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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Sniffing by a silkworm moth: wing fanning enhances air penetration through and pheromone interception by antennae.

Many organisms increase the air or water flow adjacent to olfactory surfaces when exposed to appropriate chemical stimuli; such 'sniffing' samples fluid from a specific region and can increase the rate of interception of odorant molecules. We used hot-wire anemometry, high-speed videography and flow visualization to study air flow near the feathery olfactory antennae of male silkworm moths (Bombyx mori L.). When exposed to conspecific female sex pheromone, male B. mori flap their wings through a stroke angle of 90-110 degrees at approximately 40 Hz without flying. This behavior generates an unsteady flow of air (mean speed 0.3-0.4 m s(-1)) towards the antennae from the front of the male. A pulse of peak air speed occurs at each wing upstroke. The Womersley number (characterizing the damping of pulsatile flow through the gaps between the sensory hairs on the antennae) is less than 1; hence, pulses of faster air (at 40 Hz) should move between sensory hairs. Calculation of flow through arrays of cylinders suggest that this wing fanning can increase the rate of interception of pheromone by the sensory hairs on the antennae by at least an order of magnitude beyond that in still air. Although wing fanning produces air flow relative to the antennae that is approximately 15 times faster than that generated by walking at top speed (0.023 m s(-1)), air flow through the gaps between the sensory hairs is approximately 560 times faster because a dramatic increase in the leakiness of the feathery antennae to air flow occurs at the air velocities produced by fanning.

Air↗
PubMed2001

A street intercept survey to assess HIV-testing attitudes and behaviors.

Nationally, it has been estimated that 44% of adults in the United States have been tested for HIV, with substantial individual and community-level variations in HIV-testing attitudes and behaviors. HIV-testing behaviors and intentions and attitudes toward HIV testing, particularly toward home tests, were assessed among 385 adults recruited in a street intercept survey from a gay-identified agency, a substance-abuse treatment program, and inner-city community venues (a shopping mall and community center). Across these Los Angeles sites, the proportion of persons reported being tested for HIV in their lifetime (77%) was higher than the national estimate. Gay-identified agency (88%) and substance-abuse treatment program participants (99%) were more likely to have been tested than were the community participants (67%). Participants from a gay-identified agency were more likely to have had an anonymous test (51%) than were those from a substance-abuse treatment program (25%) or community sites (24%). Attitudes toward HIV testing, including mail-in home-test kits and instant home tests, were very positive. Most participants were willing to pay about $20 for a home-test kit. Participants from the community sites (82%) and the substance-abuse treatment program participants (87%) endorsed notification of HIV status to health departments and sexual partners more than did participants from the gay identified agency (48%). The street intercept survey appears to be a quick and feasible method to assess HIV testing in urban areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Mucogingival interceptive surgery of buccally-erupted premolars in patients scheduled for orthodontic treatment. II. Surgically treated versus nonsurgically treated cases.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this 2-year longitudinal study was to compare the width of keratinized gingiva after orthodontic therapy for buccally erupting premolars that had been pretreated by extraction of deciduous teeth alone versus interceptive mucogingival surgery. METHODS: In 8 patients (aged 9 to 12 years) who presented with bilateral buccal eruption of homologous teeth (premolars), one side was randomly treated with extraction of the deciduous molar and mucogingival surgery (test site), while the other side was treated only by extraction of the deciduous molar (control site). All of the subjects underwent orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. RESULTS: At the baseline visit prior to any treatment, there was no significant difference between the mean amount of keratinized gingiva at test sites (3.06 mm) and control sites (2.93 mm). Two years later, upon completion of orthodontic treatment, there was a significant difference between test (2.93 mm) and control (1.37 mm) sites in the mean width of keratinized tissue. In the control (untreated) group, 2 sites exhibited 1 mm of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Mucogingival interceptive surgery is an effective technique to maintain keratinized tissue in correspondence with buccally-erupted teeth.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1997

Age differences in using precued information to preprogram interception of a ball.

The present experiment examined the development of programming interception of a ball's movement across three groups of children ages 6, 8, and 10 years, who were compared with adults. In an interception task we manipulated the subjects' preparation by using Rosenbaum's 1980 precuing procedure. Two levels of precued information were used concerning the effector specified (right or left arm) and the direction of the arm projection (outside or inside). We focused particularly on RT and response errors. Analysis indicated RT decreased across the age groups and errors decreased mainly in the nonprecued condition. A critical period in improvement might be at age 8 as children use precue information to program their movements as efficiently as adults. The duration of effector programming was similar for children and adults but was more precise for the older subjects. For children as well as for adults, the specification of direction occurs after movement initiation and not before.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A robust solution for dealing with environmental changes in intercepting moving balls.

The authors tested whether a simple model based on the cancellation of the rate of change in bearing angle could account for the behavioral adaptations produced when individuals intercept moving balls while walking. In Experiment 1, the place of arrival of the ball and the angle of approach were varied. In accord with the model, velocity regulations were earlier and more pronounced the larger the angle of approach. In Experiment 2, ball speed unexpectedly changed during a trial, once again highlighting participants' functional velocity adaptations. A direct test of the model on the basis of each individual trial (N = 256) revealed that, on average, 70% of the total variance could be explained. Together, those results confirm the usefulness of such a robust strategy in the control of interceptive tasks.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1975

Effects of pyrobenzamine and plimasin on fighter pilots flying a fighter intercept mission in the F4D flight simulator.

