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PubMed2026

Characterizing Caregiver-Child Interactions Through a Transactional Lens: A Baseline Analysis of a Caregiver-Implemented Intervention.

PURPOSE: This study was motivated by the transactional model of development and examined the reciprocal influences that children and caregivers have on caregiver-child interactions (CCXs) prior to a caregiver-implemented intervention. We tested whether child communication characteristics were associated with caregiver strategy use and whether these strategies, in turn, influenced children's communication to understand how caregivers and children mutually shaped the language learning environment. METHOD: Caregiver-child dyads (N = 105) were participants in a randomized controlled trial. CCXs were collected when children were approximately 30 months of age, transcribed, and coded for four caregiver language facilitation strategies and child communication variables. RESULTS: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression and postselection inference indicated that child communication characteristics in CCXs were associated with both the frequency and type of strategies caregivers used. Children's overall communication acts were significantly associated with caregiver use of vocabulary strategies, whereas children's vocabulary diversity was significantly associated with caregiver use of sentence strategies. Mixed-effects logistic regression demonstrated that all four caregiver strategies significantly increased the likelihood of spontaneous lexical overlap in subsequent child turns. CONCLUSIONS: Prior to the intervention, caregivers and children reciprocally shaped the language environment. This supports a transactional perspective and warrants further consideration of reciprocal influences when assessing the impact of caregiver-implemented interventions. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.32995796.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation of molting in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis): A transcriptomic analysis based on eyestalk ablation model.

Molting disability severely restricts the sustainable aquaculture of the Chinese mitten crab, yet the neuroendocrine mechanisms coordinating physiological responses remain poorly understood. Using unilateral eyestalk ablation to remove the primary source of molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), we performed time-resolved transcriptomic profiling of the thoracic ganglion at 24 h (early premolt) and 48 h (ecdysis) post-ablation. We identified 2825 differentially expressed genes and uncovered a biphasic molecular response. At 24 h, the thoracic ganglion activates pathways associated with neuromuscular adaptation, oxidative stress, and cardiac muscle contraction. Notably, the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway is selectively rewired: cytochrome P450 ω-hydroxylases (CYP2J2, CYP4V2) are upregulated, while competing branches (epoxide hydrolase, cyclooxygenase) are suppressed, promoting local synthesis of the potent vasoconstrictor 20-HETE within the thoracic ganglion. This enzymatic switch provides a mechanistic link between MIH withdrawal and the local generation of elevated hemolymph pressure required for molting. By 48 h, the transcriptional program shifts toward chitin-based extracellular matrix remodeling, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, and synaptic reorganization. Collectively, our findings redefine the thoracic ganglion as an active neuroendocrine integrator that translates reduced MIH signaling into phased physiological outputs, revealing a "neuro-endocrine-hemolymph pressure" regulatory axis. This study provides novel molecular targets (e.g., CYP2J2, CHS1, UGCG) for mitigating molting disability in E. sinensis aquaculture.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Maternal age as a driver of genome instability: mechanisms linking aneuploidy, mutagenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Advanced maternal age is a well-established risk factor for adverse reproductive outcomes due to increased rates of aneuploidy. However, emerging evidence indicates that the genetic consequences of maternal aging extend well beyond chromosome mis-segregation. Aging oocytes acquire a broad spectrum of genetic abnormalities, including maternally derived nuclear de novo mutations (DNMs) and mitochondrial DNA mutations, together with epigenetic dysregulation of DNA methylation and post-translational modification levels. These changes reflect the unique biology of the female germline in which oocytes remain arrested in meiotic prophase I for decades. Age-related deterioration of key processes, such as erosion of cohesion complexes, altered meiotic recombination, and weakened spindle assembly checkpoint surveillance collectively destabilize meiotic chromosome architecture, directly driving chromosome mis-segregation. At the same time, accumulation of endogenous DNA damage and declining DNA damage and repair processes increase the chances of transmitting lesions that can be converted into sequence-level mutations during the earliest embryonic divisions, when genome maintenance relies exclusively on maternal factors. High-resolution sequencing studies further demonstrate that maternal aging is associated with increased DNMs burden in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Together, these findings support a model in which maternal aging is a driver of genome-wide instability that links aneuploidy and mutagenesis through shared defects in meiotic surveillance, declining DNA repair efficiency, and mitochondrial function. This framework positions delayed childbearing as a multifaceted genetic risk factor that extend beyond aneuploidy to include mutations and other genomic alterations that can impact intergenerational genetic risk.

