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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

A new approach to the study of diagnostic procedures in the United States.

Significant changes in the medical environment in the United States pose difficult questions for small medical specialties such as nuclear medicine. How do we get our voice heard in the debates that surround the reform process? What type of information is required to demonstrate the efficacy of nuclear medicine procedures? The older measures of sensitivity and specificity do not carry the same weight in health planning circles as they do in science. Data demonstrating the impact on the outcome for the patient are preferred. American nuclear medicine has started producing outcome data. We have high hopes that we can demonstrate to health planners both the medical and economic benefits of our specialty. Cardiac procedures seem to have an excellent chance of withstanding the challenges of analysis. Some oncologic procedures such as bone imaging are likely to survive unscathed as well. However, where procedure costs are very high, and the gains marginal, such as oncologic antibody imaging, there are serious questions about how these procedures will be reviewed. Likewise, while PET systems still hold great promise, unless data showing a positive impact on medical and economic outcome can be presented, this area is also in jeopardy. Where there is little challenge to the procedure, such as lung scanning, in all likelihood the procedure will retain its current place in the diagnostic algorithm. In closing, clearly as resources become increasingly scarce in medicine, difficult choices must be made. In the past, many of these decisions were made by those with the loudest voices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cost Control↗
PubMed1996

Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1996. Recommendations of an international panel. International AIDS Society-USA.

OBJECTIVE: To provide clinical recommendations for antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease with currently (mid 1996) available drugs. When to start therapy, what to start with, when to change, and what to change to were addressed. PARTICIPANTS: A 13-member panel representing international expertise in antiretroviral research and HIV patient care was selected by the international AIDS Society-USA. EVIDENCE: Available clinical and basic science data, including phase 3 controlled trials, clinical endpoint data, virologic and immunologic endpoint data, interim analyses, studies of HIV pathophysiology, and expert opinions of panel members were considered. Recommendations were limited to drugs available in mid 1996. PROCESS: For each question posed, 1 or more member(s) reviewed and presented available data. Recommendations were determined by group consensus (January 1996); revisions as warranted by new data were incorporated by group consensus (February-May 1996). CONCLUSIONS: Recent data on HIV pathogenesis, methods to determine plasma HIV RNA, clinical trial data, and availability of new drugs point to the need for new approaches to treatment. Therapy is recommended based on CD4+ cell count, plasma HIV RNA level, or clinical status. Preferred initial drug regimens include nucleoside combinations; at present protease inhibitors are probably best reserved for patients at higher progression risk. For treatment failure or drug intolerance, subsequent regimen considerations include reasons for changing therapy, available drug options, disease stage, underlying conditions, and concomitant medication(s). Therapy for primary (acute) infection, high-risk exposures to HIV, and maternal-to-fetal transmission are also addressed. Therapeutic approaches need to be updated as new data continue to emerge.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The complex forensic medical study of the bony remains from a burial long ago].

A complex of methods of forensic medical expert evaluation of bone rudiments, including identification osteological, spectral, histological, and biological studies, files of historical archives, archaeological and soil science data, helped tentatively determine the time of burial and assess the individual features of subjects buried at the territory of an ancient orthodox monastery.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Physiological and neuroendocrine correlates of social position in normotensive and hypertensive rat colonies.

The hypothesis to be tested was that socially dominant (D) males in a mixed gender rat colony will have: higher blood pressure (BP) decreased hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) activity measured by plasma corticosterone (C) and increased sympathetic activity measured by plasma noradrenaline (NA) as compared to socially subordinate (S) males. BP was measured continuously by implanted aortic telemetry (Data Sciences, MN), plasma noradrenaline measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection and plasma C by RIA. Colonies were established using 8 of each sex of 4 strains: SHR, WKY, and our two Y chromosome congenic strains, SHR/y and SHR/a. Social ranking was determined by physical scarring scores, overall locomotor activity and patrol behaviour. D males had higher BP (active dark cycle) across strains compared to subordinates S: SHR-180 vs 148 mmHg, WKY-145 vs 142 mmHg, SHR/y-185 vs 145 mmHg, SHR/a-180 vs 160 mmHg. Using an acute stressor, BP responsiveness was higher in D than in S SHR and SHR/y males. D males had higher NA levels than S males across strains: (SHR-76% increase, WKY-31% increase, SHR/y-29% increase, SHR/a-40% increase). S males had significantly higher C levels than D males across strains (SHR-29% increase, WKY-123% increase, SHR/y-25% increase, SHR/a-61% increase). The hypertensive Y chromosome (SHR or SHR/y) produced higher SBP during the active dark cycle in D males than in D males with a normotensive Y chromosome (WKY or SHR/a). In conclusion, D males from related hypertensive strains showed elevated sympathetic activity measured by plasma NA and reduced HPA activity measured by plasma C as compared to S males. (Supported by HL-48072-04).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

CRC Tissue Core Management System (TCMS): integration of basic science and clinical data for translational research.

The Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Research Consortium (CRC) consists of 9 geographically distributed sites conducting a program of research including both basic science and clinical components. The CRC TCMS was designed to capture and integrate basic science and clinical data sets. The system utilizes multiple data modeling methodologies and web-application platforms, and was designed with the high level objectives of providing an extensible, generalizable model for integrating data as required to conduct translational research.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a data warehouse in an academic health sciences center.

A data warehouse can provide significant benefits to a health care organization if successfully designed and implemented. The Clinical Data Repository (CDR) at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center improves access to needed data for clinical research and effective decision making at many levels of the organization. We conducted an evaluation of the CDR using a survey questionnaire and interviews of key executive leaders. Our results suggest factors that influence the initial decision to use an information resource, examine the impact of communication channels, and highlight key issues that determine the continued use and ultimate success of a healthcare data warehouse.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2002

Applications of computer software for the interpretation and management of mass spectrometry data in pharmaceutical science.

The rapid growth of mass spectrometry (MS)-based computer software applications has been fueled by the unprecedented need to capture and analyze MS data and provide the information necessary for decision-making. Shorter timelines and a significantly greater number of samples has resulted in a tremendous focus on streamlined approaches that provide scientists, managers, and executives the capability to readily obtain, or even request, the necessary information that leads to accelerated product development. The generation of analytical data using roboticized high-throughput hardware has produced a bottleneck since data can be generated faster than it can be analyzed. New techniques including MS/MS and accurate mass experiments are feasible only using computers to capture and manage the enormous amounts of data necessary to perform the experiments. Whatever the nature of the experiments conducted, the MS analysis strategy is to extract the appropriate information required for decision-making in as facile a manner as possible. We will review here a survey of the creation of commercial and laboratory specific reference databases and associated searching algorithms and also recent efforts to introduce advancedprocessing and analysis algorithms to the hands of the masses, specifically as an aid to structure elucidation.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Consequences of discrepancies between current data of the science and medical practice].

The target population for drug treatment is composed of all patients likely to benefit from it. It is defined on the basis of all the data collected during the clinical evaluation of the therapy (on the studied population). The dissemination population comprises those patients who are given the therapy once it has been released. Several surveys have shown that these two population do not coincide, although they should. The consequences of this gap can theoretically be measured. However, in order to do such an evaluation, we need relevant indices representing the consequences in terms of lack of expected benefit for the patients. We constructed models that represent the gap and its impact on life span and explored them by simulation. It came out that the consequences can be assessed in practice provided that outcome measurement technology is applied.

Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Analyzing multivariate flow cytometric data in aquatic sciences.

Flow cytometry has recently been introduced in aquatic ecology. Its unique feature is to measure several optical characteristics simultaneously on a large number of cells. Until now, these data have generally been analyzed in simple ways, e.g., frequency histograms and bivariate scatter diagrams, so that the multivariate potential of the data has not been fully exploited. This paper presents a way of answering ecologically meaningful questions, using the multivariate characteristics of the data. In order to do so, the multivariate data are reduced to a small number of classes by clustering, which reduces the data to a categorical variable. Multivariate pairwise comparisons can then be performed among samples using these new data vectors. The test case presented in the paper forms a time series of observations from which the new method enables us to study on the temporal evolution of cell types.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2000

U.K. science budget. Gene jocks, data crunchers hit jackpot.

Unveiling its science spending plan for the next 3 years, the U.K. government last week announced major new investments in three key areas: tracking disease genes, leveraging the Internet for data analysis, and supporting emerging industries such as nanotechnology and bioengineering. Although these programs cut across a range of disciplines funded by the U.K.'s science councils, the government also bestowed a long-anticipated gift on astronomers: membership in the European Southern Observatory, which will give U.K. researchers access to the world's largest optical telescope.