There were 26 F4D crews from a Tactical Air Force Wing which participated in a difficult intercept mission in a F4D flight simulator. They were divided into three groups, medicated with either Plimasin, Pyrobenzamine or placebo. The groups medicated with either Plimasin or Pyrobenzamine alone demonstrated decreased effectiveness in completing this intercept as compared with the nonmedicated group. These medications apparently caused impairment of mission performance and should be avoided while performing flying duties.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

[Postcoital interception].

It constitutes a descriptive, retrospective study whose aim is to come to know the number and traits of the patients demanding post-coital interception at the Severo Ochoa Hospital in Leganés. We consider the patient's age and place of origin as well as the precise day of the week in which the consultation takes place. Likewise, we take account of the number of women that reiterated their demands during this period. We compare the resultant information with the voluntary interruptions of pregnancy carried out at this hospital in order to approach an assessment of the method's effectiveness. We pose the question of whether the post-coital interception is really a gynaecological emergency or, rather, it could be administered as part of the Primary Health Care services and, even, as other studies suggest, without medical prescription.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Use of a semi-automatic image analyser in directly determining mean linear intercepts.

A direct method for measuring mean linear intercepts (Lm) was tested. A semi-automatic image analysis system (Zeiss, Videoplan) and an overlay of parallel lines were employed in determining Lm in intravascularly perfused guinea pig lungs. Actual chord lengths were recorded and the data was immediately processed. Spurious intercepts and manual data manipulation were avoided. This direct method of measurement proved to be simple, rapid and very consistent across three trials for each animal. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the three trials (p = 0.22).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Current status of the development of interceptive agents].

An account is given of present applications of interceptively acting substances. Pharmaceuticals used so far for postcoital conception (oestrogens, gestagens, and combinations of these) are suitable for single application, but their regular use is limited by side-effects. Various approaches are being taken to the development of effective interceptives for high-continuity application but with low side-effects. Antigestagens, LHRH-analogues, and immunological contraceptives seem to be among the most promising classes of substances for the above purpose. Yet, none of these substances has been developed as yet to the level of clinical applicability.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Distress Intolerance, Social Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: Evidence from Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel and Cross-Lagged Panel Network Analyses.

Social anxiety and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur during adolescence, yet the mechanisms underlying their longitudinal associations remain insufficiently understood. Distress intolerance has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor implicated across internalizing symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether distress intolerance is predicted by social anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as the underlying mechanisms among these three constructs. The specific symptoms most centrally involved in these cross-domain associations remain poorly understood. The present study investigated the longitudinal associations among distress intolerance, social anxiety, and depressive symptoms using a dual-method framework combining random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) and cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) analyses. A total of 1,378 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 12.57, SDage = 0.63; 50.4% female) were assessed at three time points with six-month intervals between waves. The RI-CLPM analyses revealed that higher distress intolerance prospectively predicted subsequent increases in both social anxiety and depressive symptoms, whereas elevated social anxiety and depressive symptoms in turn predicted subsequent increases in distress intolerance. Moreover, distress intolerance mediated the longitudinal associations between social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Additionally, distress intolerance was also indirectly associated with its own subsequent levels through social anxiety and depressive symptoms. The CLPN analyses revealed that fear of negative evaluation and fatigue were the strongest predictors of other network nodes from T1 to T2 and from T2 to T3, respectively. In contrast, distress intolerance symptoms were predominantly predicted by other nodes in both cross-lagged networks. These findings extend prior views of distress intolerance as a unidirectional vulnerability by showing that distress intolerance is also predicted by social anxiety and depressive symptoms and accounts for part of their longitudinal associations across adolescence.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

[Interception in the primary dentition: mastication and neuro-occlusal rehabilitation].

After evoking the characteristics of masticatory movements, their control and their adaptability, a review of the literature illustrates how the masticatory work and its variations can influence the dentoalveolar, as well as the maxillary growth, by adapting the morphological structures to the functional context. The conceptions of Planas, and especially his "neuro-occlusal rehabilitation", are widely explained: unilateral alternate mastication, "Planas' Functional Masticatory Angles (PFMA) and the vertical dimension, the "atrophies" of maxillary development resulting from reduced mastication, the "dominant unilateral mastication syndrome" and, of course, all the original treatments introduced by Planas. These specific orthodontic treatments can be applied as interceptive procedure as early as during the deciduous dentition. The selective occlusal grinding, implemented to reduce and balance the "PFMA", and the expansion devices using "running track plates" are described in concepts and clinical uses. Planas' Class II treatments of Class II, also using "direct occlusal bonded tracks" and several mandibular propulsion auxiliaries are explained as well as the early treatments of lateral cross-bite and the use of the "Equiplan". Mastication, the first of the functions assigned and carried out by the masticatory apparatus, is a genuine "functional matrix" able to stimulate the growth of the dental arches and of the maxillaries. When perfectly understood and applied, the "neuro-occlusal rehabilitation" according to Planas allows to restore a functional balance for the masticatory apparatus from an early age, and subsequently, reorientates growth to a morphological normalization.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

[Interceptive treatments for deformities in the vertical dimension].

