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PubMed1985

Skin test and RAST responses to wheat and common allergens and respiratory disease in bakers.

Interrelationships between skin and humoral tests for immediate hypersensitivity to wheat and indicators of respiratory disease were examined in 176 male bakers. Skin tests were assessed by measuring the diameter of the weal resulting from prick innoculation of allergen extract and circulating allergen-specific IgE by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Fifteen per cent of subjects showed positive skin-prick test responses to wheat extracts. These subjects demonstrated an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and of measurable bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. Thirty per cent of subjects had positive skin test responses to common allergens but negative responses to whole wheat. Compared to subjects with no positive skin test responses they had an increased prevalence of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine but a similar prevalence of respiratory symptoms. There was a significant association between skin test responses to whole wheat and skin test responses to common allergens suggesting that bakers with pre-existing sensitivity to common allergens are at increased risk of developing wheat flour sensitization. There was no significant difference between skin-prick test and RAST responses to wheat, water-soluble wheat protein and common allergens. Both tests showed similar relationships with indices of respiratory disease. The associations between skin test and RAST responses to wheat extracts and indices of respiratory disease was stronger for the water-soluble wheat proteins than for other wheat grain extracts. These results suggest that immediate hypersensitivity to wheat flour is important in the development of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity in bakers and that the water-soluble fractions of wheat flour are the most important allergenic components.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Allopolyploidy in wheat induces rapid and heritable alterations in DNA methylation patterns of cellular genes and mobile elements.

Whereas accumulating recent evidences indicate that allopolyploid formation in plants is accompanied by rapid and non-Mendelian genomic changes, some other works showed genomic stasis in both nascent and natural allopolyploids. To further study the issue, we performed global DNA fingerprinting of a newly synthesized allohexaploid wheat and its natural counterpart, the common wheat, by AFLP analysis. It was found that ca. 20% bands showed deviation from parental additivity in both synthetic and the natural common wheat. Sequence analysis indicates that a majority of the changed bands represent known-function genes and transposable elements. DNA gel blot analysis showed that the main type of changes in the amphiploid is epigenetic in nature, i.e., alteration in DNA methylation patterns. Two types of alterations in methylation, random and non-random, were detected, and both types were stably inherited. Possible causes and implications of the epigenetic changes in allopolyploid genome evolution and speciation are discussed.

DNA Methylation↗
PubMed2003

[Features of recombination of nuclear genome in back crossed offspring of barley-wheat hybrids Hordeum vulgare L. (2n=14) x Triticum aestivum L. (2n+42) with the use of SSR-analysis].

The backcross progenies of the barley-wheat hybrids Hordeum vulgare L. (2n = 14) x Triticum aestivum L. (2n = 42) and two alloplasmic lines derived from them were studied using microsatellite markers of barley and wheat. The F1 hybrids and first backcross plants BC1 contained the genetic material of both cultivated barley and the cultivars of common wheat involved in developing of these hybrid genotypes. The genomes of BC3, BC4, and alloplasmic lines contained no microsatellite markers of the cultivated barley, whereas chromosomes of each homeologous group of common wheat were identified. In chromosomes of backcross progenies BC3, BC4, and alloplasmic lines yielded by backcrosses of hybrids and various common wheat cultivars, microsatellite markers of the parental wheat cultivars were shown to undergo recombination.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed2004

[Revealing hereditary variation of winter hardiness in cereals].

A set of cereal crops and differentiating cultivars was shown to be of utility for identifying the major abiotic factors that limit the survival of winter crops in the cold season of a particular year. With this approach, the season was identified (1997-1998, Belgorod) when the survival of cereals depended on the tolerance to anaerobiosis rather than on the frost resistance. Differentiation of common wheat cultivars with respect to this property was attributed to a locus designated Win1 (Winter hardiness 1) and localized 3.2-5.8% recombination away from the B1 (awnlessness) gene. Winter barley (cultivar Odesskii 165) displayed the highest tolerance to anaerobiosis in the cold season; low and intermediate tolerance was established for winter durum wheat (cultivar Alyi Parus) and winter common wheat, respectively. Frost resistance and winter hardiness type 1 proved to be determined by different genetic systems, which showed no statistical association. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations of frost resistance in the field (1996-1997, Belgorod) with productivity, sedimentation index, plant height, and vegetation period in wheat. Statistical analysis associated frost resistance with gliadin-coding alleles of homeologous chromosomes 1 and 6 of the A, B, and D wheat genomes.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2005

Large deletions within the first intron in VRN-1 are associated with spring growth habit in barley and wheat.

