The effect of a potassium-deficient diet on the pattern of recovery from experimental metabolic acidosis.
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Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
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Growth patterns and nutrition in Nepali children.
A growth survey of four groups of Nepali children from birth to 12 years was undertaken and the growth patterns related to diet. The patterns are those of children suffering from malnutrition in the second and third year and not those of a genetically small race. Diet histories showed inadequacies of diet, mostly preventable, occurring during the same period. Privileged children within the groups showed a different pattern and a significantly better growth.
Anthropometry↗
Unraveling the temporal pattern of diet-induced insulin resistance in individual organs and cardiac dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice.
Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease characterized by insulin resistance and altered glucose and lipid metabolism in multiple organs. To understand the complex series of events that occur during the development of obesity-associated diabetes, we examined the temporal pattern of changes in insulin action and glucose metabolism in individual organs during chronic high-fat feeding in C57BL/6 mice. Insulin-stimulated cardiac glucose metabolism was significantly reduced after 1.5 weeks of high-fat feeding, and cardiac insulin resistance was associated with blunted Akt-mediated insulin signaling and GLUT4 levels. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver developed in parallel after 3 weeks of high-fat feeding. Diet-induced whole-body insulin resistance was associated with increased circulating levels of resistin and leptin but unaltered adiponectin levels. High-fat feeding caused insulin resistance in skeletal muscle that was associated with significantly elevated intramuscular fat content. In contrast, diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance developed before a marked increase in intrahepatic triglyceride levels. Cardiac function gradually declined over the course of high-fat feeding, and after 20 weeks of high-fat diet, cardiac dysfunction was associated with mild hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia, and reduced circulating adiponectin levels. Our findings demonstrate that cardiac insulin resistance is an early adaptive event in response to obesity and develops before changes in whole-body glucose homeostasis. This suggests that obesity-associated defects in cardiac function may not be due to insulin resistance per se but may be attributable to chronic alteration in cardiac glucose and lipid metabolism and circulating adipokines.
Adipose Tissue↗
Weight regain after low calorie diet: long term pattern of blood sugar, serum lipids, ketone bodies and serum insulin levels.
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Acetoacetates↗
[Effects of vitamin A (retinol), Tioadenolo and a standard diet on the plasma lipid pattern in the rat on an atherogenic diet].
The Authors have examined the action of large doses of vitamin A (2000 U.I./Kg diet) compared with that obtained by administration of a lipid lowering drug (Tioadenolo) and a standard diet in albino rats feed at first an atherogenic diet for 15 days. The "recovering" diets were adminisetred for 15 and 30 days. Serum components were obtained with routine chemical-clinical assay, membrane lipids and related fatty acids by the method of Folch in erythrocytes isolated by the method of Wipple. Both retinol and Tioadenolo lower blood plasma and cell membrane lipids more than a standard diet.
Animals↗
Promoting healthy diet and exercise patterns amongst primary school children: a qualitative investigation of parental perspectives.
Parents represent a potentially powerful intermediary in behaviour change strategies aimed at improving the lifestyle behaviours of young children. However, to fulfil this role, parents need to have the necessary knowledge and motivation to assimilate dietary guidelines. This study aimed to assess these psychosocial constructs, and subsequent parental receptiveness to nutrition education, through investigation of the barriers and benefits perceived by parents to the provision of a healthy diet and adequate exercise for their children. A qualitative methodology was employed and 41 parents took part in seven focus groups separated by socio-economic status (SES). Across the groups, a combination of reported external barriers and unconscious internal barriers, stemming from high optimistic bias, low perceived control and unrealistic health expectations, were observed. SES differences were suggested in restrictive feeding practices, the responsibility attributed to the school and in the level and format of desired nutrition education. Overall a demand for interventions focusing on behavioural techniques rather than fact transmission was uncovered, in particular the promotion of parental self-awareness to reduce negative influences within the family food environment. Providing realistic definitions of appropriate behaviour and empowering parents to tackle children's weight issues were indicated as important targets for future education programmes.
Attitude to Health↗
The effect of a reduced energy diet and meal patterns on smoking and coffee drinking in women.
