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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Teflon-induced granuloma: a false-positive finding with PET resolved with combined PET and CT.

Patients who have undergone thyroidectomy may have recurrent laryngeal nerve injury; until recently, Teflon injection was commonly used for vocal cord medialization. We present a case of a patient who underwent thyroidectomy who had significantly increased and unilateral (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the neck, which was found to be localized to the left vocal cord by use of combined positron emission tomography (PET) and CT, presumably because of a Teflon-induced granuloma. Knowledge of this potential source of false-positive PET interpretation because of its inability to precisely localize neoplastic lesions, and the use of combined PET and CT imaging, may allow precise diagnosis and prevention of unnecessary interventions.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed2006

New thinking about diet and cardiovascular disease.

The UK has one of the highest CVD rates in Western Europe, with over one-third of deaths attributable to this condition. This article looks at how several of the risk factors for CVD, including some newly-identified ones, may be reduced by dietary interventions. It considers the part played by dietary cholesterol, fats and oily fish and summarises practical nutritional advice for health professionals to give their clients. The association between nutritional and genetic factors is briefly discussed, and the forecast that in the future it may be possible to tailor dietary advice on preventing CVD more precisely to the individual's particular risk profile.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of misclassification of diarrhoea on estimates of its occurrence, the identification of risk factors, and the assessment of prevention efforts.

Inaccurate assessment of true diarrhoea status introduces bias into estimates of its occurrence. A cross-sectional study of diarrhoea among 357 children in a rural Kenyan community found the sensitivity and specificity of the mother's report of diarrhoea to be 0.79 and 0.94 respectively, when compared to an independent observation of loose stool consistency. The observed diarrhoea prevalence of 9.5% overestimated the "true" prevalence estimated at 4.8%. With data on an exposure variable, lack of latrine ownership, an observed odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-4.3) underestimated the "true" odds ratio of 5.4 (95% CI 2.0-14.5). Misclassification of diarrhoea can hinder the identification of communities of high incidence, the determination of risk factors for diarrhoea, and the evaluation of preventive intervention strategies. A precise definition and reliable means of measuring diarrhoea are critical for evaluating prevention or intervention efforts.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Transient ischemic attacks.

Patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIAs) are generally felt to be at increased risk for stroke. A comprehensive clinical evaluation consisting of a thorough history and physical examination, as well as adjunctive laboratory and radiologic studies, is required to substantiate the diagnosis and to identify the underlying etiology. For patients with TIAs of atherothrombotic origin, the optimal course of management is still controversial. Although surgical therapy, antiplatelet therapy, and anticoagulant therapy have all shown promise in preventing stroke, their precise roles in the management of TIAs still await further elucidation.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

[Choice of treatment in gonarthrosis (author's transl)].

The natural history of arthrosis is worse for the knee than for the hip. The majority of knee patients become socially isolated because of deficient walking ability associated with increasing instability and pain, usually not remedied by non-operative treatment. In most early cases of varus arthrosis, slight over-correction by osteotomy will provide permanent freedom from pain and retained motion. In advanced stages and in most cases of valgus arthrosis, osteotomy is unreliable. Provided the contralateral compartment is preserved, a unicompartmental arthroplasty is then indicated. However, in the worst cases with severe bone loss and ligamentous instability, a bicondylar or total endoprosthesis should be used. The diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations proposed here are based on experience over a 20-year period including long-term prospective studies, notably a Swedish multi-center study involving 5000 knee arthroplasties. In a general sense, the treatment of gonarthrosis now has a rational basis which in each individual case requires exact roentgenographic analysis, careful choice of operative method and, not least, surgical precision. In the majority of cases an early precise osteotomy should prevent the need for major arthroplasty later in life.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

[Lung injury after use of respiratory revival materials sterilized with ethylene oxide].

One of the most used method of medical appliances sterilization uses ethylene oxide. At high concentration, this very reactive product, causes caustic burns of skin and mucous membranes. In one case of acute pulmonary oedema, levels of ethylene oxide in the endotracheal catheter were discovered. This led us to review the toxicological data on this substance. It should be emphasized that the sterilization and the desorption according to simple and precise rules should prevent such acute accidents.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Laparoscopic interventions in gynecology].

