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PubMed1969

Recurrent fever of unknown etiology: failure to demonstrate association between fever and plasma unconjugated etiocholanolone.

A sensitive method for determination of plasma unconjugated etiocholanolone by double-isotope-derivative dilution has been described. The mean values for normal subjects was 0.038+/-0.003 (SEM) mug/100 ml.40 patients, 20 with familial Mediterranean fever and 20 with other diseases characterized by recurrent fever were studied. The over-all mean concentration of plasma unconjugated etiocholanolone for the patients (febrile or afebrile) was 0.101 +/-0.012 mug/100 ml, significantly above that of normals. Mean plasma values for the patients while they were febrile did not differ from the mean values when they were afebrile. It is suggested that the concentration of plasma unconjugated etiocholanolone is not related to fever in these patients.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed1977

Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran. II. The prevalence of human and animal infection with five phlebotomus fever virus serotypes in Isfahan province.

Human and animal sera from an endemic area of sandfly fever in Iran were tested by plaque reduction neutralization method against five different Phlebotomus fever virus serotypes (Naples, Sicilian, Karimabad, Salehabad, and I-47). The overall prevalence of Naples, Sicilian, and Karimabad virus antibodies among the human population was 17%, 25%, and 66%, respectively. All sera were negative against Salehabad and I-47 viruses. Age-specific antibody rates suggested that Sicilian and Karimabad viruses were endemic in the study area but that Naples virus activity was sporadic. These observations were confirmed by isolations of Sicilian and Karimabad viruses from sandflies collected in the study area. Among the animal sera tested, evidence of Phlebotomus fever virus infection was detected only in gerbils. Of 38 Rhombomys opimus tested, 34% had neutralizing antibodies against Sicilian virus and 32% against Karimabad. These results indicate that gerbils are infected with these two viruses and possibly might serve as reservoirs or amplifying hosts. The serologic studies also suggest that the ecology of Sicilian and Karimabad viruses involves chiefly sandflies, gerbils, and man, an epidemiologic pattern previously demonstrated for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the same region of Iran.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Fever nurses' perceptions of their fever nurse training 1921-1971.

This paper is based on evidence from 118 ex-fever nurses. The method used, postal questionnaires, is rarely mentioned by oral historians, yet it proved invaluable in such a scattered target population. It shows the importance of collecting evidence before it is too late. This study gave the respondents a welcome opportunity to recall, analyse and reflect on their fever nursing practice. It complements the previous paper, 'The rise and demise of fever nursing' and confirms its findings.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Induction of severe disease in hamsters by two sandfly fever group viruses, Punta toro and Gabek Forest (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae), similar to that caused by Rift Valley fever virus.

Adult golden hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with either of two sandfly fever group viruses, Punta Toro and Gabek Forest (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae), developed a fulminating fatal illness characterized by hepatic and splenic necrosis and interstitial pneumonitis. Most animals died within three days after infection; this was accompanied by high levels of viremia. Necropsy and histopathologic examination of the infected animals revealed pathologic changes involving multiple organs that resembled those described in Rift Valley fever. These two hamster-phlebovirus systems may serve as alternative animal models for Rift Valley fever and should be useful in studying the pathogenesis of severe phlebovirus infection and for testing potential therapeutic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immunological studies in typhoid fever. I. Immunoglobulins, C3, antibodies, rheumatoid factor and circulating immune complexes in patients with typhoid fever.

The development of O, H and Vi antibodies to Salmonella typhi antigens, immunoglobulins and C3 levels, and the presence of rheumatoid factor and circulating immune complexes were determined in the sera of patients with typhoid fever and appropriate age and sex-matched controls. IgM, and both O and H antibodies were raised in typhoid patients. Rheumatoid factor, a possible indicator of persistent circulating immune complexes, was also present in these patients. Immune complexes were more often present in patients with typhoid fever than in controls, their presence was much more marked in complicated cases of typhoid fever. A high ratio of alpha 1-antitrypsin to C3 was found in these patients suggesting complement consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Concurrent dengue hemorrhagic fever and typhoid fever infection in adult: case report.

In Indonesia as well as in many developing countries both typhoid fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are still endemic and prevalent. In Indonesia the incidence of DHF in 1994 was 9.72/100,000 population with CFR of 2.5% and each year about 640,000-1,500,000 cases of typhoid fever were reported with mortality of 1.6-3%. The concurrent infection of both diseases may occur in one patient.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A highly sensitive and specific gel-based multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential diagnosis of African swine fever and Classical swine fever in clinical samples.

