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PubMed2004

Paradigm shifts in medical and dental education: behavioural sciences and behavioural medicine.

Psychosomatic and behavioural medicine have a long tradition in Hungary. In this paper, we highlight the possibilities of teaching behavioural medicine and behavioural science in the medical and dental curricula, particularly in the field of health promotion and prevention. There are a number of possibilities for dentists in the fields of behavioural science in both research and health policy. There is a need for closer integration of teaching, research and health policy in both general medicine and dentistry, and both doctors and dentists must approach their patients in a holistic way.

Behavioral Medicine↗

PubMed1985

Rotational behaviour elicited by intracerebral injections of apomorphine and pergolide in 6-hydroxy-dopamine-lesioned rats. II: The striatum of the rat is heterogeneously organized for rotational behaviour.

The present study compares the role of the nucleus accumbens and the striatum, as well as various regions of the striatum, in the ability of intracerebral injections of the dopamine agonists apomorphine and pergolide to elicit rotational behaviour in 6-hydroxy-dopamine-lesioned rats. We found that apomorphine and pergolide elicit rotational behaviour when injected into the denervated striatum, but not when injected into the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens. The striatum seems heterogeneously organized as regards rotational behaviour since maximal-apomorphine rotation was elicited from the corpus of the striatum as compared to the effects produced by injections into the head and the tail of the striatum. This topographical distribution is similar to the distribution of dopamine-stimulated cyclic AMP. The pergolide response is more evenly distributed in the striatum. It is suggested that the difference in the topographical distribution of the ability of apomorphine and pergolide to elicit rotational behaviour reflects a regional distribution of dopamine receptors in the striatum of the rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Comparison of behavioural effects of repeated treatment with methamphetamine plus scopolamine and methamphetamine alone on behavioural sensitization and conditioned response.

We investigated how repeated treatments with methamphetamine (4.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) plus scopolamine (0.5 mg kg-1, i.p.) and methamphetamine alone effected behavioural sensitization and conditioned response in rats. Repeated methamphetamine plus scopolamine treatment induced a more progressive and enduring enhancement of focused stereotyped behaviour than repeated methamphetamine treatment. Stereotyped behaviour induced by methamphetamine plus scopolamine was reproduced by challenge injections of methamphetamine plus scopolamine, methamphetamine, and to a lesser extent by scopolamine challenges. The methamphetamine plus scopolamine-sensitized rats were conditioned to a low frequency tone (300 Hz, 100 dB) associated with the drug state. They exhibited a conditioned response to pairings of the tone (conditioned stimulus) and placebo injections. However, they did not respond to the tone alone or the placebo injections alone. The methamphetamine-sensitized rats failed to demonstrate any conditioning; only the repeated methamphetamine plus scopolamine treatment induced sensitization to the drug-associated tone. Pairings of exteroceptive conditioned stimulus-interoceptive unconditioned stimulus associations may provide an important source for conditioning to the tone associated with the drug state. We conclude that behavioural sensitization may operate via a reciprocal balance between the dopaminergic and cholinergic inhibitory systems, in favour of a dopaminergic dominance. Conditioning to the drug-associated tone may be mediated via a reciprocal balance between the two transmitter systems.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Influence of family type and parenting behaviours on teenage sexual behaviour and conceptions.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal data were used to explore relations between teenage pregnancy, sexual behaviour, and family type. The study examined whether students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiated families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and whether such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input into sex education. Up to date longitudinal UK research on family influences on conceptions is lacking, as is longitudinal research on family influences on sexual behaviour. No previous studies have comprehensively examined effects of parenting behaviours. Unlike previous research, this study tested theories suggesting that parenting deficits among lone parent and teenage initiated families increase risk of teenage pregnancy among their children. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data from a trial of sex education. RESULTS: Girls and boys from lone parent families or having mothers who were teenagers when they were born were more likely to report sex but not lack of contraception at first sex by age 15/16. Girls and boys with mothers having them as teenagers, and boys but not girls from lone parent families, were more likely to report being involved in conceptions by age 15/16. Only the association between teenage mother family and girls' conceptions was reduced by adjusting for a parenting behaviour measure. CONCLUSIONS: Students from lone parent families or having mothers who were teenagers when they were born are more likely to report early sexual debut and conceptions by age 15/16, but this is not generally explained by parenting style.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Rejection behaviour: a human homologue of the abnormal behaviour of Denny-Brown and Chambers' monkey with bilateral parietal ablation.