Aneuploidy↗

PubMed2026

Correlative analysis of endogenous miRNA expression profiles underlying brown planthopper adaptation to resistant rice.

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) is a major insect pest threatening global rice production. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of BPH populations with different virulence levels to resistant rice cultivars remain poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as key post-transcriptional regulators, play critical roles in host adaptation in herbivorous insects. In this study, we analyzed the miRNA expression profiles of a high-virulent population (IR56p) and a low-virulence population (TN1p) after feeding on susceptible (TN1) and resistant (IR56) rice cultivars. Our findings reveal distinct miRNA-mediated regulatory strategies employed by the two populations. The IR56p population showed downregulation of miRNAs including miR-10, miR-124, and miR-316, showing an inverse correlation with increased expression of predicted target genes involved in detoxification (carboxylesterase, UDP-glycosyltransferase) and effector function (calmodulin). In contrast, several miRNAs highly expressed in IR56p, including miR-307, miR-317, and miR-275, were predicted to target rice genes associated with hormone signaling, cell wall biosynthesis, and oxidative homeostasis, suggesting a possible but unproven inter-species regulatory role that requires functional validation. Collectively, these descriptive and correlative findings provide hypothesis generating insights into insect-plant coevolution and identifies candidate molecular targets for future functional validation and RNA interference-based pest management strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Identification of the BrSK gene family in flowering Chinese cabbage and functional characterization of BrSK2 subfamily involvement in heat stress.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) kinases are evolutionarily conserved regulators of plant development and stress signaling, yet their contributions to thermotolerance in cool-adapted Brassica crops remain poorly understood. Here, we identified 16 BrSK genes in the Caixin (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis) genome, all harboring intact catalytic motifs indicative of functional kinase activity. Spatiotemporal expression profiling revealed preferential accumulation of BrSK transcripts in stem apices and floral organs during reproductive transition, while promoter analysis identified abundant heat- and abiotic stress-responsive cis-elements. Under heat stress, BrSK21, BrSK22, and BrSK23 displayed striking genotype-specific expression dynamics. BrSK21/22/23 transcripts were stably suppressed in the heat-tolerant cultivar '49-19' but transiently declined before rapidly rebounding in the heat-sensitive 'Liuye 50', mirroring RNA-seq profiles. Protein-protein interaction assays (Y2H, BiFC, and LCI) demonstrated specific associations between BrSK kinases and BrHSFA1. Functional validation via VIGS revealed that silencing of BrSK21 significantly enhanced thermotolerance, with triple silencing of BrSK21/22/23 conferring additive protection, indicating functional redundancy within the BrSK2 subfamily. Collectively, these findings establish the BrSK2 subfamily as negative regulators of heat tolerance in Caixin, likely via modulation of BrHSFA1 expression. This work identifies high-priority targets for molecular breeding of climate-resilient Brassica vegetables.

Plant Proteins↗

PubMed2026

Identification of CD55 as a downstream factor of EP4 receptor signaling in colorectal cancer cells.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through the E-type prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). We herein identified decay-accelerating factor, also known as CD55, as a novel CRC-associated downstream factor of the EP4 receptor. The integration of transcriptomic profiling of PGE2-stimulated HCA-7 human colon cancer cells with analyses of cancer genomic databases predicted CD55 as a potential EP4 receptor-regulated target. Inhibitor-based experiments showed the induction of CD55 after a PGE2 stimulation required the EP4 receptor and Gi protein in HCA-7 cells, whereas protein kinase A signaling was dispensable. In combination with a toxicogenomic database analysis, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was identified as the predominant effector connecting the EP4 receptor to CD55 upregulation. A single-cell RNA-seq re-analysis of human CRC tissues revealed CD55 upregulation and p38 MAPK-related gene set enrichment in epithelial cells expressing the EP4 receptor, suggesting that this induction mechanism may operate in a subset of epithelial cells in clinical specimens. Collectively, these results delineate a PGE2/EP4 receptor/Gi protein/p38 MAPK signaling axis that induces CD55 expression in HCA-7 cells and epithelial tumor cells, provide new mechanistic clues for understanding the regulation of complement regulatory molecule CD55 expression by prostaglandin signaling.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Deciphering S-nitrosylation-regulated metabolic networks in postmortem beef based on label-free modificomics: Identification of ferroptosis as a novel quality-related pathway.

