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PubMed2001

Relative roles of cognitive ability and practical intelligence in the prediction of success.

Initial investigations into the construct of practical intelligence have identified a new general factor of practical intelligence (gp), which is believed to be independent of general cognitive ability. This construct, gp, is also believed to be a better predictor of success than cognitive ability, personality, or any combination of variables independent of gp. The existence of this construct and its independence from Spearman's g is, however, under debate. The purpose of the present study is to investigate both the relationship between gp and g and the relative roles of practical intelligence and cognitive ability in the prediction of success. The participants included 197 college students. Each completed both the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery and Sternberg and Wagner's measure of practical intelligence in academic psychology. The results of structural equation modeling support Sternberg and Wagner's assertion that practical intelligence and general cognitive ability are relatively independent constructs. Results of regression analysis, however, do not support their contention that practical intelligence is related to success after controlling for general cognitive ability. Implications of these results for research and theory on practical intelligence are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Speech intelligibility after glossectomy and speech rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Oral tumor resections cause articulation deficiencies, depending on the site, extent of resection, type of reconstruction, and tongue stump mobility. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the speech intelligibility of patients undergoing total, subtotal, or partial glossectomy, before and after speech therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (24 men and 3 women), aged 34 to 77 years (mean age, 56.5 years), underwent glossectomy. Tumor stages were T1 in 3 patients, T2 in 4, T3 in 8, T4 in 11, and TX in 1; node stages, N0 in 15 patients, N1 in 5, N2a-c in 6, and N3 in 1. No patient had metastases (M0). Patients were divided into 3 groups by extent of tongue resection, ie, total (group 1; n = 6), subtotal (group 2; n = 9), and partial (group 3; n = 12). Different phonological tasks were recorded and analyzed by 3 experienced judges, including sustained 7 oral vowels, vowel in a syllable, and the sequence vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV). The intelligibility of spontaneous speech (sequence story) was scored from 1 to 4 in consensus. All patients underwent a therapeutic program to activate articulatory adaptations, compensations, and maximization of the remaining structures for 3 to 6 months. The tasks were recorded after speech therapy. To compare mean changes, analyses of variance and Wilcoxon tests were used. RESULTS: Patients of groups 1 and 2 significantly improved their speech intelligibility (P<.05). Group 1 improved vowels, VCV, and spontaneous speech; group 2, syllable, VCV, and spontaneous speech. Group 3 demonstrated better intelligibility in the pretherapy phase, but the improvement after therapy was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Speech therapy was effective in improving speech intelligibility of patients undergoing glossectomy, even after major resection. Different pretherapy ability between groups was seen, with improvement of speech intelligibility in groups 1 and 2. The improvement of speech intelligibility in group 3 was not statistically significant, possibly because of the small and heterogeneous sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Biological factors and psychometric intelligence: a review.

Results from a synthesis of correlations between psychometric intelligence and two physical traits, head size and body size, are reported. Within-family studies are reviewed for evidence of pleiotropy, the effect of a single genetic factor on two traits. Studies are also reviewed to determine whether prenatal effects bias twin studies, leading to underestimates of genetic influence. An N-weighted mean partial correlation (controlling height) of .10 between intelligence and head size was found. Using a method developed by Van Valen (1974), the correlation of intelligence and brain size was estimated as .29 based on all the intelligence/head-size studies of adults and adolescents, and .44 based on studies measuring intelligence with IQ tests. The N-weighted mean partial correlations (controlling age) of intelligence and height were .18 for children and .22 for adults. The within-family studies indicated that pleiotropy may contribute to the correlation of intelligence with head size and to the correlation of intelligence with body size. Prenatal effects are not an important source of bias in twin studies or for heritability estimates based on them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A procedure for testing speech intelligibility in a virtual listening environment.

