degrees. Twenty consenting patients (mean age, 55 years) with diplopia, 8 with ocular myasthenia gravis, 11 with a cranial nerve III or VI palsy, and 1 with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy were studied. RESULTS: For Kestenbaum measures, between examiners the standard deviation of the difference for all ductions was 1.9 mm (r = 0.75, P =.01); 95% of differences were 4 mm or less. For the CROM device, the standard deviation of the difference was 7.1 degrees; 95% of differences were 15 degrees or less (r = 0.73, P =.01). For each examiner, the CROM standard deviation of the difference was less than 2 degrees (r = 0.98, P =.01). For the grading scale, the 2 examiners had the same score in 85% of ductions (r = 0.92, P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Kestenbaum test and the CROM device gave similar interexaminer repeatability. The repeatability for CROM measures for each examiner was high but was considerably less between examiners. The grading scale gave similar results between examiners.

Abducens Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed1985

Cardiac orienting and habituation to auditory and vibrotactile stimuli in the infant decerebrate rat.

Phasic changes in heart rate were used to evaluate sensory reactivity and habituation in 5- and 12-day-old normal and decerebrate rats. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours after thalamic transection, temporally paired auditory or vibrotactile stimuli were repeatedly presented in a sensory disparity paradigm. While tone stimuli failed to evoke consistent cardiac change, vibrotactile stimuli produced cardiac decelerations, characteristic of the orienting response, in all subject groups. The magnitude of this response was comparable in both normal and decerebrate subjects at 5 days of age, but demonstrated a more notable increase with age in the normal subjects. Habituation of the cardiac response was apparent in all groups, and was not significantly different in the normal and decerebrate subjects. No consistent responses were apparent in any group to the unexpected omission of the second stimulus of the pair. Results indicate that orienting and habituation processes can persist in the absence of the cerebral hemispheres and support the view that lower levels of the neuraxis are capable of mediating a range of adaptive functions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

A qualitative study of work and work return in cancer survivors.

Few studies have examined the impact of cancer on the survivor's quality of work life. The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the work experiences among a diverse group of cancer survivors and to explore factors influencing decisions about work after cancer diagnosis and treatment. We interviewed 28 participants with a broad range of socioeconomic backgrounds and primary cancer sites. Qualitative results indicate that after learning about their cancer diagnosis, participants had diverse and complex patterns of work return and work change, and experienced a variety of factors that influenced post-cancer decisions. Experiences at work after cancer also varied in relation to how others responded, changes in productivity, effects of cancer and treatment on work, and feelings about work. Most respondents received little guidance from their physicians about work, and many participants described their cancer as impacting their priority of work relative to other aspects of their lives. Our findings reinforce the complexity of measuring employment outcomes and the range of adaptations made to improve the quality of work life. Additional research is needed to identify prognostic factors that can guide clinical or workplace efforts to restore cancer survivors to their desired level of work function and economic productivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Pragmatic assessment and therapy for persons with brain damage: what have clinicians gleaned in two decades?

Pragmatic competence comprises a number of interrelated skills which manifest in real-time in a range of adaptive behaviors and which are driven by underlying cognitive processes that appear to be variably compromised in brain damage. Differential neurological profiles reflect different pragmatic outcomes. The essence of pragmatic assessment and therapy for clinicians is therefore to capture accurately, measure, and, where possible, enhance the ability of the individual to adapt to a changing communicative environment. Assessment measures differ along a number of dimensions. A distinction is drawn between testing and assessment and the argument proposed that for clinical purposes, it is helpful to keep the notions of functional and pragmatic distinct.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Living systems are tonically inhibited, autonomous optimizers, and disinhibition coupled to variability generation is their major organizing principle: inhibitory command-control at levels of membrane, genome, metabolism, brain, and society.