The broad adaptability of wheat and barley is in part attributable to their flexible growth habit, in that spring forms have recurrently evolved from the ancestral winter growth habit. In diploid wheat and barley growth habit is determined by allelic variation at the VRN-1 and/or VRN-2 loci, whereas in the polyploid wheat species it is determined primarily by allelic variation at VRN-1. Dominant Vrn-A1 alleles for spring growth habit are frequently associated with mutations in the promoter region in diploid wheat and in the A genome of common wheat. However, several dominant Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 (common wheat) and Vrn-H1 (barley) alleles show no polymorphisms in the promoter region relative to their respective recessive alleles. In this study, we sequenced the complete VRN-1 gene from these accessions and found that all of them have large deletions within the first intron, which overlap in a 4-kb region. Furthermore, a 2.8-kb segment within the 4-kb region showed high sequence conservation among the different recessive alleles. PCR markers for these deletions showed that similar deletions were present in all the accessions with known Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 alleles, and in 51 hexaploid spring wheat accessions previously shown to have no polymorphisms in the VRN-A1 promoter region. Twenty-four tetraploid wheat accessions had a similar deletion in VRN-A1 intron 1. We hypothesize that the 2.8-kb conserved region includes regulatory elements important for the vernalization requirement. Epistatic interactions between VRN-H2 and the VRN-H1 allele with the intron 1 deletion suggest that the deleted region may include a recognition site for the flowering repression mediated by the product of the VRN-H2 gene of barley.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

[Genealogic analysis of the resistance of winter wheat to common bunt].

Comparative genealogical analysis of North American (the United States and Canada) and Eastern European (Russia and Ukraine) winter wheat cultivars resistant and susceptible to common bunt has been performed. Analysis of variance applied to North American wheats has demonstrated that resistant and susceptible cultivars significantly differ from each other with respect to the contributions of common ancestors. The contributions of Oro (Bt4 and Bt7), Rio (Bt6), White Odessa (Bt1), and Florence (Bt3) to the resistant cultivars are significantly higher than their contributions to the susceptible ones. This demonstrates that the use of these resistance donors in wheat breeding for several decades has been effective. The contribution of PI-178383 (Bt8, Bt9, and Bt10) is considerably higher in the group of resistant cultivars bred after 1965. The mean contributions of Federation (Bt7) and Nebred (Bt4) are significantly higher in the group of resistant cultivars obtained before 1965; however, the differences in the contributions of these donors between new resistant and susceptible cultivars became nonsignificant. Among the Russian and Ukrainian cultivars, there are differences between groups of resistant and susceptible cultivars from different regions determined by the differences between the regional populations of the pathogen in racial composition. In the northern region, the contributions of the wheat grass (Agropyron glaucum) and the rye cultivar Eliseevskaya are significantly higher in the resistant cultivars; in the southern region, a local cultivar of the Odessa oblast is the prevalent resistant cultivar. In addition, cultivar Yaroslav Emmer is likely to be effective in the northern region; and foreign sources (Oro, Florence, Federation, and Triticum timopheevii), in the southern region. Very few sources of vertical resistance to common bunt are used for winter wheat breeding in Russia and Ukraine. The decrease in genetic diversity in favor of a few identical genes may cause adequate changes in the pathogen population and subsequent proliferation of the pathogen on the genetically identical substrate. A new interpretation of the resistance of line Lutescens 6028 as a source of new genes, Bt12 and Bt13, is suggested. Both genealogical and segregation analyses have shown that the genes determining the resistance of this line may be identical to those described earlier (Bt1, Bt3, Bt4, Bt6, and Bt7); and the high resistance of this line is determined by a combination of these genes.

Plant Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Variation in coxII intron in the wild ancestral species of wheat.

To study the maternal lineage and evolution of polyploid species of wheat, variation in mitochondrial DNA was investigated in Triticum and Aegilops by PCR-aided RFLP analysis. A 1.3 kb region containing the intron of coxII was studied using 20 accessions from five species of Sitopsis section of Aegilops, one species of Einkorn wheat, four species of tetraploid wheat, and one species of common wheat. Only three restriction site changes and a single deletion/insertion were found among 884 restriction fragments surveyed. This fact suggests the highly conserved nature of this region within Triticum and Aegilops. Four haplo-types were recognized in coxII intron. A parsimonious relationship indicated that three haplo-types were independently derived from one prototype which was found in wild Einkorn and Aegilops species except for Ae. speltoides. All but one accession of Ae. speltoides possessed a derivative haplo-type, common in Timopheevi wheat. The result supported the hypothesis that Ae. speltoides donated the G genome to Timopheevi wheat; however did not agree with that Ae. speltoides was the B genome donor to the Emmer and common wheat.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1994

New 18S.26S ribosomal RNA gene loci: chromosomal landmarks for the evolution of polyploid wheats.