This study elucidated the molecular mechanisms of S-nitrosylation on postmortem beef metabolism and quality based on the label-free modificomics. Varying degrees of S-nitrosylation were exogenously induced in beef semimembranosus (SM) muscle. Results indicated that a high S-nitrosylation level significantly increased beef pH and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) while reducing centrifugal loss (P < 0.05). A total of 828 S-nitrosylated proteins and 1458 modification sites were identified, of which 114 sites on 81 proteins (DSNPs) exhibited differential modification abundance, representing an increase of 125% compared with previous proteomics studies. DSNPs were mainly involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium signaling, cell structure, and ferroptosis. Notably, this study provides the first evidence in postmortem muscle that S-nitrosylation regulates key ferroptosis-related proteins, including ACSL, CP, and TF, offering new insights into the link between S-nitrosylation and the ferroptosis pathway in meat. Correlation analysis demonstrated that TF was significantly negatively correlated with pH and WBSF, but positively correlated with centrifugal loss (P < 0.05). Collectively, protein S-nitrosylation critically modulates postmortem beef quality through the coordinated regulation of multiple metabolic processes. More importantly, the identification of ferroptosis as a S-nitrosylation-sensitive pathway provides a new perspective for regulating meat quality through protein post-translational modifications.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

A combined stimulus of acute fasting and exercise modulates hippocampal mitochondrial quality control in healthy mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Exercise and fasting are recognized for their ability to improve brain health and mitigate neurodegeneration. However, little is known about how these interventions acutely impact mitochondrial quality control mechanisms including mitophagy. METHODS: We examined the effects of a single bout of fasting and exercise (FEx) on hippocampal mitochondrial function and proteomic remodeling in male and female mice. To assess in vivo autophagy dynamics, we combined proteomics with chloroquine (CQ) inhibition of autophagic flux. Mice were assigned to sedentary (Sed), fasting (F), exercise (Ex), or combined FEx groups and received unilateral intrahippocampal injections of CQ or PBS following treatments. Four hours later, hippocampi were collected for analysis. RESULTS: LC3-II levels significantly increased in the FEx group only following CQ treatment, indicating enhanced autophagic flux. Proteomic profiling showed sedentary males failed to mount a robust response to FEx however females exhibited upregulation of proteins involved in the TCA cycle, glutathione metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting greater mitochondrial adaptability. Functional assays supported these findings, females showed increased complex IV activity post-FEx. The mitochondrial DNA / nuclear DNA ratio increased after FEx regardless of sex, and upstream regulator analysis predicted activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data reveal sex-specific mitochondrial remodeling in response to acute fasting and exercise. Defining these normative responses is critical for understanding how mitochondrial adaptability shapes resilience or vulnerability to neurological challenges.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

BIOCARD framework: integrating fecal bile acids, lipids, and metabolites to assess response to a cardiovascular health intervention.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in under-resourced populations. Although nutritional interventions are important for CVD prevention, their outcomes are commonly evaluated using conventional clinical and behavioral indicators, which may not fully capture early molecular responses. In this study, we developed the BIOCARD framework, an exploratory fecal multi-omics platform integrating bile acids, lipids, and metabolites to evaluate intervention outcomes related to cardiovascular health. Fecal samples were collected from caregiver-child participants enrolled in a 10-week randomized controlled trial comparing a multicomponent garden-based intervention (SHA) with an education-only control group (MSP). Fecal polar metabolites, lipids, and bile acids were analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS-based approaches and integrated with conventional health indicators. Traditional clinical indicators in the present study showed limited sensitivity for detecting intervention-related differences. In contrast, fecal multi-omics analyzes revealed intervention-associated differences in metabolites, lipids, and bile acids, with children showing more apparent molecular variation than parents. Network analysis further revealed associations between selected molecular features and cardiovascular-related indicators, including blood pressure, body fat, skin carotenoids, and Healthy Eating Index scores. Together, these findings suggest that the BIOCARD framework may serve as an exploratory molecular approach to complement traditional outcome measures and improve the evaluation of nutritional interventions for cardiovascular health.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Tigecycline-resistant Staphylococcus in waiting pens of a pig slaughterhouse: genomic insights into a food safety alert.