OBJECTIVE: The development of a test of virtual speech intelligibility in noise that enables assessment in typical, everyday listening situations. To eliminate extraneous confounding factors, digital signal processing was incorporated to simulate listening environments and source locations and allow presentation of stimuli via earphones. DESIGN: Source-to-eardrum transfer functions measured on KEMAR for various source locations in anechoic and reverberant environments were used to process monosyllabic words and speech-spectrum noise. Speech intelligibility was measured for three speech and noise configurations in two environments using an adaptive procedure to determine the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for 50% intelligibility. RESULTS: Normal-hearing listeners achieved 50% intelligibility of monosyllabic words at significantly lower S/N ratios in a virtual anechoic environment than in a virtual reverberant environment. Speech intelligibility improved significantly in both environments when the speech and noise sources were separated, but the intelligibility gain in the anechoic environment was four times larger than in the reverberant environment. CONCLUSIONS: This test is easy to administer and score, and it provides a means for measuring: 1) the effects of separating speech and noise sources and 2) the effects of reverberation on speech intelligibility in noise while eliminating confounding factors such as calibration.

Hearing↗
PubMed2000

Reverberation time and maximum background-noise level for classrooms from a comparative study of speech intelligibility metrics.

Speech intelligibility metrics that take into account sound reflections in the room and the background noise have been compared, assuming diffuse sound field. Under this assumption, sound decays exponentially with a decay constant inversely proportional to reverberation time. Analytical formulas were obtained for each speech intelligibility metric providing a common basis for comparison. These formulas were applied to three sizes of rectangular classrooms. The sound source was the human voice without amplification, and background noise was taken into account by a noise-to-signal ratio. Correlations between the metrics and speech intelligibility are presented and applied to the classrooms under study. Relationships between some speech intelligibility metrics were also established. For each noise-to-signal ratio, the value of each speech intelligibility metric is maximized for a specific reverberation time. For quiet classrooms, the reverberation time that maximizes these speech intelligibility metrics is between 0.1 and 0.3 s. Speech intelligibility of 100% is possible with reverberation times up to 0.4-0.5 s and this is the recommended range. The study suggests "ideal" and "acceptable" maximum background-noise level for classrooms of 25 and 20 dB, respectively, below the voice level at 1 m in front of the talker.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Children with superior intelligence at 7 years of age: a prospective study of the influence of perinatal, medical, and socioeconomic factors.

Perinatal and medical information, growth, and the social background of 258 children who, in a prospective study, had superior intelligence at 7 years of age were reviewed. The subjects were divided into three categories on the basis of the results of psychological evaluation at age 7. Comparisons were made between those with superior (intelligence quotient greater than or equal to 120), average (IQ between 80 and 119), and low intelligence (IQ less than or equal to 79). A favorable parental social and educational background was the best correlate of superior intelligence in the children. Larger head size from 1 year of age was an early finding associated with superior intelligence. Greater height and weight, from 4 years of age were later findings. Correlations between psychological performance at ages 4 and 7 years were statistically significant. Perinatal factors and medical complications did not affect the intellectual status of children with superior intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Conventional intelligence measurements and neuropsychological concepts of adaptive abilities.

The concept of intelligence and its representation by the Intelligence Quotient have been difficult to define and the subject of criticism for various reasons. Matarazzo and Kaufman have reviewed intelligence measurements and brain functions, but a biologically based explication of intelligence has not been explicitly proposed since the theories presented more than 40 years ago by Halstead and Hebb. The present study explored the overlap and differential sensitivity of intelligence measures (VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ) and neuropsychological measures (Impairment Index and Category Test) to cerebral damage and educational attainment. The results indicated that neuropsychological measures may serve to broaden the concept of intelligence and that a brain-related criterion may contribute to a fuller understanding of its nature.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Intelligence of children of epileptic mothers.