It is proposed that the major organizing principle in living systems is disinhibition coupled to variability generation. Facile traverse of adaptive functional ranges is made possible by activities of inhibitory (attenuating and/or time-delaying) influences. These maintain barriers to physicochemical perturbations, so that interactions between the external environment and living systems produce transient local changes (signals) that are transduced by a variety of devices at hand to release activities within them. Coupling exists between the driving force (forcing function) and the generation of variability (information-processing capacity) among subunits of particular systems, i.e., there is expansible capacity for processing information in relation to demand. Metaphorically, metabolically generated energy is used to wind the biological springs. Hierarchical nesting of inhibitory command-control is discussed at levels of membrane, metabolism, genomic expression, brain function, and internalization of societal prohibitions (conscience).

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Some professional and scientific problems and opportunities for biofeedback.

This paper will deal with a variety of topics such as dangers and opportunities from the developing crisis in health care costs, a cooperative study of the cost-effectiveness of treatments for headaches, the need for a federation of related societies, exploiting remarkable electronic advances, the wide range of adaptive functions of visceral learning (including its role in homeostasis), why maladjustments occur and their implications for biofeedback, and the need for analytic experiments involving adequate amounts of training.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Tissue-specific antioxidant profiles and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of the newly hatched chick.

The hatching process is characterized by a range of adaptive changes, and a newly hatched chick is considered as an intermediate stage between prenatal and postnatal development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the characteristic relationships between tissue-specific fatty acid composition and antioxidant protection in newly hatched chicks. Liver, yolk sac membrane, heart, kidney, lung, and four brain regions (cerebrum, cerebellum, stem, and optic lobes) were collected. Fatty acid composition of total lipids and phosphoglycerides, alpha-tocopherol, lutein, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, and the activities of Mn- and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Se-dependent and non-Se-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were determined. The levels of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn as well as tissue susceptibility to lipid peroxidation were also studied. The tissues of the newly hatched chick showed distinctive features in fatty acid profiles, antioxidant accumulation, and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. The brain clearly displayed the greatest susceptibility to spontaneous and Fe-stimulated lipid peroxidation, was highly unsaturated and contained very low levels of vitamin E, no detectable carotenoids, low GSH-Px, and low CAT activity. At the same time, the brain was characterized by high ascorbic acid concentration and comparatively high SOD activity. It was suggested that in postnatal development, antioxidant enzymes presumably play the major role in antioxidant protection of the chick tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Solubilized substrates for the on-line measurement of lipases by flow injection analysis during chromatographic enzyme purification.

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system for the on-line measurement of lipases in chromatographic processes has been developed. The photometrically detectable substrates para-nitrophenylpalmitate, S,O,O'-tripropyryl-1-thioglycerol, and 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric-resorufinester were investigated. Different detergents and qualities of assay emulsions were tested for optimal results in FIA applications. Emphasis was placed on increasing the stability of the assay emulsion. Lipases of different origin and specificity were detected. The linear detection range was adapted to the requirements of the chromatographic purification procedures. The connection of the FIA with a fast protein liquid chromatography system permitted the automatization of lipase purification by monitoring protein content, salinity, and enzyme activity of the effluent from column chromatography.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Host range bias of the JC virus mutant enhancer with DNA rearrangement.

JC-HEK, a JC virus (JCV) host range mutant adapted to growth in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), has DNA rearrangement in the control region for early transcription. The 822-bp rearranged segment of JC-HEK (containing one authentic promoter-enhancer unit of 98 bp and truncated coding region of T-antigen and VP-1 genes) was inserted into pSV0cat vector and examined for expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). The CAT activity induced by the mutant was comparable to that by the SV40 promoter-enhancer (pSV2cat) and four times as high as that by the prototype JCV (Mad-1) in HEK cells, whereas the two JCV promoter-enhancers were equally efficient in a permissive neuroblastoma cell line. On the other hand, both JC-HEK DNA with three DNA replication origins and Mad-1 DNAs replicated after transfection into HEK cells at a similar efficiency in the presence of JCV T-antigen. The elevated promotor-enhancer activity caused by the DNA rearrangement seems to play a major role in adaptation of JCV to growth in HEK cells.