A unique behavioural syndrome in humans followed two separate strokes involving both parietotemporal regions. The behavioural alterations resemble those of Denny-Brown and Chambers' monkey with bilateral ablation of the parietal lobe which were characterised by strong withdrawal or refusal to be touched on the limbs and head. In both humans and animals, touch on the limbs or head elicited exaggerated withdrawal movements and refusal to be touched on the lips and tongue resulted in difficulty in feeding. These behavioural alterations can be interpreted as loss of exploratory activities towards extrapersonal space, or more positively, as rejection of contact with the environment. This rejection behaviour in which tactile, visual, and/or gustatory exploration tendencies are altered, is a counterpart of human frontal lobe syndrome and human Klüver-Bucy syndrome.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol neuro-behavioural teratogenesis in the guinea pig: behavioural dysfunction and hippocampal morphologic change.

Ethanol neuro-behavioural teratogenesis was studied in the guinea pig because of its extensive prenatal brain development. Our objective was to study, in the offspring of the guinea pig, behavioural and hippocampal morphologic effects produced by chronic maternal administration of 3 and 4 g ethanol.kg body weight-1 x day-1. Pregnant guinea pig received one of the following chronic treatments via intubation into the oral cavity: 3 or 4 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 as two equally divided doses 2 h apart: isocaloric sucrose and pair feeding; or water. Five litters were obtained for each treatment. Locomotor activity rate was determined on postnatal days 10, 20, and 60, and testing of the spontaneous alteration task was conducted beginning on postnatal days 22 and 62. After behavioural testing, the hippocampus of the brain of randomly selected guinea pig offspring of each treatment group was assessed histologically by light microscopic examination of cresyl violet stained coronal sections. The 3 and 4 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 regimens did not restrict maternal body weight gain or growth of the offspring. Both regimens increased locomotor activity rate in the offspring, which persisted into adulthood for the 4 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 regimen. Neither ethanol regimen impaired spontaneous alternation, but the 4 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 regimen increased the percent completed trials. Only the 4 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 regimen produced structural injury in the hippocampus, consisting of a 25% decrease in the number of CA1 pyramidal neurons. The data demonstrate that the 4 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 regimen produces more behavioural dysfunction and hippocampal morphologic change compared with the 3 g ethanol.kg-1 x day-1 regimen.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A stage model of blood donor behaviour: assessing volunteer behaviour.

Are there valid stages to explain blood donor behaviour? Three studies (event contingent diary, interview and psychometric) are reported that address this question. Stage and process constructs from the transtheoretical model (TTM), past behaviour and intentions are measured. The qualitative studies demonstrated that blood donors describe their behaviour using TTM constructs. The psychometric study identified: (1) groupings of blood donors consistent with Ferguson's (1996) stage predictions; (2) TTM constructs varied meaningfully as a function of these groupings; (3) associations within clusters indicated qualitatively distinct stages; and (4) TTM constructs showed incremental validity over intentions with respect to past behaviour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Psychological pain treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: efficacy of operant behavioural and cognitive behavioural treatments.