Three new 18S.26S rRNA gene loci were identified in common wheat by sequential N-banding and in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis. Locus Nor-A7 is located at the terminal area of the long arm of 5A in both diploid and polyploid wheats. Locus Nor-B6 is located in N-band 1BL2.5 of the long arm of chromosome 1B in Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum. ISH sites, similar to Nor-B6, were also detected on the long arms of chromosomes 1G in Triticum timopheevii and 1S in Aegilops speltoides, but their locations on the chromosomes were different from that of Nor-B6, indicating possible chromosome rearrangements in 1GL and 1BL during evolution. The third new locus, Nor-D8, was only found on the short arm of chromosome 3D in the common wheat Wichita. The loss of rRNA gene locus Nor-A3 and gain of repetitive DNA sequence pSc119 on the terminal part of 5AS suggest a structural modification of 5AS. Comparative studies of the location of the 18S.26S rRNA gene loci in polyploid wheats and putative A and B (G) genome progenitor species support the idea that: (1) Triticum monococcum subsp. urartu is the donor of both the A and A(t) genome of polyploid wheats. (2) Ae. speltoides is closer to the B and G genome of polyploid wheats than Aegilops longissima and is the most probable progenitor of these two genomes.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1999

Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat: nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility results in differential processing of the mitochondrial orf25 gene.

An alloplasmic wheat line with the cytoplasm of Aegilops crassa expresses photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS). Southern- and Northern-hybridization analyses showed that this line contains alterations in both the gene structure and transcription patterns of the mitochondrial gene orf25. In this study, the nucleotide sequence around the orf25 gene of Ae. crassa (CR-orf25) and common wheat (AE-orf25) was determined, and we found that the upstream region of CR-orf25 had been replaced by that of rps7 of common wheat (AE-rps7) through recombination. A novel open reading frame (orf48) is present upstream of CR-orf25. In these three genes, transcription was initiated from the consensus promoter motif of plant mitochondrial genes located in the upstream regions. Processing enzymes in Ae. crassa and common wheat cleave the respective precursor mRNAs, namely CR-orf25 and AE-rps7, at sites similar to that of the premature mitochondrial 26S rRNA. In contrast, the precursor mRNA is not effectively processed at the target sequence of CR-orf25 in the alloplasmic wheat line. Because major transcripts of the euplasmic CR-orf25 and AE-rps7 genes would result in a truncated orf48 product, one possibility is that the orf48 protein might disturb mitochondrial function at a specific stage and hence affect the expression of the PCMS trait.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

[Detection of the introgression of genome elements of the Aegilops cylindrica host. into the Triticum aestivum L. genome by ISSR and SSR analysis].

To reveal sites of the donor genome in wheat crossed with Aegilops cylindrica, which acquired conferred resistance to fungal diseases, a comparative analysis of introgressive and parental forms was conducted. Two systems of PCR analysis, ISSR and SSR-PCR, were employed. Upon use of 7 ISSR primers in genotypes of 30 individual plants BC1 F9 belonging to lines 5/55-91 and 5/20-91, 19 ISSR loci were revealed and assigned to introgressive fragments of Aegilops cylindrica genome in Triticum aestivum. The 40 pairs of SSR primers allowed the detection of seven introgressive alleles; three of these alleles were located on common wheat chromosomes in the B genome, while four alleles, in the D genome. Based on data of microsatellite analysis, it was assumed that the telomeric region of the long arm of common wheat chromosome 6A also changed. ISSR and SSR methods were shown to be effective for detecting variability caused by introgression of foreign genetic material into the genome of common wheat.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Phenotypic assessment and mapped markers for H31, a new wheat gene conferring resistance to Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).

A new source of resistance to the highly virulent and widespread biotype L of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), was identified in an accession of tetraploid durum wheat, Triticum turgidum Desf., and was introgressed into hexaploid common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Genetic analysis and deletion mapping revealed that the common wheat line contained a single locus for resistance, H31, residing at the terminus of chromosome 5BS. H31 is the first Hessian fly-resistance gene to be placed on 5BS, making it unique from all previously reported sources of resistance. AFLP analysis identified two markers linked to the resistance locus. These markers were converted to highly specific sequence-tagged site markers. The markers are being applied to the development of cultivars carrying multiple genes for resistance to Hessian fly biotype L in order to test gene pyramiding as a strategy for extending the durability of deployed resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic relationships of five morphological groups of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) based on RAPD analysis.