The development and standardisation of a novel, highly sensitive and specific one-step hot start multiplex RT-PCR assay is presented for the simultaneous and differential diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF) and Classical swine fever (CSF). The method uses two primer sets, each one specific for the corresponding virus, amplifying DNA fragments different in length, allowing a gel-based differential detection of the PCR products. Universal detection of ASF and CSF virus strains was achieved through selection of primers in conserved viral genome regions. The detection range was confirmed by analysis of a large collection of isolates of the two viruses. The high specificity of the assay was proven by testing related viruses, uninfected cell line cultures and healthy pig tissues. Additional confirmatory tests of the ASF and CSF virus amplicon specificity, based on restriction endonuclease analysis with BsmA I or Ban II, respectively, are also described. The analysis of whole blood and serum samples from experimentally infected animals proved the usefulness of the method for an early diagnosis of both diseases, even before the appearance of the first clinical signs. A study of 150 positive field samples from several ASF and CSF outbreaks showed the suitability of this method for a rapid (less than five hours), sensitive and specific differential diagnosis in clinical samples. In addition, a highly sensitive and specific uniplex RT-PCR for CSFV was also developed and standardised as a powerful tool for fast and early diagnosis of the disease.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed1983

Reversed passive hemagglutination and inhibition with Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses.

Reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) tests were performed by coating glutaraldehyde-fixed and tannic acid-treated sheep erthrocytes with antibodies to Rift Valley fever (RVF) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viruses. Cells coated with crude antibody, in the form of mouse immune ascitic fluid, reacted with high specificity and sensitivity in RPHA tests with live or inactivated virus antigens. In inhibition (RPHI) tests, RVF antibody titers in human and sheep sera were similar to those determined by hemagglutination inhibition test. RVF virus antigen could be detected in viremic sheep sera by the RPHA technique. RPHI antibody titers to CCHF virus in human and hare sera were similar to indirect immunofluorescence (IF) titers, but sheep and cattle sera with RPHI titers of 1:32 or less were negative in IF tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea, bovine herpes virus 1, rift valley fever, ephemeral fever and bluetongue and to Leptospira sp in free-ranging wildlife in Zimbabwe.

The prevalence of antibody to the viruses of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD), bovine herpes virus typel (BHV1), rift valley fever (RVF), bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) and bluetongue (BT) and to Leptospira sp. was determined in wildlife populations in Zimbabwe. Evidence of infection with BVD virus was found in 14 of the 16 species examined but was greatest in eland Taurotragus oryx, nyala Tragelaphus angasi and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Persistent infection with BVD virus was found in 1 of 303 antibody-free eland but not in the smaller sample of 102 antibody-free buffalo Syncerus caffer. Antibody to BHV1 was widespread, being found in 10 of 16 species with the highest prevalence being in buffalo and eland. Antibody to RVF was most prevalent in black rhino Diceros bicornis and white rhino Ceratotherium simum, buffalo and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Both BEF and BT were widespread in all the species examined. Evidence of infection with Leptospira sp. was found in 7 species. Infections were due to up to 3 of 8 different serovars.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel.

To determine the prevalence of antibodies to viral diseases known or suspected to be present in Pakistan, we studied 570 sera from three groups of adults; two of the groups were involved in outbreaks of hepatitis, and the third included men admitted to a hospital for evaluation of febrile illnesses. Immunoglobulin G antileptospiral antibody was found in 1 to 6% of the subjects, with the highest rate in enlisted military personnel hospitalized for febrile illness. One man in the group with febrile illness had significantly elevated immunoglobulin M antileptospiral antibody titers. However, in a group of recruits experiencing suspected non-A, non-B hepatitis, 19 (11%) of 173 had a 4-fold rise in immunoglobulin M antibody to leptospirosis. Antibody to sand fly fever viruses was found in 27 to 70%. Antibody to West Nile virus was present in 33 to 41% of subjects. Antibody reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus was present in 25%, but plaque reduction neutralization tests suggested this to be cross-reaction with West Nile virus. All 212 specimens tested for antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Hantaan viruses were negative. This study indicates that diseases known to be prevalent in other areas of southwest Asia and the Middle East are also prevalent in northern Pakistan and may impact on those traveling or working in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of T cells, cytokines and antibody in dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever.

Dengue infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. There is no vaccine for dengue and also there are no anti-viral drugs to treat the infection. Some patients, typically those experiencing a secondary infection with a different dengue serotype, may progress from an acute febrile disease to the more severe forms of disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Here we discuss the significant immunopathological component to severe disease and how T cells, cytokines and cross-reactive antibody combine to contribute to the progression to dengue haemorrhagic fever. These events are thought to lead to vascular leakage, the signature event in dengue haemorrhagic fever, and are addressed in this review by incorporating the concept of heterologous T cell immunity. The need for effective measures against dengue and dengue-related illness is clear. We propose that drugs against dengue virus, or the symptoms of severe dengue disease, are a viable goal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever in Malaysia--a retrospective epidemiological study. 1973-1987. Part II: Dengue fever (DF).