Intellectual performance was investigated in a group of 148 children of epileptic mothers enrolled in a prospective study during pregnancy, and in 105 control children; 121 of the 148 children (82%) were examined together with the control group at the age of 5 1/2 years. The intelligence of 116 study and 104 control children was assessed by both verbal (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) and nonverbal (Leiter International Performance Scale) methods. The prevalence of mental subnormality among the remaining 32 study children was calculated on the basis of psychologic assessments done outside our study, or school achievement, or both. Of the 148 study group children, 131 had been exposed in utero to antiepileptic drugs, most commonly phenytoin (103 exposed). The prevalence of mental deficiency in the study group (1.4%) was either the same or only slightly elevated in comparison with that in the general population. In the control group, there were no mentally deficient children. The mean intelligence quotients obtained at the 5 1/2-year examination were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. There was no increased risk of low intelligence attributable to fetal exposure either to antiepileptic drugs below toxic levels or to brief maternal convulsions. In a few cases, there seemed to be a genetic connection between epilepsy in the mother and poor intellectual performance in the child. A high number of minor anomalies was associated with a lower mean intelligence quotient in both the study and the control groups. However, those features previously reported as typical of children of epileptic mothers, and those shown to be associated with phenytoin exposure in a previous phase of this study, did not predict low intelligence in the affected children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Breastfeeding, dummy use, and adult intelligence.

BACKGROUND: Several studies show that children who were breastfed as babies gain higher scores on intelligence tests than those who were bottlefed. Although these findings suggest that breastfeeding in early life may promote cognitive development, their interpretation is complicated by the current association between breastfeeding and higher social class. We investigated the relation between method of feeding in infancy and adult intelligence in a setting where breastfeeding was not linked with socioeconomic advantage. METHODS: We followed up 994 men and women, born between 1920 and 1930 in Hertfordshire, UK, for whom information on infant feeding had been recorded by health visitors. Intelligence was measured by the AH4 IQ test, taken on a computer. Factors significantly linked with IQ were investigated by multivariate analysis. FINDINGS: Study participants who had been exclusively breastfed gained slightly higher scores on the IQ test than those who had been exclusively bottlefed, or fed with both breast and bottle. IQ was lower in participants who had used a dummy (pacifier) in infancy, in those whose fathers were in manual occupations at the time of their birth, and in those whose mothers were young at the time they were born. Scores on the IQ test fell as the number of older siblings increased. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for the effect of all other variables, no association was found between adult intelligence and method of feeding. Dummy use in infancy, number of older siblings, maternal age at birth of the participant, and father's occupational class remained independent predictors of adult intelligence. INTERPRETATION: The mechanisms that link type of feeding in early life with later intelligence may have more to do with the child's social environment that with the nutritional qualities of the milk.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Changes in intelligence following temporal lobectomy: relationship to EEG activity, seizure relief, and pathology.

Pre- and posttemporal lobectomy measures of intelligence and memory in 36 patients with medically refractory complex partial seizures were compared with (1) various aspects of presurgical ictal and interictal EEG activity derived from surface and deep electrodes, (2) postlobectomy seizure relief, and (3) pathological findings in the resected lobe. With respect to interictal EEG data, bilaterally synchronous surface spikes (accompanied or unaccompanied by simultaneous deep spikes) and sharp waves were significantly correlated with lower prelobectomy intelligence scores and a drop in these scores following lobectomy. With respect to ictal EEG data, bilaterally synchronous and multifocal onsets were significantly correlated with a postlobectomy drop in intelligence scores. Patients with poor postlobectomy seizure relief tended to have lower presurgical intelligence scores and a drop in intelligence scores following lobectomy. The patients most likely to show a postlobectomy drop in intelligence were those demonstrating some combination of poor seizure relief, an absence of pathology in the resected specimen, or EEG signs indicative of poor seizure relief. Postlobectomy changes in intellectual status are therefore not necessarily exclusively attributable to the amount of postlobectomy seizure relief experienced by these patients, but might be due to a combination of factors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Design factors in the assessment of intelligence.

The use of intelligence tests to assess the effects of otitis media on the development of children is discussed in this article. An overview of the development of intelligence tests is provided and some of the limitations and central issues of controversy concerning intelligence testing and the IQ are reviewed. Basic intelligence tests are described in terms of their characteristics and uses; the questions which an investigator must ask about any given intelligence test measure are posed and answered. Finally, cautions concerning the applicability of intelligence tests for evaluating the effects of otitis media are offered.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inverse relationship between nonverbal intelligence and the parameters of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in left-handed male subjects: importance of right brain and testosterone.

