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PubMed1975

A comparison of aggressive play and aggression in free-living baboons, Papio anubis.

A quantitative comparison is given of aggressive play and aggression in terms of the duration and type of movement patterns employed, and the relationships between individuals. The mean length of contact in play was greater than in aggression, whereas chases tended to be longer in adult male aggression than in play, Linear hierarchies describing the overall direction of interactions between individuals were divisible into two sorts, according to the frequency with which roles were reversed. The regions of the body bitten and the proportions in which six types of movement pattern were used were related to the type of hierarchy involved. The results are discussed with reference to the possible functions of social play in the development of movement patterns and individual relationships.

Aggression↗
PubMed1987

Changes in neurotransmitter amino acids content in several CNS areas from aggressive and non-aggressive bull strains.

Neurotransmitter amino acid levels (glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and glycine) of crude synaptosomal fractions from several non-limbic CNS areas (pons, ventral tegmentum, midbrain reticular formation, fastigial nucleus of cerebellum, posterior colliculus and anterior colliculus) showed significant differences between aggressive Spanish fighting-bull and non-aggressive Friesian strains. The most unequal distribution was observed in neurotransmitter amino acids, while the non-transmitter amino acids (serine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine and alanine) showed minor and uneven changes. The results suggest a possible relationship between changes in amino acid neurotransmitter levels and the aggressive behavior observed in the aggressive breed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Aggression by ovariectomized female rats: combined testosterone/estrogen implants support the development of hormone-dependent aggression.

Female hooded rats were ovariectomized and implanted with a single estrogen-filled and a single testosterone-filled Silastic tube. Control animals were ovariectomized and implanted with empty tubes. The implants produced an estrogen concentration of 30 pg/ml and a testosterone concentration of 0.25 ng/ml, levels close to those found in intact females. Two weeks following surgery, all animals were housed in individual cages, placed on a 23-hr food-deprivation schedule, and adapted to a liquid food. They were then housed in hormone-implant/empty-implant pairs and given a series of 3 restricted-access competition tests and 3 free-access competition tests (1/day). The animals were then paired with new partners and given a second series of restricted-access and free-access competition tests. Ovariectomized females with hormone implants were more successful at maintaining access to the liquid food and more aggressive than their competitors without hormone replacement. The aggression was used to maintain access to food during free-access as well as restricted-access competition. Following the competition tests, animals with hormone implants were significantly more aggressive toward an unfamiliar conspecific than were their cagemates with empty implants. The level of success and aggression by females with testosterone + estrogen implants appears greater than that which occurs with either hormone alone and comparable to that observed in intact females.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

Differential distribution of neurotransmitter amino acids from the limbic system of aggressive and non-aggressive bull strains.

The amino acid content of crude synaptosomal fractions from the limbic system and related CNS regions showed significant differences between the aggressive Spanish fighting-bull and the non-aggressive Friesan bull breeds. Neurotransmitter amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, GABA and glycine) were the most unequally distributed. A higher ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitter amino acids was always found in all the CNS regions studied in the aggressive breed. The concentrations of five non-transmitter amino acids (threonine, alanine, serine, leucine and isoleucine) showed minor variations between both studied bull strains and cannot be ascribed to differences in central energy metabolism. The results are explained in terms of a possible relationship between the amino acid neurotransmitter levels and the innate aggressiveness of the Spanish fighting-bull.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Behavior genetics of canine aggression: behavioral phenotyping of golden retrievers by means of an aggression test.

Molecular genetic analysis of complex traits such as aggression strongly depends on careful phenotyping of individuals. When studying canine aggression, the information provided by the owners of the dogs is often not detailed and reliable enough for this purpose. Therefore we subjected 83 golden retrievers, both aggressive and nonaggressive individuals, to a behavioral test. These tests were analyzed with help of an ethogram, resulting in a behavioral profile for each of the dogs. In this article three methods are described of converting these profiles into a measure of behavioral phenotype. The usefulness of the methods is evaluated by comparing the test results with information provided by owners. Moreover, the hypothesis underlying all these methods, that a lowered threshold for aggressive behavior in general is present in the dogs, is also evaluated. Future research will need to reveal whether the methods meet the high standards that are necessary for studying complex traits.

Aggression↗
PubMed1996

Longitudinal study of early childhood injuries and acute illnesses in the offspring of adolescent mothers who were aggressive, withdrawn, or aggressive-withdrawn in childhood.

In a 15-year longitudinal study, the medical records of 94 children whose adolescent mothers had childhood histories of aggressive, withdrawn, aggressive-withdrawn, or normative (nondeviant) social behavior were examined. The children's annual rates of visits to the emergency room (ER) and to nonemergency medical facilities, post-ER hospitalizations, diagnoses of injuries, acute illness and infection, asthma, and emergency surgical consultations were examined between birth and 48 months of age. Group differences were found for the annual rate at which children were brought to the ER and for injury-related post-ER hospitalizations. Sons of women in the aggressive group and both sons and daughters of women in the aggressive-withdrawn group had elevated and distinctive profiles in respect to specific emergency diagnostic and treatment variables compared with children of women in the nondeviant group.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Aggression against self and aggression against others in violent psychiatric patients.

