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PubMed2006

Who drinks and why? A review of socio-demographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people.

The aim was to review the empirical research carried out over the last 15 years on the characteristics of young people (10- to 25-year olds) who have specific motives for drinking. In a computer-assisted search of relevant literature, 82 studies were identified. Concerning demographic factors, a developmental trend was found - from general, undifferentiated drinking motives in late childhood and early adolescence to more gender-specific drinking motives in subsequent years. With regard to personality factors, two specific patterns can be distinguished: extraversion and sensation-seeking correlate with enhancement motives, while neuroticism and anxiety correlate most strongly with coping motives. For contextual factors, drinking motives were found to vary across countries but not among different ethnic groups in the same culture. Based on these results, preventive strategies should take into account general, undifferentiated drinking motivation in late childhood, and social and enhancement motives in adolescence, particularly among boys. Findings on personality indicate that it would be useful to focus on extraverted, sensation-seeking boys who drink for enhancement motives and neurotic, anxious girls who drink for coping motives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities.

To determine whether alcohol outlet density was correlated with heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems, we compared ecological measures of outlet density with survey measures of drinking using a geographic information system and the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (n=3,421, site n=8). We identified 966 outlets within 8 2-mile study areas. Densities/site ranged from 32 to 185. Density was correlated with heavy drinking (r=0.82, p=0.01), frequent drinking (r=0.73, p=0.04) and drinking-related problems (r=0.79, p=0.02). Women, underage students and students who picked up binge drinking in college were affected. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol-related violence: the impact of drinking pattern and drinking context.

The impact of alcohol consumption, drinking pattern and drinking context on involvement in alcohol-related violence was assessed in a survey of 2711 Norwegian adults. Having taken part in a fight while influenced by alcohol and having been injured by an intoxicated person during the past year was reported by 3% and 2.4% of the respondents, respectively. Involvement in alcohol-related violence was most often reported among younger people, among single people, and it was positively associated with alcohol consumption, frequency of intoxication and frequency of visiting public drinking places. Both frequency of intoxication and overall alcohol consumption were positively associated with the probability of having been in a fight while intoxicated. Frequency of visits to public drinking places was significantly associated with the risk of being injured by an intoxicated person, also when own drinking pattern was controlled for. The results also indicated that the more often drinking takes place in public drinking places, the less is the impact of intoxication on the probability of getting into a fight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Drinking context and other influences on the drinking of 15-year-old New Zealanders.

This study investigated the influence of the situational characteristics of the drinking setting and a number of parental, personal and demographic variables on adolescents' alcohol use. The sample were 15-year-old participants in a multidisciplinary longitudinal study carried out in New Zealand. Measures of alcohol consumption were self reported amount of alcohol consumed on the most recent drinking occasion and amount usually consumed. All of the situational variables investigated had an effect on the amount of alcohol consumed on the most recent occasion. Greater amounts of alcohol were consumed if the alcohol was obtained from peers or by the 15-year-olds themselves, if the drink was consumed away from their own home, in the presence of peers only, and during the evening. More money to spend each week and lower SES were also associated with reports of greater alcohol consumption on the most recent drinking occasion. Adolescents with female friends who approved of drinking reported greater amounts of alcohol, the effect of female friends was most marked in the lower amounts reported by males who had female friends that disapproved of drinking. For amount of alcohol usually consumed, reports of larger amounts of alcohol were associated with more money available to spend each week and with lower SES. Furthermore, both males and females reported greater usual amounts if their male friends approved of drinking; female friends' approval was associated with greater amounts of alcohol usually being consumed, this effect was strongest for males. Sixty-eight per cent of the 15-year-olds indicated that they thought they definitely or probably would get drunk in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Problem drinking and high-risk driving: an analysis of official and self-reported drinking-driving in New York State.

The authors collected data from 878 respondents at high risk of problem drinking and drunk driving and tested a hypothesis that stipulates problem drinking and high-risk driving as two necessary conditions of drunk driving. Controlling for a number of alcohol and non-alcohol-related variables, the analysis shows problem drinking to have consistent and significant effects on repeat DWI offenses and on the frequency of self-reported drinking-driving events. High-risk driving increases the frequency of self-reported drinking-driving. Males are more likely than females to be arrested for DWI, but there is no gender differences in self-reported drinking-driving. The authors further note a possible 'suppress effect' in that a negative relationship between DWI arrests and high-risk driving is concealed by problem drinking. That is, problem drinkers with multiple DWI arrest records may drive more carefully than before so as to avoid further contact with the police and licensing authorities. Public policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Drinking patterns and drinking problems in 1984: results from a general population survey.