OBJECTIVE: We examined the effect of three feeding conditions on cigarette smoking and coffee drinking in four healthy women. We hypothesized that food deprivation and changes in meal patterns would increase rates of smoking and coffee drinking based on extensive animal literature documenting this effect. METHOD: The conditions were: normal three meals per day containing usual energy intake, one meal per day (dinner time) containing 50% of usual energy intake, and three meals per day containing 50% of usual energy intake. Each condition lasted 3 days. RESULTS: Neither reduction of energy intake nor alteration in the pattern of meals had any observable effect on number of cigarettes smoked, number of cups of coffee consumed, expired air carbon monoxide levels, or urges to smoke or drink coffee. DISCUSSION: This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that the food deprivation effect observed in animals does not apply readily to humans. Reasons for the absence of this effect are discussed.
Adult↗
Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model.
The carbon and nitrogen isotopic abundances of the collagen extracted from the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal have been used to infer the dietary behaviour of this specimen. A review of previously published Neanderthal collagen isotopic signatures with the addition of 3 new collagen isotopic signatures from specimens from Les Pradelles allows us to compare the dietary habits of 5 Neanderthal specimens from OIS 3 and one specimen from OIS 5c. This comparison points to a trophic position as top predator in an open environment, with little variation through time and space. In addition, a comparison of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal with contemporaneous hyaenas has been performed using a multi-source mixing model, modified from Phillips and Gregg (2003, Oecologia 127, 171). It appears that the isotopic differences between the Neanderthal specimen and hyaenas can be accounted for by much lower amounts of reindeer and much higher amounts of woolly rhinoceros and woolly mammoth in the dietary input of the Neanderthal specimen than in that of hyaenas, with relatively similar contributions of bovinae, large deer and horse for both predators, a conclusion consistent with the zooarchaeological data. The high proportion of very large herbivores, such as woolly rhinoceros and woolly mammoth, in Neanderthal's diet compare to that of the scavenging hyaenas suggests that Neanderthals could not acquire these prey through scavenging. They probably had to hunt for proboscideans and rhinoceros. Such a prey selection could result from a long lasting dietary tradition in Europe.
Animals↗
Diet and feeding patterns in high risk pre-school children.
A survey of 60 pre-school children both from Anglo-Saxon and Lebanese backgrounds collected detailed information on subjects' oral health status and dietary and feeding habits. Lebanese subjects had significantly higher caries experience (mean dmfs = 4.88) than Anglo-Saxon subjects (mean dmfs = 0.56). Subjects from the different backgrounds varied significantly also in the frequency of exposure to cariogenic agents and health practices. In each situation Lebanese children were exposed to higher risk factors than Anglo-Saxon children. Notwithstanding the association between variables, the best single predictor of variance in caries experience of subjects, explaining 23 per cent of the variance of dmfs, was the mother's level of education. Culturally relevant health education programmes need to address the specific requirements of high risk groups.
Animals↗
Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails.
Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human fingernails were measured in 490 individuals in the western US and 273 individuals in southeastern Brazil living in urban areas, and 53 individuals living in a moderately isolated area in the central Amazon region of Brazil and consuming mostly locally grown foods. In addition, we measured the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of common food items to assess the extent to which these isotopic signatures remain distinct for people eating both omnivorous and vegetarian diets and living in different parts of the world, and the extent to which dietary information can be interpreted from these analyses. Fingernail delta13C values (mean +/- standard deviation) were -15.4 +/- 1.0 and -18.8 +/- 0.8 per thousand and delta15N values were 10.4 +/- 0.7 and 9.4 +/- 0.6 per thousand for southeastern Brazil and western US populations, respectively. Despite opportunities for a "global supermarket" effect to swamp out carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in these two urbanized regions of the world, differences in the fingernail isotope ratios between southeastern Brazil and western US populations persisted, and appeared to be more associated with regional agricultural and animal production practices. Omnivores and vegetarians from Brazil and the US were isotopically distinct, both within and between regions. In a comparison of fingernails of individuals from an urban city and isolated communities in the Amazonian region, the urban region was similar to southeastern Brazil, whereas individuals from isolated nonurban communities showed distinctive isotopic values consistent with their diets and with the isotopic values of local foods. Although there is a tendency for a "global supermarket" diet, carbon and nitrogen isotopes of human fingernails hold dietary information directly related to both food sources and dietary practices in a region.