The present study focused on the evaluation of the effects of operant behavioural (OBT) and cognitive behavioural (CBT) treatments for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). One hundred and twenty-five patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for FMS were randomly assigned to OBT (n = 43), CBT (n = 42), or an attention-placebo (AP) treatment (n = 40) that consisted of discussions of FMS-related problems. Assessments of physical functioning, pain, affective distress, and cognitive and behavioural variables were performed pre-treatment and post-treatment as well as 6 and 12 months post-treatment. Patients receiving the OBT or CBT reported a significant reduction in pain intensity post-treatment (all Fs > 3.89, all Ps < 0.01). In addition, the CBT group reported statistically significant improvements in cognitive (all Fs > 7.95, all P < 0.01) and affective variables (all Fs > 2.99, all Ps < 0.02), and the OBT group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in physical functioning and behavioural variables (all Fs > 5.99, all Ps < 0.001) compared with AP. The AP group reported no significant improvement but actually deterioration in the outcome variables. The post-treatment effects for the OBT and CBT groups were maintained at both the 6- and 12-month follow-ups. These results suggest that both OBT and CBT are effective in treating patients with FMS with some differences in the outcome measures specifically targeted by the individual treatments compared with an unstructured discussion group. The AP group showed that unstructured discussion of FMS-related problems may be detrimental.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The influences of continuation intentions on execution of social behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour.

This study explores the predictive accuracy of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in relation to continuation of intentions. Three studies examined the hypothesis that continuation intentions of success and continuation intentions of failure would improve utility of the TPB in predicting and promoting social behaviour. As a new construct, continuation intentions of success and continuation intentions of failure aim to describe people's readiness to continue performance of an activity under conditions that signify successful and unsuccessful progress at behavioural outcomes. As predicted, Study 1 (N = 222, male = 107, female = 115, age = 14.62 yrs, SD = 1.45) and Study 2 (N = 200, male = 101, female = 98, age = 14.29 yrs, SD = .92) showed that continuation intentions of success and continuation intentions of failure contributed to the prediction of physical activity over and above components of the TPB, past behaviour and perceived progress. Study 3 (N = 93, male = 50, female = 42, age = 20.53 yrs, SD = 3.36), a study of food choice, manipulated continuation intentions and showed that participants who formed continuation intentions were more likely to eat five portions of fruit and/or vegetables than participants in a control group. Together, these findings underscore the theoretical as well as practical importance of distinguishing between intentions and continuation intentions, and the need for influence attempts to manipulate continuation intentions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Behavioural treatment for sleep problems in children with severe intellectual disabilities and daytime challenging behaviour: effect on mothers and fathers.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess the mental state of mothers and fathers following successful behavioural intervention for sleep problems in such children. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial of behavioural interventions for sleep problems. METHODS: Parents of 15 children with severe intellectual disabilities, severe sleep problems, and challenging daytime behaviour received treatment for the child's sleep problem and were compared with 15 controls who received no treatment. Parental stress, sleepiness, locus of control, perceived control, and satisfaction with aspects of sleep were assessed. RESULTS: Successful treatment benefited the mothers, reducing stress, increasing perceived control and making them more satisfied with their sleep, their child's sleep, and their ability to cope with their child's sleep. Positive effects in the fathers were limited to increased satisfaction with their own sleep and their child's sleep; fathers tended to feel less control following treatment. Maternal sleepiness and perceived control, and aspects of parental satisfaction showed improvements in both the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSION: The effects of childhood sleep problems, and their resolution using behavioural interventions, may be different in mothers and fathers. This highlights the need to assess all family members in order to gain a greater understanding of how best to help families as a whole. The improvements in both control and treatment groups indicate that there may be non-specific effects of taking part in the study that played a therapeutic role.

Clinical Trial↗

PubMed1978

Effects of anti-oestrogen treatment of neonatal male rats on lordosis behaviour and mounting behaviour in the adult.