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming↗
PubMed1988

A developmental-psychodynamic model for diabetic control.

This paper elaborates a psychodynamic-developmental model as a framework for understanding the wide range of adaptive and maladaptive responses to the self-care requirements of diabetes. Early life experience participates with other factors in influencing the ease with which diabetics implement diabetic control. This model emphasizes the importance of the mother-child interaction during the second phase of development, the toddler phase, at which time the child begins to establish a sense of autonomy and control over his own body and its functions, with bowel training viewed as a paradigm for body control. It is postulated that certain types of mothers such as controlling-intrusive mothers, overprotective mothers, or guilty, indifferent, or rejecting mothers create problems for the child related to the development of autonomy and the sense of comfortable and pleasurable control over his bodily functions. Conflicts generated during this period are reactivated with the onset of diabetes and lead to difficulty in implementing control. In some situations where conflicts with the caretaker figure were predominantly limited to aspects of control, trusting relations acted as a substrate for change and improvement in control in a supportive medical environment. Specific management recommendations based upon this model are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Automated contingent reinforcement of correct posture.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a mercury switch as a self-monitoring device to improve the sitting posture of an adult male. The participant in this study was a 31 year old man who was blind, nonambulatory, and who had been classified in the moderate range of intellectual functioning and in the severe range of adaptive functioning due to physical impairments. After determining that music practice and listening to a game show on the television channel of a radio were powerful reinforcers, a multiple baseline across the two reinforcing activities was implemented. The participant wore a mercury switch inside of a baseball cap which activated a Casio keyboard during music practice and a radio during the independent leisure activity of listening to a game show. During the treatment condition, the keyboard and radio were activated automatically by upright sitting posture. Results indicated that the participant's sitting posture increased from an average of almost 0% correct upright posture during baseline to an average of 52% during treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Expression of fungal pectin methylesterase in transgenic tobacco leads to alteration in cell wall metabolism and a dwarf phenotype.

A transgenic tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.) expressing a fungal pectin methylesterase (PME; EC 3.1.1.11) gene derived from a black filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger was created. Fungal PME should have a wider range of adaptability to substrate pectin compared with plant PME. As expected, the proportion of methyl esters in pectin was reduced in the transgenic tobacco. Consequently, the transgenic plant showed short internodes, small leaves and a dwarf phenotype. At a cellular level, the longitudinal lengths of stem epidermal cells were shorter than those of control plants. This is the first report that fungal PME promotes dwarfism in plants. It is worth noting that in the PME-expressing dwarf plant, the expression levels of cell wall metabolism related genes that included endo-1,4-beta-glucanase, cellulose synthase, endo-xyloglucan transferase and expansin gene were decreased. These results suggest that the expression of fungal PME in plants affects the cell wall metabolism.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed2005

BDNF function in adult synaptic plasticity: the synaptic consolidation hypothesis.

Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate synapses makes this system attractive as a dynamic, activity-dependent regulator of excitatory transmission and plasticity. Despite individual breakthroughs, an integrated understanding of BDNF function in synaptic plasticity is lacking. Here, we attempt to distill current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and function of BDNF in LTP. BDNF activates distinct mechanisms to regulate the induction, early maintenance, and late maintenance phases of LTP. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological approaches is reviewed and tabulated. The specific contribution of BDNF depends on the stimulus pattern used to induce LTP, which impacts the duration and perhaps the subcellular site of BDNF release. Particular attention is given to the role of BDNF as a trigger for protein synthesis-dependent late phase LTP--a process referred to as synaptic consolidation. Recent experiments suggest that BDNF activates synaptic consolidation through transcription and rapid dendritic trafficking of mRNA encoded by the immediate early gene, Arc. A model is proposed in which BDNF signaling at glutamate synapses drives the translation of newly transported (Arc) and locally stored (i.e., alphaCaMKII) mRNA in dendrites. In this model BDNF tags synapses for mRNA capture, while Arc translation defines a critical window for synaptic consolidation. The biochemical mechanisms by which BDNF regulates local translation are also discussed. Elucidation of these mechanisms should shed light on a range of adaptive brain responses including memory and mood resilience.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An application of threshold-versus-intensity functions in automated static perimetry.