Gynecological surgery is performed in a difficult anatomical area of vital organs close to the pelvic wall. It requires precise hemostasis to prevent blood loss and postoperative complications. Both blood loss and complications are reduced by pelviscopic operation techniques. Patients who undergo gynecological pelviscopic operations often experience in comparison to laparotomy less fever, require less postoperative analgesia and are able to tolerate a full diet within 24 hours of surgery. Very often they have a faster recovery and a shorter hospital stay than patients undergoing traditional abdominal or transvaginal operations. The endoscopic operative technique lays the foundation for minimal invasive surgery. The mainly organ-resecting gynecological laparotomy, aiming to avoid recurrence, is increasingly being replaced by pelviscopic organ preservative techniques. Meanwhile we tend to perform many hysterectomies laparoscopically assisted (LAVH). It avoids laparotomy in casesa of adhesions and high uterine tissue mass and seems to lower intraoperative risks such as infection by strong operative restriction of the vaginal approach. CISH (classic intrafascial S*E*M*M* hysterectomy, S*E*M*M denoting "serrated edge macro-morcellated") even leaves the pelvic floor intact. Furthermore, we perform pelviscopic operations in cases of endometriosis, benign tumors of the ovaries, ectopic pregnancies and genital malformations (i.e., Vecchietti genitoplasty in the MRK-syndrome).

Female↗
PubMed1996

[High tibial in plus osteotomy for proximal tibia varus deformity using the CZ-2 distractor-compressor].

The original technique of in plus high tibial osteotomy with the use of CZ-2 (after Czyrny) external distractor/compressor in proximal tibia varus deformity is presented. It has been used in 5 cases with 3 years follow-up. Fixing the device to the bone before performing an incomplete osteotomy allows for precise correction and prevents intraoperative complications. If desired correction exceeds 10 degrees, two stages are recommended: first intraoperative one with filling of the created defect with frozen bone graft and final, postoperative one, performed according to bone lengthening principles.

Bone Lengthening↗
PubMed1997

Human genomics: implications for health.

Human genome research which tries to map and sequence all the 3 billion nucleotides in the entire DNA is progressing rapidly. Completion of the human genome sequencing is expected before the year 2005. Human genes, totalling 50,000-100,000, will be identified, allowing the complete set of proteins--'the proteome' to be known. This together with genomic research in other species will lead to complete understanding of life at the molecular level and also its evolutionary history of 3,500 million years. Genomics will bring about a revolution in biology and health, because it is equivalent to having a 'Biological Periodic Table' which is a foundation for understanding life, health, disease and for deriving of new tools for diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention. Human genomics will give rise to Predictive--Preventive Medicine and Precision Medicine. It will have profound social implications. Preparation for the future is needed for societies to cope with and make proper use of the tremendous changes to be brought about by genomics.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed2025

Polycystic ovary syndrome and idiopathic central precocious puberty: two sides of the same coin?

PURPOSE: Several studies have reported an association between central precocious puberty (CPP) and a higher prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), raising the hypothesis that CPP may act as an early-life indicator of increased PCOS risk. This review investigates the shared genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors potentially underlying CPP and PCOS, with the aim of clarifying their connection and supporting advances in early detection and management. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE database, prioritizing research from the past two decades, supplemented by key studies from earlier years. This research included studies on genetic and epigenetic factors, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and metabolic influences related to CPP and PCOS. Both original research and review articles were selected, focusing on the identification of pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors linking these disorders. RESULTS: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked genetic variants in the kisspeptin and neurokinin B signaling pathways to increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, triggering early puberty. Moreover, increased GnRH pulsatility contributes to elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, altered LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios, and ovarian hyperandrogenism—key pathophysiological features of PCOS. Additionally, epigenetic modifications, particularly changes in DNA methylation at CpG sites, have been observed in both CPP and PCOS. A hyperandrogenic intrauterine environment and inadequate fetal growth contribute to prenatal epigenetic alterations, while postnatal factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, and exposure to EDCs further influence epigenetic modifications. Although insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism are central features linking CPP to PCOS, the precise mechanisms underlying these associations remain complex and not yet fully elucidated. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying shared genetic and environmental factors influencing early puberty onset and PCOS highlights the importance of close clinical monitoring in early life, though preventive interventions remain unproven. Further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms, which will support the development of more precise prevention and treatment strategies in clinical practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

A new ventilator for monitoring lung mechanics in small animals.