Brazil↗
Transient hypophagia in rats switched from high-fat diets with different fatty-acid pattern to a high-carbohydrate diet.
The present study investigates the mechanisms underlying the transient hypophagia occurring when rats adapted to high-fat, carbohydrate-free diets are switched to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets. The hypophagia after the high-fat, carbohydrate-free to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet shift seems to depend on the amount of carbohydrate in the diet, since an attenuation of hypophagia was observed when high-fat, carbohydrate-free-adapted rats were switched to a medium-carbohydrate, medium-fat diet. A role of glucose intolerance in the hypophagia is supported by the attenuation of carbohydrate anorexia in rats adapted to a high-fat diet containing n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil (60% of fat as fish oil), which has been shown to improve glucose tolerance in rats. Furthermore, the increased plasma glucose concentration in the high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet to high-carbohydrate, low-fat shifted rats despite the suppression in food intake also suggests an involvement of glucose intolerance in the hypophagia. The failure of the inhibitor of hepatic-fatty-acid oxidation mercaptoacetate (400 micromol/kg, i.p.) to counteract carbohydrate anorexia in the HF-adapted rats argues against an involvement of fatty-acids oxidation in the inhibition of eating after high-fat, carbohydrate-free to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet shift. This is also supported by the failure to demonstrate a relationship between plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and the severity of the hypophagia. A role of leptin in the hypophagia seems unlikely, since plasma leptin after diet shift was unchanged. Ingestion of the high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet also produced an aversion towards this diet in high-fat, carbohydrate-free-adapted rats. It is concluded that the transient hypophagia induced by switching rats from a high-fat to a high-carbohydrate diet is not related to fatty acid oxidation but to transiently impaired carbohydrate utilization.
Analysis of Variance↗
Patterns of individual diet choice and efficiency of foraging in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus).
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus) exhibit extensive intragroup variability in foraging and diet. To consider how age, sex, and individual identity contribute to this variability, the authors examined foraging and diet in 18 wedge-capped capuchin monkeys in 1 social group in the wild. Age-sex classes did not differ in the time spent ingesting food, the reliance on plant foods, the foraging actions used or substrates exploited, or in the efficiency of exploiting animal foods. They did differ, however, in the time spent finding food, time devoted to animal foods and to vigorous foraging, and the efficiency of foraging. The sexes differed more than age groups. Individual differences within age-sex class were less extensive than expected and were more evident in juveniles than adults. Within-group variability in foraging reflected catholic selection and equivalent treatment of substrates by all individuals, rather than individual specializations.
Age Factors↗
Nutritional pattern of the diet on the eve of decontrol.
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Diet↗
Diet and health: patterns matter most.
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Coronary Artery Disease↗
Effect of a histidine-excess diet on a tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate pattern in rat liver.
The effect of a histidine-excess diet on the hepatic folylpolyglutamate pattern in rat was studied. Rats were fed ad libitum 9.7% casein basal diets with 0.6% methionine (controls) or the basal diets with 3.5% histidine. The average daily weight gain and the food intake in histidine-supplemented rats (His-rats) did not significantly differ from controls. The liver weight in His-rats, however, was 50% higher than controls. Hepatic methyltetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (CH3-H4PteGlu5), and tetrahydropteroylmonoglutamate concentrations in His-rats was 5.7- and 2-fold higher than controls, respectively. The tetrahydropteroylpentaglutamate (H4PteGlu5) concentration in the His-rats was 74% lower than controls. Considering the homeostasis of folate cofactors in tissues, these results suggest that the hepatic regeneration systems for H4PteGlu5 in His-rats might be repressed and an apparent methylfolate trap might be attained rather on a pteroylpentaglutamate level than a monoglutamate level, and that the activity for catabolizing the excess histidine might exceed the regenerating activity for folate cofactors.
