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PubMed1990

In vitro activity of flumequine in comparison with several other antimicrobial agents against five pathogens isolated in calves in The Netherlands.

The in vitro activity of flumequine in comparison with several other drugs was tested against 17 P. multocida, 16 P. haemolytica, 21 S. dublin, 21 S. typhimurium and 21 E. coli strains, isolated in (veal) calves in the Netherlands. The MIC50 of flumequine for the respective pasteurellas was 0.25 and 1 microgram/ml, for the salmonellas and E. coli 0.5 micrograms/ml. In comparison with flumequine, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed higher in vitro activity, with MIC50 less than or equal to 0.008 micrograms/ml for ciprofloxacin. Decreased susceptibility of the pasteurellas was found for kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline and doxycycline. The MIC50 of minocycline for P. multocida was 0.5 micrograms/ml and there was no cross resistance with the other tetracyclines. P. multocida was very susceptible to ampicillin (MIC50 less than or equal to 0.03 micrograms/ml), P. haemolytica, however, was 100% resistant to this drug. Both pasteurellas were susceptible to cephalothin and approximately 50% of the strains of both bacteria were resistant to chloramphenicol. The MIC50 of either spiramycin or tylosin was greater than or equal to their respective breakpoint-MIC values. Both pasteurellas were susceptible to the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. However, for P. multocida, the addition of sulphamethoxazole to trimethoprim had no synergistic effect on its MIC. In comparison with trimethorpim, aditoprim was less potent. Therefore only P. multocida was susceptible to aditoprim.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the etiology of bacteremia in febrile neutropenic patients and the susceptibilities of the currently isolated pathogens.

The etiology of bacteremia in febrile neutropenic patients in the past few decades has shifted from gram-negative to gram-positive organisms. Potential reasons include the use of indwelling catheters, local environmental conditions, and the administration of specific antibiotic agents, especially as prophylaxis. Other factors may emerge from new studies, such as the categorization of febrile neutropenic patients into groups at low risk and at high risk of developing serious complications, continuing changes in resistance in the community, the use of antibiotic-coated catheters, and future changes in cytotoxic chemotherapy or antineoplastic therapy. In addition, there has been a drift in susceptibility patterns, with resistance issues seen in the general population of hospitalized patients now emerging in febrile neutropenic patients, as well as some issues specific to these patients. These changes affect empirical therapy as it was practiced a decade ago. Among the most commonly used agents, cefepime and carbapenems continue to show the highest rates of in vitro susceptibility, providing coverage against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and reducing the need for glycopeptides. Older agents continue to show degradation of their effectiveness. Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, susceptibility to all agents continues to decline.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed1998

Antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens isolated in the UK during the 1995-1996 cold season.

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 1078 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, 348 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 258 Moraxella catarrhalis was determined. Overall 15.1% of H. influenzae produced beta-lactamase; 98.8% were susceptible to co-amoxiclav, 85.8% to cefaclor, 96% to clarithromycin and 100% to ciprofloxacin. The majority (94.2%) of M. catarrhalis produced beta-lactamase. The overall prevalence of low-level penicillin resistance (MIC = 0.12-1 mg/L) amongst isolates of S. pneumoniae was 3.4% and that of high-level resistance (MIC > or = 2 mg/L) was 3.7%. Most (96.3%) of the isolates of S. pneumoniae were susceptible to amoxycillin (MIC < or = 0.5 mg/L), 96% to cefaclor (MIC < or = 8 mg/L), 90.7% to clarithromycin (MIC < or = 0.25 mg/L) and 89% to ciprofloxacin (MIC < or = 1 mg/L).

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of antimicrobial resistance rates in Gram-positive pathogens isolated in the UK from October 1996 to January 1997 and October 1997 to January 1998.

