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PubMed2000

Fatty acid composition of goat muscles and fat depots: a review.

In addition to the fat content of muscle and adipose depots, the fatty acid composition of lipids affects meat quality. Furthermore, relevant reports are difficult to use for comparisons, in that samples were collected from muscles and fat depots at various anatomical locations and experiments entailed different objectives, designs, procedures and methodologies. Nonetheless, based on currently available publications, according to a recent classification of meats by concentrations of potentially cholesterol-raising, and neutral, and cholesterol-lowering effects, average values for goat muscles appear better than for beef and lamb. Feeding dry diets seems to increase levels of unsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid in fat depots compared with milk or milk replacer. Increasing concentrate consumption can increase levels of odd-numbered and branched chain fatty acids in subcutaneous fat depots. With increasing age of unweaned kids, the level of stearic acid in fat depots decreases, and with increasing live weight of weaned kids levels of saturated fatty acids increase, and contents of monounsaturated fatty acids decrease in most fat depots. This review of a currently limited database indicates need for further experimentation to characterize interactions among factors such as breed, age and nutritional conditions in the fatty acid composition of carcass lipids of goats so as to gain a fuller understanding of goat meat quality.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An effective algorithm for quick fractal analysis of movement biosignals.

The problem of numerically classifying patterns, of crucial importance in the biomedical field, is here faced by means of their fractal dimension. A new simple algorithm was developed to characterize biomedical mono-dimensional signals avoiding computationally expensive methods, generally required by the classical approach of the fractal theory. The algorithm produces a number related to the geometric behaviour of the pattern providing information on the studied phenomenon. The results are independent of the signal amplitude and exhibit a fractal measure ranging from 1 to 2 for monotonically going-forwards monodimensional curves, in accordance with theory. Accurate calibration and qualification were accomplished by analysing basic waveforms. Further studies concerned the biomedical field with special reference to gait analysis: so far, well controlled movements such as walking, going up and downstairs and running, have been investigated. Controlled conditions of the test environment guaranteed the necessary repeatability and the accuracy of the practical experiments in setting up the methodology. The algorithm showed good performance in classifying the considered simple movements in the selected sample of normal subjects. The results obtained encourage us to use this technique for an effective on-line movement correlation with other long-term monitored variables such as blood pressure, ECG, etc.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

The search for candidate genes of alcoholism: evidence from expression profiling studies.

Alcoholism is the outcome of complex interactions between the environment and multiple gene loci, which may encode pre-existing susceptibility, or contribute to the neuroadaptations underlying the process of developing dependence. Because of this, the prospect of simultaneous, genome wide, high-throughput analysis of gene expression allowed by microarray technology has met with great expectations. The hope has been that new insights into pathogenesis of substance disorders will rapidly be gained, leading to identification of novel treatment targets. The usefulness of this approach as a discovery tool in addiction research will be critically reviewed here. In this article, we describe the evolution of our experimental approaches, from first generation Affymetrix expression arrays to present high-density arrays, and from the use of original Affymetrix software to more advanced analysis of the probe signal, and different statistical approaches to creating candidate gene lists. Further, we address some methodological issues critical to the study of brain samples by microarray technology. We also summarize findings from several expression profiling experiments involving different animal models of alcoholism. The accumulation of expression data from different animal models allows mining the database for patterns of overlap. Such second level analysis depends on the generation of uniform and reliable datasets.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

A comparative study of physicochemical properties of AH Plus and Epiphany root canal sealants.