Male rats were treated daily with 100 microgram of the anti-oestrogen ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25) or oil during the first 10 days of life and tested for lordosis behaviour and mounting behaviour as intact adults, after castration and after castration and oestradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate treatment. The MER-25-treated rats showed higher levels of lordosis behaviour than oil-treated rats in all four treatment groups. Under each of these endocrine conditions, except after castration alone, the MER-25-treated rats showed a reduced capacity to ejaculate. Treatment of the neonatal rat with MER-25 reduced body weight in adulthood but did not change the weight of the accessory sexual glands, the testes, the number of cornified papillae on the glans penis or plasma testosterone concentrations during development. The response of the accessory sexual glands and cornified papillae on the glans penis to treatment with oestradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate after castration in adulthood was unaffected by treatment with MER-25. It is suggested that formation of oestrogen in the neonatal male rat brain from testosterone in the circulation inhibits the capacity to show lordosis behaviour and facilitates the capacity to ejaculate in response to ejaculate in response to gonadal hormone treatment in adulthood.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of exposure to pups on maternal behaviour, sexual behaviour and serum prolactin concentrations in male rats.

Male rats showed maternal behaviour within 72 h after the onset of continuous exposure to newborn rat pups. The latency of the behavioural response could be reduced by daily treatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone (2 X 2.5 mg/rat), which increased serum prolactin concentrations (241.4 +/- 26.5 (S.E.M.) micrograms/l) above those of vehicle-treated males exposed to pups (25.3 +/- 11.7 micrograms/l). Male rats did not respond to exposure to pups by secreting prolactin; keeping endogenous prolactin concentrations at a minimum (2.8 +/- 0.1 micrograms/l) by daily treatment with the dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine (0.5 mg/rat) did not affect the behavioural response of male rats to newborn pups. Neither exposure to pups nor the modest hyperprolactinaemia induced by daily domperidone treatment affected the display of male sexual behaviour by male rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Measuring risk and related behaviour with the Behavioural Status Index (BSI): some preliminary psychometric studies.

British Special Hospitals are key caregivers for mentally disordered individuals who may display extreme anti-social and challenging behaviour. Assessment of risk and related diurnal behaviour is central to treatment planning for these patients. This paper describes a behaviourally based assessment instrument to assist in the process of the assessment of these 'risky' and related diurnal behaviour. Results of some early data analysis are reported.

Aggression↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropeptide Y and behaviour: effects of intrastriatal NPY on circling behaviour of rats.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family and consists of 36 amino acids, sharing sequence homologies with the putative gut hormone peptides YY and PP. NPY dose-dependently stimulates food intake when administered icv into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of rats. Icv NPY has also been reported to decrease locomotor activity, rearing and grooming behaviour. Little behavioural research focusing on other unconditioned behaviours has been conducted. However, intrastriatal injections of NPY have been shown to increase dopamine (DA) turnover there. As unilateral manipulations of central DA result in turning away from the side of higher DA activity, it is of interest to evaluate the effects of intrastriatal NPY on this behaviour. Preliminary results indicate that NPY produces a significant contralateral turning bias when injected directly into the striatum. This raises the intriguing possibility that contralateral turning induced by intrastriatal NPY may be mediated by DA.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students. Part VI. Road-related behaviour.

The prevalence of a wide range of risk-taking behaviour among high-school students in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, was investigated. In this article, the findings for road-related behaviour are presented. Cluster sampling techniques produced a sample of 7,340 students from 16 schools in the three major education departments. A self-administered questionnaire was completed in a normal school period. Estimates for each education department were weighted to produce an overall estimate. During the previous year, 8.5% of the students had been involved in a motor vehicle accident, and 7.4% had been injured in a pedestrian accident. Of those who had driven a vehicle, 63.2% reported driving without a licence; 16.1% drove an overcrowded vehicle; and 8% reported driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis. Of those who had been on a motorcycle, 47.9% reported riding without a helmet. Despite the availability of seat belts, 37.3% had failed to wear one on the last occasion they were in the front seat of a vehicle. Variations according to gender, standard, and home language(s) were identified. The prevalence of risk behaviour was higher in males, who also showed a more pronounced increase in such behaviour with age. The need for accident prevention programmes remains urgent.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1993

Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students. Part VII. Violent behaviour.