Animals↗
Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase from rat erythrocytes. Effect of fat-free diet.
Electrophoretic patterns of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from rat erythrocyte were studied. The enzyme was solubilized by the following treatments: a) Triton X-100, b) sodium deoxycholate, or c) ultrasonic irradiation. When the erythrocyte membrane was solubilized by Triton X-100 at concentrations higher than 0.3%, by 10 mM sodium deoxycholate, or by ultrasonic irradiation for more than 5 min, a single band of acetylcholinesterase activity appeared in the gel. Two bands of activity were stained in the gel when the membrane was solubilized by Triton X-100 at concentrations between 0.1--0.2%, or by ultrasound for 5 min. Electrophoretic patterns of acetylcholinesterase from rats fed a fat-sufficient diet were similar to those for the enzyme from animals fed a fat-free diet. The recombination of lipids with the enzyme eluted from the gels confirmed the "phenotypic allosteric desensitization phenomenon".
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Diet and physical activity patterns of Lakota Indian adults.
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed specific dietary practices and overall physical activity patterns of Lakota adults residing on Indian reservations in South Dakota. Perceived barriers to changing dietary and physical activity behaviors were also examined. DESIGN: A convenience sample of Lakota adults was surveyed. Data on consumption of higher-fat foods, fruit and vegetable intake, use of sugar-sweetened beverages, physical activity patterns, and barriers to change in diet and physical activity were collected via in-person interviews. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A total of 219 adults from 2 adjacent reservations in South Dakota participated. RESULTS: Higher-fat foods consumed most frequently included margarine and butter (32.0% > or = 5 times per week); eggs (30.1% > or = 5 times per week); whole milk (25.7% > or = 5 times per week); potato chips, corn chips, and popcorn (15.1% > or = 5 times per week); and bacon and sausage (13.3% > or = 5 times per week). Few subjects reported consuming fruit on a daily basis. Vegetables were consumed somewhat more frequently. Most subjects reported engaging in mild or moderate physical activities 3 or more times per week, although women were found to engage in moderate and strenuous physical activities less frequently than men. Major barriers to fruit intake included expense (16.4%), quality (14.2%), and availability (13.2%). Barriers to vegetable intake mentioned most frequently included availability (11.4%), cost (10.4%), and quality (9.1%). Taste was the most frequently mentioned barrier to cutting intake of high-fat foods (27.9%). Lack of child care (15.8%), lack of time (14.7%), and safety concerns (14.6%) were the most salient barriers to regular exercise. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition interventions are needed that address the major barriers to diet change reported by Lakota adults. Efforts to increase physical activity should focus on Lakota women and should address the identified barriers to regular exercise.
Adult↗
Maternal diet and fatty acid pattern of breast milk.
The effect of habitual maternal diet on the fatty acid composition of breast milk was evaluated by conducting a dietary survey of lactating mothers and by analyzing their breast milk samples. The mean energy intake of the mothers was 9.8 MJ during the first survey week (20 mothers, 6-8 weeks post partum) and 8.6 MJ during the second survey week (13 mothers, 17-22 weeks post partum). Protein, fat and carbohydrate intake comprised 16%, 39% and 45% of the total energy intake, respectively. The breast milk samples contained 3.8% fat. Half of the fatty acids of the diets and breast milk were saturated (S), and one third were monoenoic. Polyunsaturated (P) fatty acids comprised 15% in the diets and 13% in the breast milk. The average P/S ratio was 0.3 both in the diets and breast milk samples. Carbohydrate intake correlated negatively (p less than 0.05) with arachidic acid of breast milk, and both protein and fat intakes correlated positively (p less than 0.05) with palmitic acid of breast milk. The maternal diet had no effect on the total fat content of breast milk. A positive correlation was found between the saturated (p less than 0.05) and polyunsaturated (p less than 0.01) fatty acids of maternal diet and breast milk. As to the single fatty acids, the only significant correlation was found with linoleic acid (p less than 0.01). However, the variation of linoleic acid intake explained only about 27% of the variation occurring in the breast milk.
Animals↗