Budgets↗
PubMed1998

Credit for discoveries: citation data as a basis for history of science analysis.

Citation data have become an increasingly significant source of information for historians, sociologists, and other researchers studying the evolution of science. In the past few decades elaborate methodologies have been developed for the use of citation data in the study of the modern history of science. This article focuses on how citation indexes make it possible to trace the background and development of discoveries as well as to assess the credit that publishing scientists assign to particular discoverers. Kuhn's notion of discovery is discussed. The priority dispute over the discovery of the AIDS virus is used as an example.

HIV-1↗
PubMed2006

A future for models and data in environmental science.

Together, graphical models and the Bayesian paradigm provide powerful new tools that promise to change the way that environmental science is done. The capacity to merge theory with mechanistic understanding and empirical evidence, to assimilate diverse sources of information and to accommodate complexity will transform the collection and interpretation of data. As we discuss here, we specifically expect a shift from a focus on simple experiments with inflexible design and selection among models that embrace parts of processes to a synthesis of integrated process models. With this potential come new challenges, including some that are specific and technical and others that are general and will involve reexamination of the role of inference and prediction.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The Danish National Hospital Register. A valuable source of data for modern health sciences.

The Danish National Hospital Register (LPR) has collected nationwide data on all somatic hospital admissions since 1977, and since 1995 data on outpatients and emergency patients have been included as well. Numerous research projects have been undertaken in the national Danish context as well as in collaboration with international teams, and the LPR is truly a valuable source of data for health sciences, especially in epidemiology, health services research and clinical research. Nearly complete registration of somatic hospital events in Denmark is combined with ideal conditions for longterm follow-up due to the existence of a national system of unique person identification in a population of relative demographic stability. Examples of studies are provided for illustration within three main areas: I: Using LPR for surveillance of the occurrence of diseases and of surgical procedures, II: Using the Register as a sampling frame for longitudinal population based and clinical research, and III: Using the Register as a data source for monitoring outcomes. Data available from the Register as well as studies of the validity of the data are mentioned, and it is described how researchers may get access to the Register. The Danish National Hospital Register is well suited to contribute to international comparative studies with relevance for evidence-based medicine.

Denmark↗
PubMed1999

"Lifepoint": a case study in using social science community identification data to guide the implementation of a needle exchange program.

The public health benefits of needle exchange programs (NEPs) are well known. NEPs lower risk factors for HIV transmission by providing injection drug users (IDUs) with clean syringes and needles; harm reduction materials; and referrals to drug, sexually transmitted disease, mental health, and medical treatment facilities. While exchange programs continue to be implemented, there have been few reports illustrating how social science and community assessment research can be used to guide the development of NEPs. Using the Lifepoint needle exchange program in Milwaukee as a case study, this paper shows how social science methods can be used to understand IDU culture through the community identification process, link qualitative and observational findings to program decision making, and guide the implementation and operation of a needle exchange. The community identification process showed that there were different IDU subcultures in the city indicating that the NEP would need to be tailored to meet the distinctive needs of multiple drug use networks. Ethnographic field observations and key informant and systems representative interviews resulted in a two-stage NEP planning process that included a community task force on IDUs and of the development of methods to operationalize community assessment findings into the operating plan of the NEP. This process illustrates the importance of integrating a systematic community analysis in the planning of a NEP.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Interdisciplinary workshop yields new entomological data for forensic sciences: Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) established in North Carolina.

ABSTRACT Workshops are used for educating law enforcement personnel on the application of entomological, anthropological, and botanical techniques to gather forensically important information from a body recovery site. From 8 to 11 June 2004, such a workshop was conducted in the metropolitan area of Charlotte, NC, by the American Academy of Applied Forensics at Central Piedmont Community College. For this workshop, three pig carcasses weighing individually between 40 and 60 kg were placed in the field 4 June, whereas three pigs similar in size were placed in the field 7 June. During the afternoon session on 11 June, workshop participants collected three Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) third instar larvae from a pig carcass placed in the field on 7 June. These data represent the first records of this forensically important insect in North Carolina; furthermore, these data provide evidence of this species expansion into new geographic regions of the United States. This finding is an example of the benefits derived from an experiential and interdisciplinary approach to educating death scene investigators. Learners acquired new knowledge, put it into practice through the "body" recovery exercise, and ultimately contributed to science by way of the discovery and first documentation of a forensically important insect previously not known to inhabit North Carolina.

Animals↗