BACKGROUND: The waiting pens of slaughterhouses represent a critical control point in the 'farm-to-fork' continuum, yet their role in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance remains understudied. This study investigated tigecycline-resistant Staphylococcus (TRS) in these high-risk zones to assess their prevalence, resistance mechanisms, and transmission dynamics. METHODS: 400 samples were collected from the waiting pens of a pig slaughterhouse in Guangzhou, China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular cloning were employed to characterize resistance mechanisms and transmission patterns. RESULTS: 78 TRS strains were isolated and classified into three species, including S. borealis, S. ureilyticus, and S. pasteuri. These isolates exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes and carried new mutations in rpsJ and tet(M), which were functionally confirmed to reduce tigecycline susceptibility. Phylogenetic evidence demonstrated clonal transmission between pig farms and the slaughterhouse. The tet(M) gene was located within Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements mediated by IS257, while tet(L) was carried by plasmids formed through IS256/IS257-mediated recombination. CONCLUSIONS: Waiting pens serve as crucial reservoirs for the amplification and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Our findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced biosecurity measures, improved waste management, and routine molecular surveillance in these high-risk zones to mitigate the spread of resistance along the food production chain.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Forensic taphonomy in fluvial water: A systematic review.

Human remains are frequently recovered from fluvial (lotic) water environments. Rivers, streams, canals and other flowing water bodies pose distinct challenges in forensic practice, particularly due to their current. Compared to other aquatic contexts, fluviatile taphonomy is underrepresented in the forensic literature and the last comprehensive summary was written over a decade ago. Therefore, a systematic review was performed to collect and summarise the current knowledge in forensics about fluvial taphonomy, including decomposition of remains, transport characteristics, search, postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) estimation, taphonomic alterations, and differences to other water bodies. 92 reports met the inclusion criteria for this review, most of them showed a moderate risk of bias. Their main findings were summarised and two major challenges identified. First, predictions about fluvial transport of human bodies pose a tremendous issue in forensic practice, leading to later detection and lower recovery rate of remains, complicating various subsequent analyses. Second, PMSI estimations are difficult particularly due to variable environmental conditions in fluviatile systems. Recommendations for future research in the area of fluvial forensic taphonomy include that case-related data such as the detailed decomposition state and river characteristics need to be made available. More standardised research protocols are required for a facilitated comparison between studies, environments and regions. This review provides forensic practitioners with a comprehensive, updated resource for the investigation of fluvial remains. It also guides future research towards a more efficient practice to build the basis for a broader, more robust and comprehensive synthesis, subsequently supporting analyses in forensic casework.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Identification of molecular subtypes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on chromatin regulators and tumor immune microenvironment profiling.

In the histological classification of renal cell carcinoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for the highest proportion and is the most common subtype. Despite advances in management, it continues to be associated with considerable incidence and mortality. Although surgery and systemic therapies are available, their efficacy is constrained by pronounced intratumoral heterogeneity and treatment resistance. Identifying robust biomarkers and clarifying the underlying biological mechanisms are therefore essential to improving diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making. In this work, we identified two ccRCC molecular subtypes displaying divergent chromatin regulator (CR) profiles and different clinical prognoses. Using the genes differentially expressed between these subgroups, we constructed a CR-related score (CRS) that effectively stratified patients according to survival. More analysis concluded that the low expression of CR was more linked with the immune-activated tumors, which encompassed the immune pathway enrichment, as well as the elevation of numerous immune cell subtypes. Moreover, elevated CRS was associated with improved immunotherapy responsiveness. Drug-sensitivity analyses nominated several candidate agents, and SMARCD3 knockdown in 786-O cells inhibited proliferation and migration and reduced sensitivity to masitinib. Collectively, these findings support the prognostic and therapeutic relevance of CR-related states in ccRCC and provide a framework for future experimental validation of chromatin-regulated tumor-immune interactions.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Venomous Lepidoptera: defensive toxin systems, venom composition, and clinical significance.