The genetic relationships among the five groups of hexaploid wheat: common, spelta, macha, vavilovii, and semi-wild wheat (SWW) are not clear. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to assess phylogenetic relationships among these five morphological groups of hexaploid wheat. RAPD data were analyzed using the NTSYS-PC computer program to generate Jaccard genetic similarity coefficients. A dendrogram based on RAPD analysis grouped 15 accessions into five distinct clusters. These results are in agreement with those based on morphological classification, suggesting that common wheat is most closely related to SWW, followed by spelta, vavilovii, and macha.

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel↗
PubMed2000

[Comparative genetic analysis of the hexaploid wheat Triticum petropavlovskyi Udasz. et Migusch. and Triticum aestivum L].

A poorly studied species of hexaploid wheat Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. was compared with common wheat Triticum aestivum L. by means of monosomic and genetic analyses of F2 hybrids. Triticum petropavlovskyi was found to carry 13 dominant genes determining its morphological and physiological characters and regular bivalent conjugation of chromosomes. These genes were allelic to the respective genes of common wheat and were located in the same chromosomes. The modes of gene interaction were also the same. There was simple dominance for most genes studied and complementary interaction for the genes of hybrid dwarfism and hybrid necrosis. Triticum petropavlovskyi had the following dominant genes: Hg (downy glume); Rg1 (red glume color); Hl (downy leaf); Hn (downy node); Pa (pubescent auricles); Q (speltlike ears); D1 (grass-clump dwarfism); Ne1 (hybrid necrosis); Ph1 and Ph2 (genes of bivalent conjugation preventing homoeologous chromosomes from pairing); and Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3, and Vrn4 (genes of the spring habit). The gene Vrn1, which caused an increase in ear emergence time and a pronounced response to vernalization, was poorly expressed. T. petropavlovskyi was earlier demonstrated to have a species-specific gene P or Eg (elongated glume), which was not allelic to the gene Eg of the tetraploid T. polonicum L. The data obtained indicate that T. petropavlovskyi has originated from T. aestivum via mutations.

Polyploidy↗
PubMed2025

An elegant co-transformation strategy for recalcitrant wheat using morphogenic regulators.

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital global crop, but many elite cultivars remain recalcitrant to genetic transformation, hindering functional genomics and crop improvement. Here, we developed an efficient co-transformation strategy for recalcitrant wheat varieties (e.g., Aikang58 and Xinong979) using the morphogenic gene mTaGRF4-TaGIF1. This approach entails mixing Agrobacterium tumefaciens cultures carrying two separate vectors: a standard gene-of-interest (GOI) vector (containing a selectable marker) and a gene-of-co-transformation vector (GOC, expressing mTaGRF4-TaGIF1 without a selectable marker). Co-transformation enhanced regeneration efficiency to ~37.38% in AK58, a marked improvement over conventional methods, enabling consistent recovery of transgenic plants. Among regenerants, ~63.25% carried both GOI and GOC (GOI&GOC), while ~11.92% contained only the GOI. Only-GOI plants could also be obtained through progeny segregation from GOI&GOC lines. We successfully generated GUS- and RUBY-expressing transgenic lines, as well as CRISPR-Cas9-edited mutants targeting Q and Ph1 genes, confirming the method's efficacy for both gain-of-function and genome editing application. Furthermore, the strategy was successfully extended to another recalcitrant variety Xinong979, demonstrating its potential for broad applicability. Unlike existing methods dependent on complex excision systems or tissue-specific promoters, our co-transformation methodology significantly simplifies both vector design and procedural workflow while maintaining high efficiency. Collectively, these findings establish a technically advanced yet operationally simplified transformation platform that addresses the long-standing challenge of genetic transformation in recalcitrant wheat varieties, providing researchers with a powerful tool for functional genomics studies and accelerating precision breeding programs in elite wheat cultivars.

Triticum↗
PubMed2006

[Development of Dasypyrum genome specific marker by using wheat microsatellites].