Increment thresholds were measured over a range of adapting illuminances using a modified automated static perimeter. The data were fitted to a threshold versus intensity model (logT - logT(0) + log((A + A(0))/A(0))n) and the values logT(0) and logA(0) estimated. The effect of eccentricity and age on logT(0) and logA(0) was examined in normal subjects. A small group of patients with ocular disease were then assessed. Macular degeneration appeared to act as disease processes acting near the photoreceptor (d1 model). Glaucoma seemed to act near the site of retinal gain (d3 model). This analysis method may be of value in developing light adaptation strategies in people with ocular disease.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

Sodium transport in plant cells.

Salinity limits plant growth and impairs agricultural productivity. There is a wide spectrum of plant responses to salinity that are defined by a range of adaptations at the cellular and the whole-plant levels, however, the mechanisms of sodium transport appear to be fundamentally similar. At the cellular level, sodium ions gain entry via several plasma membrane channels. As cytoplasmic sodium is toxic above threshold levels, it is extruded by plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiports that are energized by the proton gradient generated by the plasma membrane ATPase. Cytoplasmic Na(+) may also be compartmentalized by vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiports. These transporters are energized by the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and H(+)-PPiase. Here, the mechanisms of sodium entry, extrusion, and compartmentation are reviewed, with a discussion of recent progress on the cloning and characterization, directly in planta and in yeast, of some of the proteins involved in sodium transport.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1975

A form and function concept of occlusion and the maxillomandibular relationship.

A fixed retruded positional concept for the mandible is traceable historically to early dental prosthodontic attempts to obtain duplicable interocclusal records. The original method, derived for relating the maxillary and mandibular jaws for edentulous patients, later gained acceptance as a physiologic entity for patients with teeth as well as for those who were edentulous. Ultimately, static centric relation led to entirely reproducible systems, involving all mandibular movements, which endeavored to match occlusal contacts with a fixed condylar envelope of motion. A fixed or static interpretation of centric relation has become the common touchstone for virtually all the subspecialties of dentistry, regardless of the relative matching and spatial relationships of the jaws,and, as such, misdirects diagnosis and treatment. An attempt has been made to demonstrate that the temporomandibular articulation has a wide range of adaptability as well as a remodeling capacity and that it assumes its position as a result of the interplay of intercuspation of teeth and the neuromusculature. A dynamic concept of centric relation is presented as a quasifixed position of temporary duration which exists in the form of an equilibrium established by the balance of the neuromusculature and ligaments. The adoption of a dynamic or alterable concept of centric relation allows for diagnosis and treatment which is rationalin theory and workable in fact.

Dental Occlusion, Centric↗
PubMed1996

A classification system for occlusions that relates maximal intercuspation to the position and condition of the temporomandibular joints.

Interarch occlusal relationships are defined by temporomandibular joint (TMJ) position. Determination of the most physiologic joint position is a logical prerequisite for occlusal analysis. Existing classification systems for occlusion do not consider TMJ position or condition when relating the mandibular arch to the maxillary arch or the range of adaptive changes that can affect the position of the condyles or influence long-term occlusal stability. If the relationship between occlusion and TMJ position is as important as many clinicians believe, condylar position must be defined precisely as an essential control in any clinical study that purports to evaluate the relationship between occlusion and any masticatory system disorder to include temporomandibular disorders. This article presents a new classification system that defines the relationship between maximal intercuspation and the position and condition of the TMJs. The classification uses guidelines that are specific enough to be consistent and verifiably reproducible. A recently introduced term, "adapted centric posture," is used in this classification to distinguish deformed TMJs that have remodeled or adapted to a conformation that can comfortably accept maximal loading. This classification is necessary because deformed but adapted joints may within certain conditions function with the same degree of comfort as intact, properly aligned condyle disk assemblies in centric relation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