Rates of resistance for two consecutive years for 28 centres (10 Teaching, nine Associate Teaching and nine District General hospitals) in the UK were compared. Combined rates of resistance for each of the hospital types of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin revealed an increase in the rate of resistance in Teaching hospitals (12.5% year 1, 23.5% year 2), but, for Associate Teaching and District General hospitals rates fell (Associate Teaching 19.1% year 1, 11.9% year 2; District General 16.5% year 1 and 11.3% year 2). Using conventional methodology to determine MICs, no strain was considered to have reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Among coagulase-negative staphylococci, increased resistance was observed for Staphylococcus epidermidis to rifampicin, for Staphylococcus haemolyticus to clindamycin, for Staphylococcus saprophyticus to penicillin and for Staphylococcus spp. to clindamycin, methicillin and rifampicin. For Streptococcus pneumoniae an upward trend in low-level resistance to penicillin was observed (18 of the 28 centres), however, for high-level resistance the trend was in the opposite direction (only four centres showed an increase). For Enterococcus faecalis there was a trend to a fall in levels of resistance, the only exception being an increase in high-level gentamicin resistance (10.5% year 1, 15.1% year 2, P = 0.0388). For Enterococcus faecium rates of resistance were not significantly different except for increases in resistance to nitrofurantoin and rifampicin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Comparative in vitro activity of faropenem and 11 other antimicrobial agents against 405 aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections from animal and human bites.

Faropenem, a new oral beta-lactam agent with a penem structure, was very active against 405 aerobic and anaerobic bite isolates. It inhibited 232 of 236 (98%) aerobic isolates, including all Pasteurella spp. and Eikenella corrodens at < or = 0.25 mg/L, and 164/169 (97%) anaerobic isolates, at < or = 1 mg/L. The 10 isolates that required > or = 2 mg/L for inhibition were one strain each of Acinetobacter lwoffi, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Bacteroides ovatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Peptostreptococcus tetradius, plus Corynebacterium 'aquaticum' (two strains) and Veillonella sp. (three strains).

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Pathogens isolated during treatment failures in otitis.

OBJECTIVES: A prospective study in the Paris region to evaluate the clinical and bacteriologic epidemiology of acute otitis media in infants in whom oral antibiotic therapy resulted in clinical failure. METHODS: The study included 186 children with a mean age of 17.5 +/- 13.1 months. Two-thirds of them attended a day-care center and 40.8% had a history of recurrent otitis media. The most frequently prescribed prior antibiotics were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (43% of cases), an oral third generation cephalosporin (22.6%), erythromycin-sulfisoxazole (11.8%) and a first generation cephalosporin (10.2%). The average duration of antibiotic therapy was 6.9 +/- 2.65 days. Specimens for bacterial cultures included 188 samples of middle ear fluid obtained by tympanocentesis and 37 collected from otorrhea fluid. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one samples (62.7%) from 126 children yielded 170 bacterial isolates. In 60 children (32.3%) the culture of the ear pus was sterile. Among the 170 bacterial isolates: 67 (39.4%) were Streptococcus pneumoniae (59 patients), of which 77.6% had reduced susceptibility to penicillin (PRSP with penicillin MIC > or = 0.125 mg/l); 61 (35.9%) were Haemophilus influenzae (56 patients) of which 49.2% were beta-lactamase producers; and 8 were Moraxella catarrhalis (8 patients), of which 87.5% were beta-lactamase producers. Thirty-six patients were infected by S. pneumoniae with penicillin MIC > or =1 mg/l. In our study attending day-care center (P = 0.04), temperature >38 degrees C with signs of otalgia (P = 0.02), age <2 years (P = 0.048) and prior antibiotic treatment with erythromycin-sulfisoxazole (P = 0.006) were independently predictive risk factors for patients infected with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. Pneumococcal serogroups 23, 14 and 19 were predominant (25.4, 25.4 and 23.8%, respectively). Penicillin resistance was mainly associated with serogroups 23 and 14. CONCLUSIONS: Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates are frequently responsible for therapeutic failure in cases of acute otitis media in the Paris region.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Agrobacterium larrymoorei sp. nov., a pathogen isolated from aerial tumours of Ficus benjamina.