The prevalence of a wide range of risk-taking behaviour among high-school students in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, was investigated. In this article, the results for violent behaviour are presented. Cluster sampling techniques produced a sample of 7,340 students from 16 schools in three major education departments. A self-administered questionnaire was completed in a normal school period. Estimates for each education department were weighted to produce an overall estimate. Of the total sample, 12.7%, 9.6% and 13.8% reported that they had been physically injured by another person at school, at home and in other settings, respectively; 11.0% had injured another person during the previous year; 5% had committed an act of vandalism; and 9.8% of males and 1.3% of females had carried knives at school. Other trends according to gender, school standard, and home language were identified. Males were more likely to be the perpetrators and victims of violent behaviour; for both genders the extent of victimization decreased with increasing standard; and fewer Xhosa-speaking students than students in other language groups perpetrated incidents of violent behaviour. The potential for intervention programmes is assessed in a context where much violence is determined by sociopolitical factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Aggressive behaviour in the Chinese elderly--validation of the Chinese version of the rating scale for aggressive behaviour in the elderly (RAGE) in hospital and nursing home settings.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to examine the validity of the Chinese version of the Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviour in the Elderly (RAGE) in Hong Kong. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparing the pattern of aggressive behaviour among residents of different elderly institutions. SETTING: A nursing home and a psychogeriatric inpatient unit. PATIENTS: Psychogeriatric inpatients and nursing home residents. Thirty subjects participated in the validation study of the Chinese version of the RAGE (CRAGE). Eighty-eight subjects were assessed by the CRAGE for pattern of aggressive behaviour. MEASURES: The CRAGE and the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE). RESULTS: The CRAGE showed satisfactory validity and reliability measures. Aggressive episodes were found in 57% of the subjects, mostly mild in nature. No significant difference was found in the CRAGE total scores in different institutions and across diagnoses. Hospital and schizophrenic patients had significantly higher ratings in overall aggressiveness. Demented subjects had higher CRAGE ratings with CMMSE scores from 11 to 15. CONCLUSIONS: CRAGE is a valid instrument for use in the Chinese elderly. Although there is no significant difference in total aggressive episodes among different elderly institutions, chronic psychiatric patients were more frequently regarded as aggressive.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Group therapy offers individuals the opportunity to learn behavioural techniques for smoking cessation, and to provide each other with mutual support. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this review were to determine the effects of smoking cessation programmes delivered in a group format compared to self-help materials, or to no intervention; to compare the effectiveness of group therapy and individual counselling; to determine the effect of adding group therapy to advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement and to determine the rate at which offers of group therapy are taken up. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised trials which compared group therapy with self-help, individual counselling, another intervention or usual care or waiting list control. We also considered trials which compared two group programmes with manipulation of the group interaction and social support components. We included those trials with a minimum of two group meetings, and follow-up of smoking status at least six months after the start of the programme. We excluded trials in which group therapy was provided to both active therapy and placebo arms of trials of pharmacotherapies, unless they had a factorial design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the type of subjects, the nature of the groups and the controls, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates where available. Subjects lost to follow-up were counted as smokers. Where possible, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen studies compared a group programme with a self-help programme. There was an increase in cessation with the use of a group programme (odds ratio 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.64 to 2.70). Group programmes were more effective than no intervention or minimal contact interventions (odds ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 3. 04). There was no evidence from two trials that group therapy was more effective than a similar intensity of individual counselling. There was no evidence that manipulating the social interactions between participants in a group programme had an effect on outcome. There was limited evidence that the addition of group therapy to other forms of treatment, including advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement produced extra benefit. There was variation in the extent to which those offered group therapy accepted the treatment. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that groups are better than self-help, and other less intensive interventions. There is not enough evidence on their effectiveness compared to intensive individual counselling.

Behavior Therapy↗