Researchers investigating the genetic component of various disease states rely increasingly on murine models. We have developed a ventilator to simplify respiratory research in small animals down to murine size. The new ventilator provides constant-flow inflation and tidal volume delivery independent of respiratory parameter changes. The inclusion of end-inspiratory and end-expiratory pauses simplifies the measurement of airway resistance and compliance and allows the detection of dynamic hyperinflation (auto-positive end-expiratory pressure). After bench testing, we performed intravenous methacholine challenge on two strains of mice (A/J and C57bl/bj) known to differ in their responses by using the new ventilator. Dynamic hyperinflation and a decrease in compliance developed during methacholine challenge whenever respiratory rates of 60-120 breaths/min were employed. In contrast, if dynamic hyperinflation was prevented by lengthening expiratory time, (respiratory rate = 20 breaths/min), static compliance remained constant. More importantly, the coefficient of variation of the results decreased when lung volume shifts were prevented. In conclusion, airway challenge studies have greater precision when dynamic hyperinflation is prevented.

Air Pressure↗
PubMed2002

Vitamin C prevents DNA mutation induced by oxidative stress.

The precise role of vitamin C in the prevention of DNA mutations is controversial. Although ascorbic acid has strong antioxidant properties, it also has pro-oxidant effects in the presence of free transition metals. Vitamin C was recently reported to induce the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides independent of metal interactions, suggesting that it may cause DNA damage. To directly address the role of vitamin C in maintaining genomic integrity we developed a genetic system for quantifying guanine base mutations induced in human cells under oxidative stress. The assay utilized a plasmid construct encoding the cDNA for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase modified to contain an amber stop codon, which was restored to wild type by G to T transversion induced by oxidative stress. The mutation frequency was determined from the number of plasmids containing the wild type chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene rescued from oxidatively stressed cells. Cells were loaded with vitamin C by exposing them to dehydroascorbic acid, thereby avoiding transition metal-related pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid. We found that vitamin C loading resulted in substantially decreased mutations induced by H(2)O(2). Depletion of glutathione led to cytotoxicity and an increase in H(2)O(2)-induced mutation frequency; however, mutation frequency was prominently decreased in depleted cells preloaded with vitamin C. The mutation results correlated with a decrease in total 8-oxo-guanine measured in genomic DNA of cells loaded with vitamin C and oxidatively stressed. These findings directly support the concept that high intracellular concentrations of vitamin C can prevent oxidation-induced mutations in human cells.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Protective antibody therapy is associated with reduced chemokine transcripts in herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal infection.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection on the murine cornea induces an intense inflammatory response which can lead to blindness. This disease, known as herpes stromal keratitis, can be prevented by the timely passive transfer of monoclonal antibody specific for viral glycoprotein D (gD). Precisely how antibody treatment prevents excessive corneal inflammation is not known. In this study we investigated whether chemokine mRNA expression is inhibited by antibody treatment. Total cellular RNAs isolated from normal corneas and at various times after virus infection were analyzed via reverse transcription-PCR for mRNA coding for seven different chemokines. Constitutive levels of IP-10, KC, MIP-2, MCP-1, MIP-1 beta, and RANTES mRNA were detected in uninfected corneas of BALB/c mice. When the cornea was mechanically traumatized, message for all six chemokines was transiently elevated above constitutive levels. In contrast, HSV-1 infection resulted in prolonged enhanced chemokine message expression. The kinetics of mRNA accumulation was distinctive for each chemokine analyzed. MIP-1 alpha message, not detected constitutively, was not evident until day 7 postinfection. Administration of anti-HSV gD monoclonal antibody 1 day after infection was associated with reduced message for MIP-2, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta. IP-10, KC, and RANTES messages were not altered. Collectively, our results suggest that anti-gD treatment may protect, at least in part, by inhibiting production of chemokines believed to promote inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious neurodisorder commonly caused by car accidents, sports related events or violence. Preventive measures are highly recommended to reduce the risk and number of TBI cases. The primary injury to the brain initiates a secondary injury process that spreads via multiple molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of TBI. The events leading to both neurodegeneration and functional recovery after TBI are generalized into four categories: (i) primary injury that disrupts brain tissues; (ii) secondary injury that causes pathophysiology in the brain; (iii) inflammatory response that adds to neurodegeneration; and (iv) repair-regeneration that may contribute to neuronal repair and regeneration to some extent following TBI. Destructive multiple mediators of the secondary injury process ultimately dominate over a few intrinsic protective measures, leading to activation of cysteine proteases such as calpain and caspase-3 that cleave key cellular substrates and cause cell death. Experimental studies in rodent models of TBI suggest that treatment with calpain inhibitors (e.g., AK295, SJA6017) and neurotrophic factors (e.g., NGF, BDNF) can prevent neuronal death and dysfunction in TBI. Currently, there is still no precise therapeutic strategy for the prevention of pathogenesis and neurodegeneration following TBI in humans. The search continues to explore new therapeutic targets and development of promising drugs for the treatment of TBI.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy -- dilemmas and difficulties.