AIM: To evaluate setting time, solubility and disintegration, flow, film thickness, and dimensional change following setting in a dual-cured resin root canal sealer Epiphany compared with an epoxy-resin-based sealer AH Plus. METHODOLOGY: The experiments were performed according to ANSI/ADA Specification 57 which tests the physicochemical properties of endodontic sealing materials. Five samples of each material were tested for each of the properties. In addition, deionized distilled water from the solubility test of Epiphany was submitted for analysis of the cations Fe, Ni, Ca, Mg, Zn, Na, and K in an atomic absorption spectrometer. Three samples were analysed. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in flow (AH Plus: 38.57 mm; Epiphany: 35.74 mm) and film thickness (AH Plus: 10.6 microm; Epiphany: 20.1 microm). The solubility (AH Plus: 0.21%; Epiphany: 3.41%) and dimensional alterations following setting (AH Plus: expansion of 1.3%; Epiphany: expansion of 8.1%) were statistically different (P<0.05). The setting times of both sealants were in accordance with ANSI/ADA requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Setting time, flow, and film thickness tests for both cements conformed to ANSI/ADA standards. Dimensional alteration test for both cements were greater than values considered acceptable by ANSI/ADA. Epiphany values regarding solubility were also greater than values considered acceptable by ANSI/ADA.

Calcium↗
PubMed2006

Are flexible designs sound?

Flexible designs allow large modifications of a design during an experiment. In particular, the sample size can be modified in response to interim data or external information. A standard flexible methodology combines such design modifications with a weighted test, which guarantees the type I error level. However, this inference violates basic inference principles. In an example with independent N(mu, 1) observations, the test rejects the null hypothesis of mu < or = 0 while the average of the observations is negative. We conclude that flexible design in its most general form with the corresponding weighted test is not valid. Several possible modifications of the flexible design methodology are discussed with a focus on alternative hypothesis tests.

Biometry↗
PubMed2001

Women's work and symptoms during midlife: Korean immigrant women.

PURPOSE: To describe how Korean immigrant women tend to describe their work experiences within their daily lives and how they relate their work to the symptoms experienced during midlife. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using methodological triangulation. Using a convenience sampling method, 119 Korean immigrant women were recruited for the quantitative phase, and 21 among the 119 women were recruited for the qualitative phase. Data were collected using both questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and thematic analysis. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS: The symptoms that the women experienced during midlife were influenced by their work experience, which was complicated by their cultural heritage, gender issues embedded in their daily lives, and immigration transition. IMPLICATIONS: Complexities and diversities in women's work need to be incorporated in menopausal studies.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2004

Nurse experiences as cancer survivors: part I-personal.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To uncover dimensions of nurses' personal experiences of cancer survivorship. DESIGN: Interpretive, phenomenologic. SETTING: Metropolitan area in the northeastern United States. SAMPLE: 25 RNs diagnosed with cancer. Average age was 50 years, and 20 participants were less than five years from initial diagnosis. METHODS: Interviews. Analysis using methodology of Newman (1994, 1999) and Van Manen (1990). MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Nurses' personal experiences of cancer survivorship. FINDINGS: Themes of the nurses' personal experiences of survivorship included the shock of becoming a patient and multifaceted dimensions of the treatment experience, including time, coordinating their own care, the struggle to maintain normalcy, uncertainty, nonclinical self-care strategies, and encounters with caring and uncaring providers. Participants identified the need for supportive relationships both in personal and professional arenas throughout the survivorship process. The cancer experience became an opportunity for change in priorities. CONCLUSIONS: Although nurse cancer survivors experience similar personal vulnerabilities to those of non-nurses, their vulnerabilities often are affected by their knowledge of the healthcare process and content of care with which they are most familiar. They also are affected by what they know is at stake. This particular insider vulnerability is not cited often in research literature and, therefore, is not recognized as a particular type of need that should be addressed in cancer survivorship. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurse patients need providers to be sensitive to their information and support needs, which may vary because of their professional experiences and personal resources. Findings suggest that nurse patients may need supportive approaches that target their unique vulnerabilities.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Genotypes of merozoite surface protein 2 of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania.

The merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) of Plasmodium falciparum is extremely polymorphic: 82 different msp2 alleles were found in 4 studies of molecular epidemiology conducted in Tanzania. This diversity renders msp2 suitable as a marker gene for the genotyping of P. falciparum infections. Amplification of msp2 by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subsequent restriction digests of the PCR product (PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping), has proved to be an informative tool for enumerating multiple concurrent infections in a blood sample, and distinguishing individual alleles. Depending on the specific questions asked in a genotyping study, analytical techniques of different degrees of complexity are employed. The restriction fragments resulting from a single HinfI digest generally allow the enumeration of multiple concurrent infections and the determination of their allelic families. When a restriction pattern is too complex to be resolved, owing to the high number of concurrent infections, or due to the appearance of previously undescribed alleles, one or more additional digests (DdeI, RsaI, ScrfI) may be necessary. To determine individual alleles unequivocally, in particular in longitudinal studies, when several consecutive samples need to be compared with each other, a more detailed analysis involving all 3 additional digests is applied. The methodological experience and results gained in 4 epidemiological field studies involving msp2 genotyping are summarized. We also provide the HinfI restriction patterns and some nucleotide sequences of the alleles found so far in our studies in Tanzania.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Influence of centrifugation and different extenders on post-thaw sperm quality of ram semen.

Using a 2-step extension methodology to freeze ram semen, 2 freezing protocols (P1 and P2) and 3 extenders were evaluated in a split-sample experiment. The freezing protocols were tested in combination with Extenders A and B (Experiment 1), and B and C (Experiment 2). Protocol 1 included centrifugation before filling the straws to reconcentrate the diluted semen to a calculated sperm concentration of 800 x 10(6) cells/mL. Protocol 2 involved appropriate ejaculate extension to yield 800 x 10(6) cells/mL as in P1, albeit avoiding centrifugation. Extenders A and B were milk-based and were supplemented with 5% egg yolk and fructose. Extender B was clarified by centrifugation (twice at 3310 g/20 min). Extender C was based on TRIS-citrate-fructose supplemented with 20% egg yolk and clarified as described for Extender B. Final glycerol concentration was 7% for all 3 extenders. Post-thaw parameters studied were subjective motility, computer assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA), membrane integrity (SYBR-14/P1), and capacitation status (chlortetracycline assay, CTC). The overall sperm concentration (x 10(6)/straw) differed (P<0.001) between P1 (mean+/-SD, 138.1+/-14.8) and P2 (216.5+/-13.9). Despite centrifugation, P1 appeared to be less harmful for spermatozoa than P2, yielding higher percentages of subjective motility, linearity, membrane integrity and uncapacitated spermatozoa. Due to the difference in concentrations obtained between P1 and P2, the total calculated numbers of spermatozoa having desirable characteristics were higher in samples processed as P2. In Experiment 1, P1 resulted in lower calculated numbers x 10(6) in the Aldose of subjective motility (87.2+/-5.1 vs 125.3+/-5.1; P<0.05), linearity (70.6+/-4.3 vs 79.8+/-4.3; NS), intact-membrane (77.4+/-5 vs 108.5+/-5.1; P<0.001), and uncapacitated (36.5+/-2.5 vs 46.5+/-2.5; P<0.05) spermatozoa, than P2. In Experiment 2, calculated sperm numbers (x 10(6)/straw) were lower in P1 than in P2 for subjective motility (80.8+/-5.4 vs 92.0+/-5.4; NS), linearity (63.3+/-5.6 vs 73.1+/-5.6; NS), membrane integrity (77.7+/-3.6 vs 101.0+/-3.6; P<0.001), and uncapacitated spermatozoa (28.3+/-3.24 vs. 4.1+/-3.2; P<0.01). Extender B (clarified milk extender) was consistently better than Extender A (nonclarified milk extender) for all parameters studied, but the difference was only statistically significant for linearity after 1 h of incubation at 38 degrees C (44.0+/-2.4 vs 36.2+/-2.4; P<0.05). Extender B was also better than Extender C (TRIS-citrate-fructose) for percentage of uncapacitated (49.7+/-2.2 vs 34.4+/-2.3; P<0.001), subjective motile (57.5+/-2.7 vs 43.8+/-2.7; P<0.01), and linear motile (46.5+/-2.8 vs 33.7+/-2.8; P<0.01) spermatozoa, but not for membrane integrity (51.6+/-1.5 vs 51.7+/-1.5). It was concluded that exclusion of centrifugation, as in P2, yielded higher sperm numbers with desirable characteristics per straw. Clarification of milk-based extender (B) resulted in better post-thaw sperm quality, especially compared with TRIS-based extender (C).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of gamma and neutron radiation inactivation of influenza A virus.

