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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Phagocytosis of spermatozoa by the epithelial cells of the ductuli efferentes after epididymal obstruction in the rat.

The effects of ligation of an isolated loop of the ductus epididymidis in the region of the caput were compared with those of the exfoliative lesion of the epididymis that follows administration of alpha-chlorhydrin to rats. Electron micrographs of the ductuli efferentes in both cases revealed early phagocytosis of apparently normal spermatozoa by the epithelial cells, followed at later intervals by invasion of macrophages and intraluminal phagocytosis. It is concluded that epithelial spermiophagy is a consequence of obstruction, whether mechanically or chemically induced.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Identification and quantitative analysis of urinary metabolites of dichloropropanols in rats.

Urinary metabolites of dichloropropanols in rats were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Solutions of dichloropropanols consisting of 1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol (DC2P) and 2, 3-dichloro-1-propanol (DC1P) were diluted in a saline at the concentration of 100 mg/ml, and 0.1 ml of the solutions were subcutaneously injected into male Wistar rats weighing about 160g. The urine samples were collected over a period of 24 hours after the injections. DC2P and DC1P in the urine were extracted with ethylacetate and analyzed by a GC/MS. The derivatization procedure with 4-bromophenylboric acid after acetonitril extraction was applied for the analyses of diols in the urine. By the GC/MS analysis, 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol (3CPD), 2-chloro-1, 3-propanediol (2CPD) and 1, 2-propanediol (PPD) were identified as the hydroxylated metabolites of dichlorpropanols. Based on the analytical results, the metabolic pathways of dichlorpropanols forming 3CPD and 2CPD, and then hydroxylating to PPD were elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Toxicity of dichloropropanols--changes in hematological findings and serum chemistry].

We investigated the toxicity of dichloropropanols (DCPs) in hematological findings and serum chemistry. The solutions of two isomers of DCPs, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DC2P) and 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (DC1P) were dissolved in saline at the concentration of 100 mg/ml, and 0.1 ml of each solution was subcutaneously injected into male Wistar rats weighing about 200 g. At 6 hours after the injections, in the DC2P group, the number of white blood cells and platelets showed a significant decrease. Transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were greatly elevated. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine also showed a significant increase. There were no changes in the measurements in the DC1P group. These results indicate that there is a prominent hepatotoxicity in DC2P, and that there is a considerable difference in the toxicity present in DC2P and DC1P. Furthermore, in the workplace where DCPs, especially DC2P, is used, the monitoring of the working environment and biological monitoring should be mandatory.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

Malignant transformation of mouse M2-fibroblasts by glycerol chlorohydrines contained in protein hydrolysates and commercial food.

Glycerol chlorohydrines, such as 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol, are present in commercial protein hydrolysates used for human nutrition. These compounds are genotoxic and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol induced tumors in rats. Now it is reported that both compounds are active at inducing malignant transformation of mouse fibroblasts. Therefore, the carcinogenic risk to humans by exposure to these compounds contained in food is of concern. The investigation of the in vivo carcinogenic potential of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol is urgently required to further evaluate the carcinogenic risk to exposed consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Nonhormonal mediation of male reproductive tract damage: data from contraceptive drug research.

Chemicals can interfere with hormonal control of the male reproductive tract and/or directly alter male reproductive tract function. A review is presented of those chemicals developed and tested as male contraceptive agents which have a direct effect on the male reproductive tract with minimal disturbance of the hormonal milieu. Such chemicals can have one or more sites of action: 1) the testis, disturbing spermatogenesis; 2) the epididymis, altering sperm maturation; 3) the vas deferens, affecting sperm transport; and 4) the accessory sex glands, entering the ejaculate and changing the functional activity of the spermatozoa. Examples of each mode of action are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of low doses of alpha chlorohydrin on the lipid metabolism of the rat testis and epididymis--a correlative histochemical and biochemical study.