Venomous Lepidoptera constitute an underrecognized yet medically significant group of toxin-producing arthropods that employ contact-mediated defensive envenomation through specialized integumentary structures such as setae, spines, and scoli. Unlike actively stinging arthropods, these insects deliver venom passively upon contact, eliciting a diverse spectrum of clinical manifestations collectively termed lepidopterism. Clinical outcomes range from localized pain and dermatitis to severe systemic effects, including hemorrhagic syndromes, complement activation, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Recent advances in proteomic and transcriptomic technologies have transformed our understanding of lepidopteran venoms, revealing unexpectedly complex toxin repertoires comprising serine proteases, phospholipases, pore-forming proteins, disulfide-rich peptides, neuroactive RF-amide peptides, and immune-modulating components. These findings have provided new insights into the molecular basis of toxicity, host-pathogen interactions, and the evolutionary diversification of venom systems within Lepidoptera. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the morphology of venom-delivery structures, venom composition, mechanisms of action, and associated clinical manifestations, while highlighting medically important taxa, particularly species of the genus Lonomia. The successful development of antivenom against Lonomia envenomation underscores the translational relevance of lepidopteran toxin research and its potential for therapeutic innovation. By integrating molecular, clinical, and evolutionary perspectives, this review repositions venomous Lepidoptera as a legitimate and important component of arthropod toxinology. Furthermore, it identifies critical methodological limitations and key knowledge gaps, providing a framework for future investigations aimed at advancing our understanding of toxin biology, immunopathology, and the development of novel biomedical applications.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic responses of the oil palm pest Metisa plana (Psychidae) to farnesyl acetate exposure.

Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is a major defoliator of oil palm in Malaysia, causing substantial economic losses. Farnesyl acetate (FA), a sesquiterpenoid compound, has been proposed as a potential insecticidal agent against M. plana, yet its molecular impact on larval physiology remains poorly understood. Here, we employed label-free quantitative proteomics, functional enrichment analysis, and targeted transcript assessment to characterize the temporal proteomic response of M. plana larvae at 7 and 14 days after treatment (DAT) with FA. Principal component analysis revealed robust separation between treated and control samples at both time points, indicating sustained treatment-driven proteomic restructuring. Early exposure (7 DAT) elicited a heterogeneous response involving stress-associated proteins, redox enzymes, and cytoskeletal regulators, whereas later exposure (14 DAT) produced a consolidated profile characterized by metabolic reprogramming, downregulation of ribosomal proteins, induction of heat shock proteins, and enrichment of RNA surveillance and mitochondrial pathways. Targeted transcript analysis qualitatively supported proteomic trends for HSP83 and aldehyde dehydrogenase X, although limited amplification precluded quantitative inference. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that FA exposure drives a shift from acute proteomic perturbation toward a maintenance-oriented physiological state, prioritizing proteostasis, energy management, and stress adaptation over growth and development. This integrated molecular perspective provides mechanistic insight into the chronic effects of FA, highlighting its potential to suppress larval performance and informing the development of biorational, physiology-based pest management strategies in non-model insects.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Disentangling oscillatory and aperiodic neural activity in autism: A spectral parameterization analysis of neurofeedback intervention.

BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by atypical neural oscillations and heterogeneous alterations in excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance, the directionality of which varies across individuals, neural circuits, and developmental stages. While Alpha-band neurofeedback (NFB) is a promising intervention, its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear, partly due to the conflation of periodic and aperiodic signals in traditional EEG analysis. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial recruited 40 children with ASD, assigned to either an experimental group (Alpha-training NFB) or a no-feedback group. Resting-state EEG and behavioral assessments (SRS, ABC) were collected pre- and post-intervention. We employed spectral parameterization to decompose neural activity into aperiodic (1/f slope, offset) and periodic (periodic alpha power, center frequency) components. RESULTS: NFB training yielded significant behavioral improvements in social cognition and relating skills. Physiologically, the experimental group exhibited a significant steepening of the aperiodic slope (increased exponent), reflecting a reduction in neural noise and potential optimization of inhibitory modulation. Furthermore, we observed enhanced periodic alpha power and an acceleration of the alpha center frequency (ACF), indicative of improved neural efficiency and maturation. These physiological shifts in frontal and occipital regions were significantly correlated with improvements in behavioral scores. CONCLUSION: Alpha-training NFB was associated with improvements in caregiver-rated behavioral scores and modulated spectral features of resting-state EEG in children with ASD. These findings validate the utility of spectral parameterization markers in evaluating neuromodulatory interventions.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

The co-existence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A systematic review of the literature.