Dengue fever (DF) has been endemic in Malaysia since 1902 and reached epidemic proportions in 1973. The incidence rate of the disease in 1973 was 5.4 cases per 100,000 and reached 10.4 cases per 100,000 in 1987. The Chinese are the main ethnic community affected showing an overall morbidity rate of 9.0 cases per 100,000 followed by Malays 2.9 cases per 100,000 and Indians 2.4 cases per 100,000. The ethnic race ratio between Chinese, Malays and Indians which was 3.7:1:1.3 in 1975 reached 3.7:1:0.9 in 1987. The attack rates were observed to be higher in the males. The mean male:female ratio among Chinese was 1.1:1, while for Malays and Indians it was 1.5:1. The age-specific morbidity rate was highest in the 10- to 19-year age group followed by the 20- to 29-year age group. Epidemics of dengue fever were found to occur seasonally with the appearance of two peaks, viz. one in June and the other in August. Dengue fever, a rural disease before, has established itself as an urban disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Dot enzyme immunoassay: an alternative diagnostic aid for dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever.

A dot enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) for the detection of antibodies to dengue virus was tested for use as a tool in the presumptive diagnosis of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Paired sera from the following groups of patients were tested using the DEIA and the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test: those with primary dengue fever; those experiencing a second dengue infection; and febrile patients who did not have dengue. The data obtained show that the DEIA can be effectively used at a serum dilution of 1:1000 to confirm presumptive recent dengue in patients with a second dengue infection. However, demonstration of seroconversion proved necessary for patients with primary dengue. At a serum dilution of 1:1000 the DEIA has a specificity of 97.3%. The role of this simple and rapid test in improving the effectivity of programmes for the control of dengue virus infection is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[In vitro erythrophagocytosis in detecting opsonizing antibodies in a patient with Malta fever. A hypothesis on the explanation of in vivo hemophagocytosis in other patients with Malta fever].

In vitro agglutination and phagocytosis of erythrocytes by homologous neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes could be observed using the blood of a healthy person (blood group A, Rh+) to detect opsonising antibodies in the serum of a patient with Malta fever (blood group O, Rh+). Agglutination and erythrophagocytosis were independent of complement or the presence of Brucella melitensis. In patients with Malta fever and blood groups O and B, respectively, antibodies could be detected on the surface of erythrocytes of blood group A when used as antigen with the help of an immunofluorescence test. The same happened with a serum of one patient with blood group A. In vivo erythrophagocytosis detected in the bone marrow of patients with Malta fever is, therefore, possibly due to common antigens of erythrocytes of blood group A and B. melitensis.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1981

Malignant catarrhal fever III. Experimental infection of sheep, domestic rabbits and laboratory animals with malignant catarrhal fever virus.

Five of 19 sheep became infected when inoculated with a virulent strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus isolated in Kenya One of the infected animals was killed in extremis; its blood and lymph node suspension reproduced the classical disease in three steers. Calves exposed to these sheep did not become infected during 89 days of close contact. The Kenya strain of malignant catarrhal fever virus infected rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters, producing occular and nasal discharges, paralysis and death. The virus recovered from these animals in cell cultures produced disease in rabbits and steers. Neutralizing antibodies were found in the rabbit sera. Infant mice, chicken and duck embryos were refractory to infection with malignant catarrhal fever virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Outbreak of jaundice and hemorrhagic fever in the Southeast of Brazil in 2001: detection and molecular characterization of yellow fever virus.

Between January and March 2001, an outbreak of jaundice and hemorrhagic fever occurred in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeast region of Brazil, in which a mortality rate of 53% was reported. Seroconversion, virus isolation, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) identified yellow fever virus (YFV) as the etiological agent responsible for the outbreak. Partial nucleotide sequence analysis from a fragment of the YFV genome spanning parts of nonstructural (NS) 5 gene and 3' noncoding region (3' UTR) showed that the YFV involved in this outbreak belongs to South American genotype I and differs from the Brazilian virus identified in 1996.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Regular abdominal pain and fever in each menstruation onset: an unusual menses-associated familial Mediterrenean fever attacks and a favor result on colchicine treatment.

We present a 38-year-old woman suffering from regular abdominal pain and fever only in each menstruation onset for 7 years. The clinical symptoms, along with inflammatory findings during painful attacks, the beneficial effect of colchicine and genetic mutation (M694 V and M680I) supported the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). A literature review indicated that FMF attacks occurring only during menstruation are rarely seen. This clinical picture may be confused with gynecological disorders especially in the people of Mediterranean origin.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1999

Familial Mediterranean fever and acute rheumatic fever: a pathogenetic relationship?

The frequency of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) was documented and the effects of preceding streptococcal infections on the exacerbation of FMF were determined. In the first part of the study, 162 individuals with FMF were investigated for a history of ARF in a retrospective study. In the second part of the study, antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titres were measured in 130 individuals with FMF. Thirty-six patients had an arthritic attack (group A1), 55 patients had a typical FMF attack without arthritis (group A2) and 39 patients were in the attack-free interval (group B) during the investigation. Nine patients with FMF (5.5%) were considered to have ARF and three of them (1.85%) also had rheumatic heart disease. This prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in FMF is higher than that of the normal population (0.65%) reported in Turkey. Elevated ASO titres were found in 75%, 42% and 38% of the patients in groups A1, A2 and B, respectively. These percentages were found to be significantly higher in group A1 than in both groups A2 (p<0.01) and B (p<0.01). We concluded that patients with FMF might be more prone to the late complications of streptococcal infections.

Acute Disease↗