The relationships between latencies of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and nonverbal intelligence test scores (IQs from Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) and correlations between serum testosterone level and VEP latencies were studied to examine the neural speed hypothesis of intelligence and its hormonal mechanisms in left-handed male subjects (Geschwind Scores). In accordance with the speed theory of intelligence, N1 and P1 latencies (and amplitudes) were found to be inversely related to IQ. However, this was true only for the right brain; the left brain did not contribute to this relationship. There was an inverse relationship between serum testosterone level and P1 latency; left minus right N1 latency, depending on N1 latency from right brain, linearly increased with testosterone. It was concluded that nonverbal intelligence largely depends on speed of information processing only by the right brain, not by the left brain in left-handed male subjects. This may have been created by testosterone in these subjects. Inconsistencies in the IQ literature concerning the speed hypothesis of intelligence may be explained by differences in cerebral lateralization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

In utero exposure to phenobarbital and intelligence deficits in adult men.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether exposure to phenobarbital in utero is associated with deficits in intelligence scores in adult men and whether the magnitude of the postnatal effect is mediated by exposure parameters and/or postnatal environmental factors. DESIGN: Two double-blind studies were conducted on independent samples of adult men prenatally exposed to phenobarbital and matched control samples using different measures of general intelligence. Based on data from control subjects, regression models were built relating intelligence scores to relevant pre-exposure matching variables and age at testing. Models generated predicted scores for each exposed subject. Group mean differences between the individually predicted and observed scores estimated exposure effects. SETTING: Copenhagen, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: Exposed subjects were adult men born at the largest hospital in Copenhagen between 1959 and 1961 who were exposed to phenobarbital during gestation via maternal medical treatment and whose mothers had no history of a central nervous system disorder and no treatment during pregnancy with any other psychopharmacological drug. Study 1 included 33 men and study 2, 81 men. Controls were unexposed members of the same birth cohort matched on a wide spectrum of maternal variables recorded prenatally and perinatally. Controls for studies 1 and 2 included 52 and 101 men, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In study 1: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Danish version); in study 2: Danish Military Draft Board Intelligence Test (Børge Priens Prøve). RESULT: Men exposed prenatally to phenobarbital had significantly lower verbal intelligence scores (approximately 0.5 SD) than predicted. Lower socioeconomic status and being the offspring of an "unwanted" pregnancy increased the magnitude of the negative effects. Exposure that included the last trimester was the most detrimental. CONCLUSION: Phenobarbital exposure during early development can have long-term deleterious effects on cognitive performance. Detrimental environmental conditions can interact with prenatal biological insult to magnify negative outcomes. Physicians are urged to use increased caution in prescribing such medications during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The association between duration of breastfeeding and adult intelligence.

CONTEXT: A number of studies suggest a positive association between breastfeeding and cognitive development in early and middle childhood. However, the only previous study that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and intelligence in adults had several methodological shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between duration of infant breastfeeding and intelligence in young adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective longitudinal birth cohort study conducted in a sample of 973 men and women and a sample of 2280 men, all of whom were born in Copenhagen, Denmark, between October 1959 and December 1961. The samples were divided into 5 categories based on duration of breastfeeding, as assessed by physician interview with mothers at a 1-year examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intelligence, assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) at a mean age of 27.2 years in the mixed-sex sample and the Børge Priens Prøve (BPP) test at a mean age of 18.7 years in the all-male sample. Thirteen potential confounders were included as covariates: parental social status and education; single mother status; mother's height, age, and weight gain during pregnancy and cigarette consumption during the third trimester; number of pregnancies; estimated gestational age; birth weight; birth length; and indexes of pregnancy and delivery complications. RESULTS: Duration of breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale WAIS IQs. With regression adjustment for potential confounding factors, the mean Full Scale WAIS IQs were 99.4, 101.7, 102.3, 106.0, and 104.0 for breastfeeding durations of less than 1 month, 2 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, 7 to 9 months, and more than 9 months, respectively (P =.003 for overall F test). The corresponding mean scores on the BPP were 38.0, 39.2, 39.9, 40.1, and 40.1 (P =.01 for overall F test). CONCLUSION: Independent of a wide range of possible confounding factors, a significant positive association between duration of breastfeeding and intelligence was observed in 2 independent samples of young adults, assessed with 2 different intelligence tests.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Monitoring dyslexics' intelligence and attainments: a follow-up study.

Intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children R and III, 1992) and written language attainment (BAS Word Reading, Neale Analysis of Reading, Vernon Graded Word Spelling) data for around 250 children attending a specialist school for dyslexics are presented. The Wechsler scales data show some evidence for 'ACID' and 'SCAD' profile effects on the subtests, with specifically weak Index scores on Freedom from Distractibility and Processing Speed. The relationship between intelligence and reading development is also examined, with evidence for significant correlations between intelligence and written language and a longitudinal study showing that there is no 'Matthew' or drop-off effect in intelligence. The attainments tests demonstrate that the widening gap between a dyslexic's chronological age and his/her attainments can be closed, and how attainments may be monitored within the context of 'growth curves'. The results are discussed in relation to recent reports (e.g. B.P.S. on Dyslexia, Literacy and Psychological Assessment) on the relationship between intelligence and attainments and it is concluded that this report could be seriously misleading for practising educational psychologists.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

A model for designing intelligent tutoring systems.

A model for the design of an intelligent tutoring system is presented using artificial intelligence techniques and cognitive processing theories. The model of cognitive processing known as the Knowledge Acquisition and Recall Theory is derived from Anderson's Adaptive Control of Thought Theory. The model is used as a basis for a methodology for the design of an intelligent tutoring system that teaches problem-solving strategies for blood grouping discrepancies. The system developed was tested to determine the effectiveness of the methodology developed and to provide support for the concepts in the model of cognition developed. The preliminary results provide some evidence that an intelligent tutoring system designed using the methodology developed may aid in the knowledge acquisition process. (knowledge acquisition, artificial intelligence, computer-assisted instruction, cognition, intelligent tutoring system).

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1976

Measured intelligence in offspring of oral and nonoral contraceptive users.

A study has been made of measures of intelligence of 210 children (5 to 8 years of age) born to mothers who used oral and nonoral contraceptives pregestationally. Ninety-six of these children were born to mothers who used oral contraceptives, and one hundred and fourteen were born to mothers who used vaginal contraceptive methods. The intelligence of the children was measured in the form of the full-scale I.Q. score by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) adapted and normalized for Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. A three-factor analysis of variance was performed on the data collected for comparison of the two groups. It was observed that there was no significant difference between the average I.Q. scores of children born to mothers using oral contraceptives and those born to the mothers using nonoral contraceptives. The average I.Q. in children of the oral contraceptive group was 85.04 and that in children of the nonoral contraceptive group was 85.54. Distributions for both groups were also found to be similar. No significant differences between means were observed for sex, age, and interacitons with the exception of the age and sex interaction, where, again, no specific, meaningful trend could be established. The average I.Q. in the sample fell very close to the center of the "normal" range of the WISC, Puerto Rican adaptation. The results of the study do not offer any evidence as to the effect of the use of oral contraceptives on the intelligence measure (by the WISC) of the offspring born to mothers using them pregestationally. The children under study, on an average, are of "normal" intelligence as measured by the Puerto Rican intelligence standards.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effects of feedback filtering on speaker intelligibility.

Subjects read intelligibility tests while hearing their voices low- or high-pass filtered. The tests were presented to listeners to assess speaker intelligibility. Feedback filtering had a variable effect on intelligibility. When speakers were permitted to increase their intensities in low-pass filtering conditions, their intelligibility also increased. Intelligibility did not increase when intensity was controlled. These results do not support the hypothesis that speakers modulate their voices in order to maintain intelligible communication with a presumed listener. IT is suggested instead that speakers alter their intensities in order to regulate the loudness of their voices in their own ears.

Adult↗