Radiation inactivation of viral pathogens has potential application in sterilization and in the manufacture of biological reagents, including the production of non-infectious viral antigens. Viral inactivation by gamma radiation has been extensively investigated, but few direct comparisons to other qualities of radiation have been explored. Experiments were designed to examine direct radiation damage by both gamma photons (gamma) and neutrons (n) while minimizing methodological differences. Frozen samples of influenza A X31/H3N2 and PR8/H1N1 were exposed to gamma and n at doses between 0 and 15.6 kGy. Other experimental parameters, including dose-rate, were not varied. Virus titers were determined by tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) and plaque forming unit (PFU) assays. D(10) values, kGy per log reduction, were calculated from these assays. PR8 D(10) values based on PFU assays were approximately 2 and 5 kGy for gamma and n exposures, respectively, and those based on TCID(50) were approximately 6 and 14 kGy. Similar results were obtained for the A/X31 strain. The data demonstrate that gamma was 2-3-fold more effective than n, with a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) range of 0.43-0.65. These neutron results are likely the first reported for a medically relevant virus. PAGE analysis of viral proteins and RNAs failed to show macromolecular damage. D(10) values were found to be similar to a broad summary of previously reported gamma inactivation values for other virus types. The dependence of the magnitudes of D(10) on titer assay in this study suggests that more than one titer method should be used to determine if complete inactivation has occurred.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retrospective data collection using event history calendars.

BACKGROUND: Event history calendars are used to collect retrospective data about events and life transitions over short and long periods of time. Event history calendars are highly structured, but flexible, approaches to interviewing respondents about past events that use their own past experiences as cues to remembering. Event history calendars incorporate autobiographical memory retrieval mechanisms to assist respondents in reconstructing past events and experiences accurately and completely. APPROACH: A sample event history calendar and experiences from an ongoing study of adolescent risk behavior are described to illustrate event history calendar methodology application in nursing research. Event history calendar design, recording, interviewing, and interviewer training descriptions are included. DISCUSSION: Event history calendars have been used extensively for retrospective data collection of occurrence, timing, and sequencing of a variety of life events in population studies, psychology, and sociology research, but not in nursing research. Because event history calendars improve recollection of complex sequences of personal events, they would be ideal for retrospective data collection in quantitative and qualitative nursing studies. Nursing expertise in history-taking make this a natural method of choice for retrospective data collection and as a means of stimulating communication during interviewing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The second national survey of oral health status of children and adults in China.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the oral health status of Chinese children and adults at national level in relation to location and province and to highlight changes in dental caries experience. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, oral epidemiological survey based on WHO methodology, clinical examinations. SETTING: National survey by National Committee for Oral Health. SUBJECTS: Representative samples of provinces, districts, townships; cluster sampling including subjects aged 5,12,15,18, 35-44 and 65-74. Each age group consisted of 23,452 participants, i.e. total of 140,712 individuals. RESULTS: At age 5, 76.6% were affected by dental caries and mean dmft was 4.5. Mean DMFT varied from 1.0 in 12-year-olds, 1.4 in 15-year-olds, 1.6 in 18-year-olds, 2.1 in 35-44-year-olds to 12.4 in 65-74-year-olds. In adults, caries experience was higher in females than in males. The effect of urbanisation on caries prevalence in children varied by province and age. Among adolescents and young adults caries levels were high in urban areas while caries experience was high for old-age people of rural areas. At national level, changes in dental caries prevalence of 12- and 15-year-olds were small. However, some provinces with extensive oral health programmes (e.g. Love Teeth Day) showed declining caries experience whereas provinces with limited preventive activities had increasing levels of caries. For all age groups, gingival bleeding and calculus were most frequent. Severe periodontal conditions were relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The systematic implementation of preventive oral care and community-oriented health programmes are needed for the continuous promotion of oral health in China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Health status in the ambulance services: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Researchers have become increasingly aware that ambulance personnel may be at risk of developing work-related health problems. This article systematically explores the literature on health problems and work-related and individual health predictors in the ambulance services. METHODS: We identified the relevant empirical literature by searching several electronic databases including Medline, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and ISI Web of Science. Other relevant sources were identified through reference lists and other relevant studies known by the research group. RESULTS: Forty-nine studies are included in this review. Our analysis shows that ambulance workers have a higher standardized mortality rate, higher level of fatal accidents, higher level of accident injuries and a higher standardized early retirement on medical grounds than the general working population and workers in other health occupations. Ambulance workers also seem to have more musculoskeletal problems than the general population. These conclusions are preliminary at present because each is based on a single study. More studies have addressed mental health problems. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptom caseness was > 20% in five of seven studies, and similarly high prevalence rates were reported for anxiety and general psychopathology in four of five studies. However, it is unclear whether ambulance personnel suffer from more mental health problems than the general working population. CONCLUSION: Several indicators suggest that workers in the ambulance services experience more health problems than the general working population and workers in other health occupations. Several methodological challenges, such as small sample sizes, non-representative samples, and lack of comparisons with normative data limit the interpretation of many studies. More coordinated research and replication are needed to compare data across studies. We discuss some strategies for future research.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods for determining the purity of reference drug standards and illicit forensic drug seizures.

A rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise, reproducible, and versatile method for determining the purity of reference drug standards and the routine analysis of illicit drugs and adulterants using proton (1H) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy is presented. The methodology uses a weighed sample dissolved in a deuterated solvent or solvent mixture containing a high purity internal standard. The NMR experiment employs 8 scans using a 45 second delay and 90 degrees pulse. In the determination of purity of reference standards, the number of quantitative determinations available is equal to the number of peak groups that are baseline resolved. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of these signals is usually < 1% for pure standards, and the results agree well with other purity determining methods. This method can also aid in the determination of correct molecular weight for standards containing an unknown number of waters of hydration or an unknown number of acids per drug in salts. Because the molar response for the hydrogen nucleus is 1 for all compounds, and since no separation media are used, only one linearity study is required to test a probe. In the presented study, the linearity of the NMR probe was determined using methamphetamine HCl dissolved in deuterium oxide (D2O) with maleic acid as the internal standard (5 mg) for a range of concentrations from 0.033 to 69.18 mg/ml with a resulting correlation coefficient of >0.9999 for all 6 methamphetamine peak groups. The spectra of complex illicit heroin, methamphetamine, MDMA, and cocaine samples are presented, as well as an extensive list of compounds, their solubilities and the solvent(s) and internal standard used.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Protein Crystallography at Ultra-Short Wavelengths: Feasibility Study of Anomalous-Dispersion Experiments at the Xenon K-edge.