Tumorigenic Agrobacterium strains isolated from tumours growing on pruned branches of Ficus benjamina have previously been shown to have unique opine metabolism and sufficient 16S rRNA sequence differences to suggest that they belong to a new species. DNA-DNA hybridization results confirmed that these strains represent a new species and Agrobacterium larrymoorei sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 51759T = CFBP 5473T = NCPPB 4096T) is proposed as the name for the species.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

The glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities in the pathogenic isolates of Candida albicans obtained from HIV/AIDS, diabetic and burn patients.

Recently it has been found that Candida albicans harbours enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle (GC), which have a role in its virulence, especially the two key enzymes, isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS). There are however, few studies on the GC enzyme activities isolated in the clinical isolates. Samples were collected from three groups of patients namely, HIV/AIDS, diabetic and burn patients suffering from candidiasis at different body locations. Isolation, identification and the antifungal susceptibility test of all the isolates of C. albicans were followed by the standard techniques. Measurements of all the GC enzyme activities were also carried out by the standard methods. Levels of the principal GC enzymes showed significant changes when calculated and compared taking control strains of C. albicans. The activity of the two key enzymes of the GC, ICL and MS were significantly higher in the isolates from diabetic patients. No significant relationship between the drug susceptibility and the level of enzymes of the GC was observed. As GC activity is absent in mammalian cells, a specific inhibitor for the GC could be developed and these enzymes therefore can be used as a new antifungal target.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

[Genome types of adenovirus type 37 with different pathogenicity isolated in Nagoya City].

Out of 217 strains of viruses isolated from patients with conjunctivitis at one ophthalmology clinic in Nagoya City from 1982 to 1995, 37 were adenovirus type 37 (Ad37). They were isolated mainly from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in summer-time. DNAs from all Ad37 isolates were extracted and analyzed by five restriction endonucleases (Bam H I, Eco R I, Hind III, Sal I and Sma I) in comparison with prototype strain. Thirty-seven isolates were divided into six genome types (Ad37a, Ad37c, Ad37d, Ad37e, Ad37f and Ad37p). The predominant genome type in 1987 was Ad37a by DNA cleavage pattern analysis with Eco R I. The symptoms of patients with Ad37a were severe compared with those of patients with Ad37p.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1998

Activities of HMR 3004 (RU 64004) and HMR 3647 (RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and eight other antimicrobial agents against unusual aerobic and anaerobic human and animal bite pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections in humans.

The activities of HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 and comparator agents, especially macrolides, were determined by the agar dilution method against 262 aerobic and 120 anaerobic strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections associated with human and animal bite wounds. HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 were active against almost all aerobic and fastidious facultative isolates (MIC at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [MIC90], < or = 0.5 and 1 microg/ml, respectively) and against all anaerobes [Bacteroides tectum, Porphyromonas macacae (salivosa), Prevotella heparinolytica, Porphyromonas sp., Prevotella sp., and peptostreptococci] at < or = 0.25 and < or = 0.5 microg/ml, respectively, except Fusobacterium nucleatum (HMR 3004, MIC90 = 16 microg/ml; HMR 3647, MIC90 = 8 microg/ml) and other Fusobacterium species (MIC90, 1 and 2 microg/ml, respectively). In general, HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 were more active than any of the macrolides tested. Azithromycin was more active than clarithromycin against all Pasteurella species, including Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium species, while clarithromycin was more active than azithromycin against Corynebacterium species, Weeksella zoohelcum, B. tectum, and P. heparinolytica.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Linezolid activity compared to those of selected macrolides and other agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from soft tissue bite infections in humans.

Linezolid was tested against 420 aerobes and anaerobes, including 148 Pasteurella isolates, by an agar dilution method. Linezolid was active against all Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica isolates and most Pasteurella canis, Pasteurella dagmatis, and Pasteurella stomatis isolates. The MIC was </=2 microg/ml for staphylococci, streptococci, EF-4b, Weeksella zoohelcum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, other fusobacteria, Porphyromonas spp., Prevotella spp., peptostreptococci, and almost all Bacteroides tectum isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