Findings on alcohol consumption and alcohol problems from a 1984 general population survey are presented and compared to previous survey findings. Eighteen percent of all men and 5% of all women were classified as frequent heavy drinkers; 6% of all men drinkers and 2% of all women drinkers reported that they got "drunk" as often as once per week or more. A system for measuring drinking problems, based largely on the work of Cahalan and Room, is presented and explained. As when interpreting any system of measuring drinking problems in a general population survey, readers must be aware that the resulting prevalence rates are strongly influenced by arbitrary decisions about where cutpoints should be drawn. With this caveat in mind, the results show that 9% of men drinkers and 4% of women drinkers reported problematic drinking behavior at what is defined as a moderate level of severity. Similarly, 14% of men drinkers and 6% of women drinkers reported adverse tangible consequences of drinking at a moderate level of severity. The age and sex distributions of drinking, heavy drinking, intoxication, and drinking problems were as expected, with greater proportions of men than women reporting these things and greater proportions of younger than older drinkers reporting them.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Impact of age at first drink on stress-reactive drinking.

BACKGROUND: Although recent data from animal models indicate that adolescent ethanol exposure increases self-administered ethanol intake in adult rats, the impact of age at first drink on the association between stress and drinking has not been studied in humans. METHODS: Data collected in the 2001 to 2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were used to estimate the extent to which age at first drink modified the association between stress and average daily volume (ADV) of ethanol intake in a sample of 26,946 past-year drinkers. Successive models estimated the magnitude and significance of the interaction between age at first drink (ages 14 or younger, 15-17, and 18 or older) and number of stressors (out of 12 past-year negative life events) after (1) adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, (2) additionally adjusting for family history of alcoholism, comorbid psychopathology, adolescent, and past-year tobacco and illicit drug use, and (3) additionally adjusting for all other significant interactions with number of stressors. RESULTS: Even after adjusting for a wide range of confounders and their interactions with stress, initiation of drinking at ages 14 and younger increased the association between the number of stressors and ADV of ethanol consumption by 8% (p=0.014), when considering the full range of 12 potential stressors. In fact, the positive association between stress and consumption was significant only for this group of drinkers with early adolescent exposure to ethanol. Within this group, ADV of consumption increased by an average of 7% with each additional stressor experienced, although the exact percentage increase varied as a function of other covariates that had significant interactions with stress. When a reduced set of 4 stressors was considered, the magnitudes of the associations were mostly unchanged, but the modifying effect of age at first drink fell short of statistical significance (p=0.309) in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study are consistent with the argument that early-onset drinking may increase stress-reactive ethanol consumption; however, these findings need to be replicated in an experimental human study in order to control fully the direction of the relationship between stress and consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Drinking behavior and exercise-thermal stress: role of drink carbonation.

This study investigated the influence of drink carbonation and carbohydrate content on ad libitum drinking behavior and body fluid and electrolyte responses during prolonged exercise in the heat. Eight competitive male runners completed three 2-hr treadmill runs at 60% VO2max in an environmental chamber maintained at 30 degrees C and 40% RH. Three test drinks were used: 8% carbohydrate, low carbonation (8%-C); 8% carbohydrate, noncarbonated (8%-NC), and water (0%-NC). Blood samples were taken preexercise (0), at 60 and 120 min of exercise, and at 60 min of recovery (+60 min). The data suggest that while reports of heartburn tend to be higher on 8% carbohydrate drinks than on 0%-NC, this does not appear to be a function of drink carbonation. Similarly, the increased frequency of heartburn did not significantly reduce fluid consumption either during exercise or during a 60-min recovery period. Importantly, no differences were observed between fluid and electrolyte, or thermoregulatory responses to the three sport drinks. Thus, consumption of low-carbonation beverages does not appear to significantly influence drinking behavior or the related physiological responses during prolonged exercise in the heat.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Within treatment drinking and surreptitious drinking during brief substance abuse treatment.