In spite of recent calls for the study of the comorbidity among behavior disorders, little is known about the coexistence of aggression against self and aggression against others. In this article, the relationship between indices of these 2 types of aggression is examined retrospectively in a sample of 103 male forensic inpatients during a 3-year period. Patients with both self-destructiveness during hospitalization and suicidal behavior before hospitalization engaged in the highest frequency of aggression against others. The implications of these findings for the assessment, prediction, and treatment of violence and self-destructiveness are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

Aggression and heat: the influence of ambient temperature, negative affect, and a cooling drink on physical aggression.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of ambient temperature upon physical aggression. In the first, male subjects received either a positive or negative evaluation from a confederate and were then provided with an opportunity to agress against this person by means of electric shock. On the basis of previous research, it was predicted that high ambient temperatures (92-95 degrees F) would facilitate aggression by those receiving positive evaluations but actually inhibit such behavior by those receiving negative assessments. Results confirmed both of these predictions and also indicated that more moderate but still uncomfortably warm temperatures (82-85 degrees F) produced similar effects. The second experiment employed procedures similar to the first and examined the suggestion that administration of a cooling drink would reduce the impact of high ambient temperatures upon overt aggression. This prediction, too, was confirmed. The possible mediating role of negative affect with respect to the influence of ambient temperature and other environmental factors upon aggression was discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1986

Sexual arousal in response to aggression: ideological, aggressive, and sexual correlates.

In two experiments we assessed the impact of aggression on nonrapists' sexual arousal. In the first, both male subjects (n = 37) and female subjects (n = 43) reported more sexual arousal in response to nonaggressive than to aggressive depictions when the portrayals were sexually explicit, but the opposite occurred when the portrayals were nonsexual. Only male subjects (N = 359) participated in the second experiment. On the basis of their self-reported sexual arousal to the use of force, they were classified into the no arousal, moderate arousal or high arousal from force groups. To evaluate the veridicality of this classification, we assessed some subjects' (n = 118) penile tumescence in response to various depictions. The findings generally replicated those of the first experiment and confirmed the accuracy of the arousal-from-force classification. The no arousal and the moderate arousal from force subjects were less sexually aroused by aggressive than by nonaggressive portrayals, but the opposite was found for the high arousal from force group. Using the entire sample (N = 359), we also assessed differences on various factors among these three groups. We found strong differences on ideological factors, including acceptance of violence against and dominance over women. We also found differences in acceptance of nonsexual aggression and in subjects' beliefs that they might actually use force against women. In contrast, differences were not found on sexuality factors. The data's implications for theories on the causes of rape are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol and aggression without consumption. Alcohol cues, aggressive thoughts, and hostile perception bias.

Researchers and the lay public have long known of a link between alcohol and aggression. However, whether this link results from alcohol's pharmacological effects or is merely an artifact of the belief that alcohol has been consumed (i.e., placebo effect) has been debated. The current experiments examined the propensity for alcohol-related cues to elicit aggressive thoughts and hostile perceptions in the absence of alcohol or placebo consumption. In Experiment 1, participants made faster lexical decisions concerning aggression-related words following alcohol-related primes compared with neutral primes. In Experiment 2, participants who first were exposed to alcohol advertisements subsequently rated the behavior of a target person as more hostile than participants who initially viewed control advertisements. Furthermore, this effect was largest among participants who most strongly associated alcohol and aggression. Findings are discussed in terms of semantic network theory and links in memory between alcohol and its anticipated effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of antidepressants on rat aggressive behavior in the electric footshock and apomorphine-induced aggressiveness paradigms.

The effects of acute antidepressant treatment were studied in the electric footshock and apomorphine-induced aggressiveness paradigms and found to be ineffective in both experimental models. In the apomorphine-induced aggressiveness test, 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan challenge manifested the antiaggressive effect of 10 mg/kg fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) treatment. Thus, concomitant L-tryptophan plus fluoxetine treatment decreased the intensity of aggressive postures and increased the time of latency before first attack. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the involvement of the serotoninergic neurotransmission in the neurobiology of aggressive behavior, but after acute treatment in normal rats, the antidepressants do not elicit antiaggressive effects.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Risk-taking, attitudes toward aggression, and aggressive behavior among rural middle school youth.