INTRODUCTION: The implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is an established method of sudden cardiac death (SCD) prevention. The value of ICD therapy in secondary prevention of SCD is unquestionable. Precise identification of high-risk patients and ICD use for primary prevention of SCD, especially in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), remain controversial. Problems include the high prevalence of complications associated with ICD implantation and optimal selection of ICDs. AIM: To estimate the frequency and type of complications after ICD implantations in HCM patients in a long-term follow-up. METHOD: The efficacy and safety of ICD therapy were estimated in 46 HCM patients with devices implanted for a secondary (n-18) or primary prevention (n-28) of SCD. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up period of 28.2+/-26.1 months (from 2 to 68) appropriate ICD interventions occurred in 10 (55%) patients of the secondary prevention group and in 3 (10%) patients of the primary prevention group. Complications were documented in 15 (33%) patients. The most frequent were inappropriate ICD interventions recorded in 14 (30%) patients. The causes of these inappropriate ICD shocks were: T-wave oversensing (7 patients), atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rhythm (3 patients), lead failure (2 patients), and sinus tachycardia (2 patients). In two patients infections of the ICD pocket requiring removal of the system occurred. Displacement of the lead occurred in one patient. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of complications between the primary and secondary prevention groups or in the number of inappropriate interventions with respect to ICD type. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of appropriate ICD shocks provides proof of high ICD-based SCD prevention efficacy. There is a high rate of complications observed after ICD implantation with inappropriate interventions being the most frequent among them. This indicates that careful programming of the device as well as the use of a programme with T-wave oversensing prevention should be ensured.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

in children. Its results were drawn with limited sample size obtained after a short phase of data collection. A further study should be conducted to get more precise and valid results that may be useful for preventing UTI among children.

This hospital-based case-control study was conducted from September 1998 to January 1999 in Metro Manila, Philippines. General objective of the study is to determine the association between selected hygiene behavior and urinary tract infection (UTI) among children aged 6-12 years. Specifically, the study is designed to examine the relationship between UTI and urination, defecation, washing and bathing habits. Twenty-three cases of children with UTI and an equal number of controls were recruited in four tertiary hospitals. The study association was determined by using odds ratio, the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test, where appropriate, in simple analysis. Furthermore, exact logistic regression analysis was applied to overcome the problem of small sample size. The data suggested that bathing habit less than daily, holding of urination during daytime, and washing habit after defecation might have risk effects on UTI. There was not enough evidence of significant association between UTI and other study exposures. Among extraneous variables, age group or school enrollment of children had a borderline significant association with UTI after adjusted simultaneously for selected variables. This study served as a pilot of the Preventive Nephrology Project (Department of Health, Philippines) in determining selected risk factors of

Case-Control Studies↗