This project examined the frequency of within treatment drinking and surreptitious drinking among patients who attended a brief substance abuse treatment program that mandated within treatment abstinence. We defined surreptitious drinking as within treatment drinking that is kept hidden from treatment staff. Data for this project came from the anonymous exit surveys of 275 patients. Forty-eight patients (17.45%) indicated that they engaged in within treatment drinking at least once. Forty-one of those patients (87%) kept the drinking hidden from treatment staff. The most common reason for patients keeping their drinking hidden was a fear of discharge from treatment. Within treatment drinkers were compared to within treatment abstainers in the extent to which their treatment was coerced, the extent to which treatment was perceived as helpful, and their posttreatment intentions for substance use and follow-up care. Differences between these two groups, and their implications, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Relationship between reasons for drinking and customary drinking behavior.

In 80 subjects (28 women), a factor-analytic investigation of the relationship between the reasons for drinking and customary drinking behavior revealed that solitary drinking is associated with drinking in order to forget personal shortcomings, drinking to forget problems and disappointments, and drinking to be less concerned with what others think. Positive skewness proved to be a valid index of deviant drinking practices and motives. Some incidental findings indicated that heavy beer consumption occurs most among young men.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Prediction of adults' drinking patterns from the drinking of their parents.

While studies have shown relationships between adolescent and parental drinking patterns, it is not known if these parental influences are maintained when the children are adults and further removed from early influences. A representative general population sample of 6,364 adults living in New York State were interviewed regarding their current drinking as well as about their family structure and the drinking patterns of their parents while they were growing up. A logit modeling analysis revealed that natural father's drinking while growing up, natural mother's drinking while growing up, family structure (father present or not) and sex of the respondent were all significant predictors of current heavy drinking of adults even while controlling for all of the other variables in the model. It is concluded that early family influences may have long-term consequences on drinking behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The moderation of genetic and shared-environmental influences on adolescent drinking by levels of parental drinking.

OBJECTIVE: Research has consistently shown an association between levels of parental drinking and adolescent alcohol use. Different mechanisms offered to explain this association include environmental mechanisms such as social learning and biological mechanisms such as genetic transmission. To integrate these perspectives, this study examines the moderation of environmental and genetic influences on adolescent alcohol use by parental drinking behaviors. METHOD: The data used were 1,833 pairs drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health's monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, fill-sibling and half-sibling pairs. Analyses used Defries-Fulker (DF) models to estimate genetic and shared environmental influences and to evaluate the potential moderation of these influences by household parental drinking. RESULTS: Full sample results revealed that genetic influences (h2 = 0.46, p < .05) were significant but that shared environmental influences (c2 = 0.10, p > .05) were not. Separate DF analyses for male, female and mixed-gender pairs found the magnitude of genetic and shared environmental influences on adolescents to be similar across male and female pairs. Results for mixed-gender pairs, however, were ambiguous. Extended DF models examining interactions between parental drinking and the expression of genetic and shared environmental influences found parental drinking was associated with a higher expression of genetic influences among male pairs but not among female or mixed-gender pairs. CONCLUSIONS: The main inferences to be drawn are that, at least for male adolescents, genetic influences on drinking appear to be potentiated by exposure to parental drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Age and racial/ethnic differences in drinking and drinking-related problems in a community sample of lesbians.

OBJECTIVE: Although research on alcohol use among women has increased dramatically during the past several decades, relatively few studies have focused on lesbians, and almost none have included sufficient numbers of older lesbians or lesbians of color to permit comparative analyses. Using data from the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women Study (CHLEW), we examined drinking patterns and problems in a large and diverse sample of lesbians. METHOD: Structured interviews were conducted with 447 community-residing adult women (ages 18-83) who self-identified as lesbians (48% non-Hispanic white, 28% non-Hispanic black, and 20% Hispanic/Latina; the remainder were in the "other" category). We used multivariate logistic regressions to examine and compare the prevalence of lifetime and 12-month problem-drinking indicators across four age and three racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS: Unlike findings from general population surveys, in which women's rates of drinking tend to decrease with age, we found relatively few differences across the four age groups of CHLEW respondents. We also found no significant differences between Hispanic and white lesbians on any of the lifetime or 12-month problem-drinking indicators and only a few significant differences between white and black lesbians. CONCLUSIONS: As with heterosexual women, patterns of drinking and drinking-related problems among lesbians vary by age and race/ ethnicity. However, given our findings of substantially smaller variations among lesbians than among women in the general population, research is needed that examines in greater depth the intersections between age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and drinking. Understanding how these sociocultural factors interact with each other and with other known risk factors is important for identifying population groups at greatest risk for developing alcohol-related problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Knowledge about responsible drinking in drinking drivers and social drinkers.