This study examined the relationship between risk-taking, general acceptance of aggression (GAA), verbal harassment (VH), and aggressive behavior (AB) in the last 30 days among 1440 seventh- and eighth-grade rural middle school youth. Higher levels of risk-taking predicted higher GAA and VH. Significant interactions for AB indicated that, excepting Black youth, higher risk-taking was related to higher levels of violent behavior. Among Black youth the highest levels of AB occurred at moderate levels of risk-taking. Level of risk-taking is an important risk factor that should be taken into account in the study of attitudes toward aggression and aggressive behavior among rural youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Perceived maternal control and support: effects on hostile biased social information processing and aggression among clinic-referred children with high aggression.

Based on a sample of 89 aggressive clinic-referred children, aged between 9 and 11 years, a longitudinal study of 1-year duration was conducted to examine (a) whether the children's perception of control and support of their mothers' to them predicted their hostile attribution of intent and hostile response selection, and (b) whether these hostile biased social cognitions mediated the relationships between their perceived maternal behaviours and their aggression. Participants completed a questionnaire covering both the perceived maternal control and support. One year later, their hostile attribution of intent and response selection, and aggression, were measured. Results showed that perceived maternal control and perceived maternal support were associated positively and negatively, respectively, with both the social cognition measures. Also, the social cognition measures mediated the relationships of the perceived maternal measures with aggression. The findings are discussed in terms of how children's hostile biased relational schemas and scripts, developed from negative parenting and insecure attachment, favour more hostile social cognitions, and how these in turn mediate children's current hostile biased social behaviours.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding.

Do people aggress to make themselves feel better? We adapted a procedure used by G. K. Manucia, D. J. Baumann, and R. B. Cialdini (1984), in which some participants are given a bogus mood-freezing pill that makes affect regulation efforts ineffective. In Study 1, people who had been induced to believe in the value of catharsis and venting anger responded more aggressively than did control participants to insulting criticism, but this aggression was eliminated by the mood-freezing pill. Study 2 showed similar results among people with high anger-out (i.e., expressing and venting anger) tendencies. Studies 3 and 4 provided questionnaire data consistent with these interpretations, and Study 5 replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 using measures more directly concerned with affect regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that many people may engage in aggression to regulate (improve) their own affective states.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1982

Thyroid gland responses to intermale aggression in an inherently aggressive wild rat.

The aim of the present investigation was to ascertain whether intermale aggression (by fighting) affects thyroid gland activity in wild rat. Following intermale aggression for three hours, thyro-follicular epithelial height was significantly decreased and colloidal content in follicular lumen increased only in the subordinate rats whereas the thyroid gland of the dominant rats was not perceptibly changed. Thus, aggression inhibits thyroid gland activity only in the subordinate rats. It is suggested that this effect may be due to psychosomatic rather than physical stress during aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Eltoprazine in aggressive mentally handicapped patients: a double-blind, placebo- and baseline-controlled multi-centre study. The Eltoprazine Aggression Research Group.

The efficacy of eltoprazine, a mixed 5-HT1 agonist, in treating aggressive behaviour in mentally handicapped patients was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo- and baseline-controlled study. In the total sample of 160 patients who entered the 8 week double-blind treatment phase, efficacy was not demonstrated. Also in a 28 week double-blind follow-up study, efficacy could not be demonstrated. Post-hoc exploratory analyses suggested eltoprazine was significantly better than placebo in reducing aggression scores of a subgroup of severely aggressive patients. There was no evident relationship between the plasma level of eltoprazine and therapeutic effect or safety and tolerance. The overall safety and tolerance of chronic eltoprazine treatment was good. In the discussion, several issues and pitfalls of aggression research are dealt with.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Depression and aggression. A control group study on the aggression hypothesis in depressive disorders based on the Buss-Durkee Questionnaire].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis that covert or inhibited aggression/hostility as described in psychoanalytic literature is part of the psychogenetic development of depression. METHOD: We compared 50 consecutively admitted depressed inpatients to 50 healthy people of the regionally living general population, matched by sex and age, using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. RESULTS: Depressed patients have significantly higher values in the BDHI subscales "total aggression", especially in irritability, negativism, resentment, suspicion and guilt, also in "attitudional component", "inhibited aggression" and "covert hostility". No differences were found in "assault" and "indirect aggression", controls got significantly higher values in "verbal aggression". A comparison of depressed patients with suicide attempts versus depressed patients without such behaviour showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: The psychoanalytic hypothesis seems to be useful for depression but not for the suicidal behaviour of depressive patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the cerato-ulmin gene and the rDNA ITS between aggressive and non-aggressive isolates of Ophiostoma ulmi sensu lato, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease.

Little genetic information exists comparing aggressive and non-aggressive isolates of the causal agent of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi. Two genetic elements were compared between the subgroups. The ceratoulmin cu gene product has been associated with disease symptoms. Nucleotide-sequence analysis of cu and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA were made from three aggressive and three non-aggressive isolates of the pathogen. Our results suggested uniformity within, and unique differences between, subgroups. Differences were detected for cu in the promoter, coding, and transcription termination regions. Sequence data for the ITS clearly distinguish the subgroups.

Amino Acid Sequence↗