A protein crystallography experiment at the xenon K-edge (lambda = 0.358 A) has been successfully carried out at the materials science beamline (BL2/ID11) of the ESRF. The samples used in this methodological study were crystals of porcine pancreatic elastase, a 26 kDa protein of known structure. The diffraction data are of excellent quality. The combination of isomorphous replacement and anomalous dispersion of a single xenon heavy-atom derivative allowed accurate phase determination and the computation of a high-quality electron density map of the protein molecule. This is the first fully documented report on a complete protein crystallography experiment, from data collection up to phase determination and calculation of an electron density map, carried out with data obtained at ultra-short wavelengths. Experimental considerations as well as possible advantages and drawbacks of protein crystallography at very short and ultra-short wavelengths are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Journeying through labour and delivery: perceptions of women who have given birth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the essential structure of the lived experience of childbearing, as seen from the perspective of women who have given birth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The phenomenological perspective of qualitative research theory guided the methodological approach to the study, in which interactive interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of fourteen mothers of healthy babies in Akureyri and Reykjavik, the two most inhabited places in Iceland. FINDINGS: The metaphor of a woman journeying through labour and delivery was chosen to symbolize the lived experience of giving birth to a healthy baby. This encompasses four major categories: influences of circumstances and expectations before the journey's commencement; a sense of self during the journey which encompasses a sense of being in a private world, the sense of control, the need for caring and understanding and the need for a sense of security; the journey through labour and delivery itself; and finally the first sensitive hours of motherhood and the perception of the uniqueness of birth as a life experience at the journey's end. The study has the potential of increasing the knowledge and understanding of giving birth as a life experience, and therefore, has implications for midwives and nurses, as well as for women and their supporters. KEY CONCLUSIONS: The lived experience of giving birth is a powerful life experience which is coloured by circumstances and expectations of the woman, her sense of self during the journey, the journey itself, as well as the first sensitive hours of motherhood. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The study has the potential of increasing the knowledge and understanding of giving birth as a life experience, and therefore, has implications for midwives/nurse, as well as for women and their supporters.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Oxidized forms of glutathione in peripheral blood as biomarkers of oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Reduced glutathione (GSH) and its redox forms, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), are biomarkers of oxidative stress, but methodologic artifacts can interfere with their measurement. We evaluated the importance of correct sample handling during the preanalytical phase for GSH, GSSG, and PSSG measurement. METHODS: We used human blood for in vitro experiments with oxidants [tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH), diamide, and menadione]. For in vivo experiments, we used rats in which we cannulated the jugular and femoral veins for both oxidant administration and blood collection. We measured GSH, GSSG, and PSSG with HPLC with or without sample pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to prevent artifacts. We also measured malondialdehyde (MDA) with HPLC, and protein carbonyls (PCO) with spectrophotometric procedures. RESULTS: When methodologic artifacts were prevented by pretreatment with NEM, GSSG results increased up to 3-fold over the basal concentrations, even in the presence of 5 micromol/L t-BOOH or diamide and 20 micromol/L menadione. PSSG increased by approximately 50% at 20 micromol/L t-BOOH or diamide and at 50 micromol/L menadione. PCO and MDA remained unchanged. In vivo oxidation treatments elicited immediate and significant increases in GSSG and PSSG over basal values (up to 200-fold), whereas PCO and MDA showed only slight variation 120 or 180 min after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of artifact-free measurement methods, GSH, GSSG, and PSSG are potentially powerful and reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress status and can be used to evaluate whether, and to what extent, oxidative stress may be involved in various diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Optimal design for multivariate response pharmacokinetic models.

We address the problem of designing pharmacokinetic experiments in multivariate response situations. Criteria, based on the Fisher information matrix, whose inverse according to the Rao-Cramer inequality is the lower bound of the variance-covariance matrix of any unbiased estimator of the parameters, have previously been developed for univariate response for an individual and a population. We extend these criteria to design individual and population studies where more than one response is measured, for example, when both parent drug and metabolites are measured in plasma, multi-compartment models, where measurements are taken at more than one site, or when drug concentration and pharmacodynamic data are collected simultaneously. We assume that measurements made at distinct times are independent, but measurements made of each concentration are correlated with a response variance-covariance matrix. We investigated a number of optimisation algorithms, namely simplex, exchange, adaptive random search, simulated annealing and a hybrid, to maximise the determinant of the Fisher information matrix as required by the D-optimality criterion. The multiresponse optimal design methodology developed was applied in two case studies, where the aim was to suggest optimal sampling times. The first was a restrospective iv infusion experiment aimed to characterise the disposition kinetics of tolcapone and its two metabolites in healthy volunteers. The second was a prospective iv bolus experiment designed to estimate the tissue disposition kinetics of eight beta-blockers in rat.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