One hundred and two SSR primer pairs, distributed in chromosome 1A to 7A, 1B to 7B, 1D to 7D of Triticum aestivum, were investigated on Dasypyrum breviaristatum, D.villosum, wheat-Dasypyrum amphiploids and its derivatives, with the control of common wheat Chinese Spring and elite wheat cultivars. A specific polymorphic DNA fragment of about 400 bp (415 bp-long by sequenced, named Xgwm301/415) amplified by primer pair Xgwm301 was obtained in all lines containing Dasypyrum chromosomes, but there were not the case in the tested common wheat. Furthermore, PCR analysis was performed on a set of T. aestivum-Dasypyrum addition, the result showed that all the seven pairs of villosum chromosomes contain Xgwm301/415. Therefore, Xgwm301/415 is a genome-specific polymorphic DNA segment for genera of Dasypyrum, and it could be used as a molecular marker for detection of chromosomes of Dasypyrum in wheat.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

[Electrophoretic analysis of buckwheat flour compared with regular wheat flour].

The composition of the alcohol soluble proteins (prolamins) obtained from buckwheat meal and common wheat flour by two procedures were analysed by electrophoresis at pH 3.1 and, after dissociation, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate at pH 8. The profiles obtained from the prolamin fraction of buckwheat were very different, qualitatively and quantitatively, from those of the prolamin of common wheat. It is probable therefore that the adverse effects associated with the presence of wheat gliadin in diets of patients with celiac disease would be reduced and possibly avoided if wheat flour were replaced by flour from buckwheat.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed2003

Wheat proteomics: relationship between fine chromosome deletion and protein expression.

To explore the relationship between fine chromosome deletion and protein expression in common wheat, the changes in protein composition of wheat seed proteome were investigated by using chromosome 1B. A momosomic alien chromosome addition line of common wheat was used to produce the fine deletion lines. Endosperm and embryo proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and visualized by staining with Commassie Brilliant Blue, and gel images were analyzed with a computer assisted image analyzer. For the first time, fine gene locations of a few endosperm and embryo proteins were identified on the chromosome 1B. These proteins with their specific gene location on the chromosome can be used as protein markers in breeding programs for quality of wheat proteins. To identify wheat seed proteins and to understand their expression in relation to chromosome deletion, the feasibility of a new analytical approach based on isotope coded affinity tag labeling (ICAT) of peptides in tryptic digests followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been described. Simplification of the complex tryptic digest prior to mass spectral analysis was performed by treating the samples with light and heavy ICAT labeling reagents. A clear separation of peptide fragment containing the light and heavy reagents was achieved in mass spectral analysis. Out of the 14 peptides detected by mass fragment analysis of the euploid, four were down-regulated, nine up-regulated and one did not show any change due to the terminal deletion of chromosome 1B. Selected peptide fragments were subjected to tandem mass spectrometry analysis for sequence information and the resulting sequence information was submitted to databases for protein identification. Of the five proteins submitted, four were identified as alpha-amylase inhibitor, alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor precursor, proteasome subunit alpha-type 7 and 1,4 alpha-glucan-D-maltohydrolase. With this approach it is possible to identify wheat seed proteins and to understand their expression, which have been reported to be difficult by 2-DE due to cosynthesis of proteins by genes from three genomes, A, B and D.

Chromosome Deletion↗
PubMed2000

Molecular cloning of three homoeologous cDNAs encoding orthologs of the maize KNOTTED1 homeobox protein from young spikes of hexaploid wheat.

The plant knotted1 (kn1)-like homeobox genes are known to play important roles in the maintenance of shoot apical meristem (SAM), determination of cell fate and differentiation of vegetative tissues. To study structural diversity of the three homologous loci encoding a KN1-like homeobox protein in the hexaploid wheat genome, we isolated clones from a cDNA library of young spikes of Japanese common wheat cultivar 'Norin 26'. Three different but highly homologous cDNAs were isolated and their sequences were determined. The mean homology of the deduced amino acid sequences was 96% as compared to the barley ortholog KNOX3. The wheat kn1-like homeobox proteins named WKNOX1 are encoded by a single set of homologous genes on the homologous group 4 chromosomes in the three component genomes of common wheat, i.e. 4A, 4B and 4D. The nucleotide sequence data and the Southern blot pattern suggested that the three homologous loci of wknox1 genes are highly conserved through polyploid evolution of wheat. They were expressed in SAM-containing shoots and young spikes but not in developed leaves, glumes and lemmas and callus tissues. The ectopic expression of the wknox1 was observed in lemma of wheat Hooded (Hd) mutants. The result suggested that the Hd gene is a dominant allele of the wknox1 locus on chromosome 4A.

Amino Acid Sequence↗