A biochemical and histochemical study was carried out on the effects of low doses of alpha chlorohydrin on the lipid metabolism of the rat testis and epididymis. Administration of alpha chlorohydrin in low doses (6.5 mg/kg for 9 days) to Wistar strain rats caused an elevation of lipid levels in the testis and epididymis. Actually, an increase in the neutral fat occurred with a corresponding decrease in the phospholipids after treatment with alpha chlorohydrin. We suggest that the rat's total lipid, total cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides were increased at the cost of phospholipids. The altered levels of lipid fractions were due to the increased activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and to the decreased activities of nonspecific esterase and lipase after treatment with the drug. These alterations of lipid metabolism, which were regulated through their enzyme systems, strongly reflect the damage to the metabolism of the testis and epididymis after treatment with low doses of alpha chlorohydrin, although there was no histological damage at this dose level.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Target sites for suppressing fertility in the male.

The present status and perspectives in the control of fertility in the male have been reviewed. There are two potential sites in the male reproductive processes that can be used as targets for regulation of fertility in the male: (1) inhibition of spermatogenesis, and (2) interference with sperm maturation in the epididymis. A variety of compounds tested for their antispermatogenic action in laboratory animals have no future for the control of fertility in the human male because of a number of undesirable side effects (cf. Prasad, 1973). Progestational compounds inhibit spermatogenesis by affecting the hypothalamo-hypophysial system and result in impairment of libido. The possibility of adjustment of the minimal dose of progestational compounds required to induce suppression of spermatogenesis and reduction of plasma testosterone to a level compatible with the maintenance of normalcy of libido and potency needs to be studied. A new approach to contraception in the male involves the use of a combination of progestational compounds for suppression of spermatogenesis along with testosterone (administered through silastic capsule implants or as intramuscular injections) for maintenance of libido and accessory sex gland function. A number of such combinations have been tested clinically with some success. However, the limitations of side effects, such as weight gain, gynecomastia, and psychological complications preclude their long-term use for contraception in man. Short-term use of these combination regimens by the male for 1 year followed by use of a contraceptive method by the female may be desirable to encourage partnership in family planning. Although testosterone and other androgens suppress spermatogenesis in man, the feasibility of their use for contraception depends on the establishment of a dosage and mode of adminstration that provide antispermatogenic action without causing more general metabolic alterations. Inhibition of spermatogenesis by selective interference with the action of FSH on the Sertoli cells by active or passive immunization or by selective suppression of synthesis and release of FSH by administration of "Inhibin" offers exciting possibilities in the control of fertility in the male. Studies on the physiology of the rete testis highlight its importance as a post-tubular site of action of antifertility agents in conveying (to the epididymis) compounds interfering with epididymal functions and/or viability of spermatozoa. A new approach to the induction of functional sterility in the male by selective alteration of epididymal function by a local androgen deprivation effect has been successfully tested in clinical trials. Small doses of cyproterone acetate, administered orally, result in maintenance of libido and accessory sex gland function accompanied by a decrease in the motility of ejaculated spermatozoa and incomplete inhibition of spermatogenesis...

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1976

Mechanism of action of alpha-chlorhydrin on the testes and caput epididymidis of rat, gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), bat and mouse.

Chronic administration of alpha-chlorhydrin caused lesions of rat, gerbil and bat testicles selectively. The seminiferous epithelium became systematically depleted of spermatogenic elements. alpha-Chlorhydrin did not produce lesion of the caput epididymidis. Sloughing of the epithelial lining did not occur. No obstruction of the lumen of the epididymal duct was seen. The growth of androgen-dependent organs, i.e. seminal vesicles, epididymis and levator ani muscles was suppressed. alpha-Chlorhydrin caused no response directly on the epididymides. Subcutaneous or oral administration of alpha-chlorhydrin for a period of 3-5 weeks caused no response in the testes and epididymides of the mouse.

Administration, Oral↗