Vertical dimension deformities result from an interference of multiple etiological factors acting during the growth period. They include maxillary and mandibular growth, dento-alveolar compensations as well as the functional environment. These deformities do not work in total isolation, but usually combine with others present in sagittal and transverse dimensions. Our intervention has to be three-dimensional and take into consideration the interaction of the three dimensions of space. It must address soft tissue components as well as the dento-alveolar and the skeletal ones of the maxilla and the mandible. Interceptive treatment of vertical dimension deformities rests on two pillars: the diagnosis and therapeutics. The diagnostic pillar aims to show how different structures relate to each other as well as with neighboring structures. These structures consist of the soft tissue components that will eventually control the smile, the dento-alveolar component that influences occlusal plane inclination and the skeletal component that determines the vertical facial type. Using this analysis, we classify our patients in categories that facilitate our later therapeutic intervention. The therapeutic pillar is constructed in an attempt to find solutions for the list of problems established during diagnosis and to encourage development of logical individualized thinking, independently of the orthodontic technique used. All of this underlines the importance of choosing an Individualized Orthodontic Therapy based upon concepts that respond to different individual clinical situations and work most effectively to achieve treatment objectives.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1981

Need for preventive and interceptive intervention for malocclusion in 3--5-year-old Finnish children.

The need for preventive and interceptive intervention for malocclusion was studied in a sample of 931 Finnish children aged 3--5 years. Orthodontic intervention was estimated to be needed for 14.4% of the children due to crossbite or functional crossbite of the anterior or lateral segments, or to the early loss of primary molars with an observed tendency to space closure. Education was needed for 2.7% of the children in cases of finger-sucking, and restorative caries therapy for 12.2% of the children in cases with carious primary molars. The need for further inspection in order to follow up development was noted in 21.2% of the children. The indications occasioning this consideration were the numerical variation of primary teeth (1.4%), joined primary teeth (0.8%), the early loss of primary molars without observed risk of space closure (0.2%), luxated and exarticulated primary incisors (5.5%), true Class III (Angle) malocclusion (0.4%), and the dummy-sucking habit (13.1%).

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal study on the effect of early interceptive treatment in 4-year-old children with unilateral cross-bite.

To evaluate the results of early interceptive grinding and also the possibility of self-correction of unilateral cross-bite, 76 4-yr-old children with this malocclusion were divided into one treated and one untreated group. In the treatment group 50% of the children exhibited a normal transverse occlusion evaluated in the mixed dentition, at the age of 9. In the untreated group only 17% showed a spontaneous correction of the cross-bite. Among the studied dental variables the "max./mand. arch width difference" especially in the canine region was found to be a valuable predictor indicating whether cross-bite can be successfully treated in preschoolchildren by selective grinding. The results of this study support early treatment of unilateral cross-bite and gives the criteria whereby successful treatment by selective grinding may be expected.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Early diagnosis and interception of potential maxillary canine impaction.

The authors present clinical and radiographic measures for the early detection of potential maxillary canine Impaction. Intercepting the impaction process by timely removal of the primary canines, as demonstrated in several representative cases, allows the permanent canines to erupt normally and, thus, prevents their potential impaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Need for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment in 3-5 year-old Nigerian children in two major cities.

There is a growing emphasis world-wide for early orthodontic treatment but in Nigeria there is very little information regarding the occlusal development in pre-school children reported. The need for preventive and interceptive intervention for malocclusion was studied in a sample of 563 Nigerian children (289 boys and 274 girls) aged 3-5 years. Orthodontic intervention was estimated to be needed in 12.8% of the children due to cross bite of the anterior or lateral segments. Education was needed in 12.5% of the children in cases of digit sucking, lip sucking and tongue thrusting. Extraction was indicated in 0.4% of children in cases of retained primary incisors causing displacement of the erupting successors. The need for further follow-up of occlusal development was noted in 1.4% of the children due to double primary teeth (0.4%), numerical variation of primary teeth (0.4%), crown dilaceration of a tooth (0.2%) and true class III skeletal malocclusion (0.4%).

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1991

Early interceptive treatment of asymmetry.

Severe asymmetry in pre-adolescent children usually arises either from congenital anomalies, such as unilateral condylar hypoplasia, or as a result of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, condylar hyperplasia or early fracture of the mandible. Early surgical and orthodontic interceptive treatment of the asymmetry is important for normal development of the face and jaws.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interceptive therapy of Class III].

The early morphofunctional reequilibration of skeletal III Class pattern is one of the keys of resolution of this complex and dramatic pathology. Long-term controls suggest the use of Quad-Helix and III Class elastic traction as soon as possible, in order to correct premaxillary and maxillary hypoplasia eventually complicated by a posterior cross-bite. The simplicity of interceptive therapy is inversally proportional to the benefits that could be obtained and which are reliable and stable.

Cephalometry↗