On a questionnaire designed to assess knowledge about responsible drinking, social drinkers performed significantly better than convicted drinking drivers. This difference was due almost entirely to the poor performance of drinking drivers reporting additional alcohol-related problems. Problem-free drinking drivers did not differ from social drinkers in performance. Exposure to education in the form of either a talk about responsible drinking or a talk plus video presentation resulted in significant improvement in performance by both problem and problem-free drinking drivers. These findings have implications for programs directed at reeducating drinking drivers.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Drinking reasons, drinking locations, and automobile accident involvement among collegians.

Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of five drinking reason factors to drinking locations and consumption variables within a random sample of drinking college students surveyed by telephone. Hypotheses relating self-reported accident involvement after drinking and two specific reason factors - Opposite Sex/Drunkenness and Pleasure - were tested. Both Pleasure and Opposite Sex/Drunkenness were directly related to quantity consumed and to drinking in several away-from-home locations. Opposite Sex/Drunkenness reasons and frequency of drinking in cars significantly contributed to identifying males who reported accident involvement following drinking.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Drinking patterns and attitudes toward drinking in the late-middle-aged.

The main objective of this study was to gain insight into attitudes toward drinking, drinking patterns and the relationship between attitudes and drinking patterns in the population in the age range 55 to 69. Respondents over 55 years of age were compared to those below 55. The former ones were more likely to be abstainers and less tolerant toward others' drinking. Being tolerant toward others' drinking was negatively associated with abstaining from alcohol. Some differences were observed between being tolerant toward drinking patterns of men, women, or relatives, and own drinking behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Effects of various sport drink modifications on dental caries and erosion in rats with controlled eating and drinking pattern.

A sport drink mixture, pH 3.2, containing 6% sucrose, was given to Osborne-Mendel rats, either as such or supplemented with 15 ppm fluoride, 38.5 ppm magnesium or both. Distilled water was given to the control groups. The rats were fed either a slightly cariogenic, powdered food containing 15% sucrose, or commercial pellets. Food and drink were available ad libitum for 6 weeks. A feeding machine was used to facilitate control of eating and drinking pattern. Daily intake of powdered, sugar-containing food was significantly smaller than that of pellets and, on the other hand, sport drink was consumed significantly more than distilled water. However, an appropriate energy balance was achieved with all of the dietary combinations, and no significant differences in weight gains were found. Sport drink did not significantly promote caries but induced marked erosion on the lingual surfaces of the lower molar teeth. Addition of fluoride to the sport drink significantly reduced caries (caused by powdered food) and had preventive effect on erosion, while addition of magnesium had no clear effect on either caries or erosion. No significant intergroup differences were found in eating or drinking patterns due to fluoride or magnesium additions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cognitive and physiological effects of an "energy drink": an evaluation of the whole drink and of glucose, caffeine and herbal flavouring fractions.

RATIONALE: Both glucose and caffeine can improve aspects of cognitive performance and, in the case of caffeine, mood. There are few studies investigating the effects of the two substances in combination. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the mood, cognitive and physiological effects of a soft drink containing caffeine and glucose as well as flavouring levels of herbal extracts. The effects of different drink fractions were also evaluated. METHODS: Using a randomised, double-blind, balanced, five-way crossover design, 20 participants who were overnight fasted and caffeine-deprived received 250 ml drinks containing 37.5 g glucose; 75 mg caffeine; ginseng and ginkgo biloba at flavouring levels; a whole drink (containing all these substances) or a placebo (vehicle). Participants were assessed in each drink condition, separated by a 7-day wash-out period. Cognitive, psychomotor and mood assessment took place immediately prior to the drink then 30 min thereafter. The primary outcome measures included five aspects of cognitive performance from the Cognitive Drug Research assessment battery. Mood, heart rate and blood glucose levels were also monitored. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, the whole drink resulted in significantly improved performance on "secondary memory" and "speed of attention" factors. There were no other cognitive or mood effects. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern of results would not be predicted from the effects of glucose and caffeine in isolation, either as seen here or from the literature addressing the effects of the substances in isolation. These data suggest that there is some degree of synergy between the cognition-modulating effects of glucose and caffeine which merits further investigation.

Adolescent↗