There is a growing body of literature evaluating both postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). We conducted a systematic review to evaluate what is currently known about the co-existence of both conditions. A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed in December 2025 and data were collected in tables and pooled to determine the prevalence of POTS in EDS and EDS in POTS. A total of 30 studies were included with 8421 patients with EDS and 12,983 patients with POTS. The average age across 16 studies that reported mean age was 33.3 years. POTS in patients with EDS ranges from 17.5% to 92.7% depending on the population. EDS in patients with POTS ranges from 17.9% to 50.0% depending on the population. One study suggested that patients with EDS and POTS had greater medication use, pain medications and greater number of clinic visits compared to POTS alone while another suggests that these patients have greater gastrointestinal symptoms and the odds were greatest for postprandial distress syndrome, chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome, vomiting and post-prandial fullness. We conclude that EDS and POTS frequently co-occur, and proportions of patients with POTS and EDS depends on the population evaluated. Overall, more research is needed to better understand how to effectively manage patients living with both EDS and POTS.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

The RrWRKY75-mediated activation of ascorbate synthesis in Rosa roxburghii Tratt contributes to salt stress tolerance.

L-Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a key antioxidant that alleviates oxidative stress in plants. Previous yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screening identified RrWRKY75 as a transcription factor capable of binding to the promoter of RrGGP2 (GDP-L-galactose pyrophosphatase 2), a key structural gene responsible for massive AsA accumulation in Rosa roxburghii fruit. The function of RrWRKY75 in plant stress responses remains unclear. Here, RrWRKY75 is verified to specifically bind to the RrGGP2 promoter and activate its transcription. This positive regulatory effect on RrGGP2 transcript levels and AsA accumulation is further confirmed through overexpression or silencing of RrWRKY75 in R. roxburghii fruit or callus. Among various abiotic stress conditions, RrWRKY75 expression is significantly induced by salt stress. Upon its overexpression in callus or Arabidopsis thaliana, elevated AsA levels and antioxidant capacity are observed, thereby enhancing salt tolerance. Interestingly, RrWRKY75 also binds to the promoter of RrUNE12, a salt-responsive factor in R. roxburghii, and activates its expression. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays confirm the physical interaction between RrWRKY75 and RrUNE12, which jointly upregulates RrGGP2 expression and AsA production. Collectively, RrWRKY75 boosts AsA biosynthesis and salt tolerance both by directly trans-activating RrGGP2 and by synergizing with RrUNE12 through transcriptional activation and protein complex formation. These findings provide insights into the regulatory role of RrWRKY75 in abiotic stress tolerance and offer valuable genetic resources for R. roxburghii germplasm improvement.

Rosa↗

PubMed2026

Metatranscriptomic analysis of viral sequences associated with Culex nigripalpus at an Alabama aquaculture site.

Mosquitoes associated with aquaculture habitats can harbor diverse viruses, yet the viromes of many locally abundant species remain poorly characterized. At an aquaculture-associated site in Auburn, Alabama, we surveyed mosquito populations and found Culex nigripalpus to be the dominant species collected. To characterize viruses associated with this mosquito, we performed RNA-seq on pooled female Cx. nigripalpus and compared complementary bioinformatic workflows for viral detection and genome recovery. One workflow removed host-associated reads by mapping to the closest available mosquito reference genome prior to assembly, whereas a second workflow used fully de novo assembly and viral database annotation. Additional protein-level filtering, cross-workflow comparison, and comparison of Trinity and rnaSPAdes assemblies were used to prioritize well-supported viral candidates. Across the original analyses, 16 submitted accessions corresponding to 12 collapsed virus/name groups were recovered, including Merida virus, Hubei mosquito virus 5, Zhejiang mosquito virus, Hubei virga-like virus 3, Rinkaby virus, Elemess virus, Qingnian mosquito virus, Serbia narna-like virus 2, XiangYun narna-levi-like virus 8, Ecclesville picorna-like virus, and baculovirus-like fragments. Several candidates were supported across multiple workflows, while others were recovered only under specific analytical conditions, indicating that candidate recovery was influenced by assembly and filtering choices. Selected viral contigs were independently supported by RT-PCR amplification. Overall, these results provide a first characterization of viral sequences associated with Cx. nigripalpus from an Alabama aquaculture-associated site and show that comparison across assembly and filtering strategies helped prioritize the most consistently supported viral candidates.

Animals↗