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PubMed1979

Some ecological criteria of natural focality of mycotic zoonoses.

Mycotic zoonoses sensu stricto and mycotic infections acquired from animal polluted environment belong to diseases characterized by the phenomenon of natural focality. On a global scale they comprise 16 different diseases caused by yeast-like organisms, dematophytes, dimorphous agents of systemic mycoses and primarily saprophytic fungi as well. Prevalence of mentioned diseases is influenced by a number of factors concerning not only biology and ecology of pathogenic agents and particular hosts, but also character of specific extra-animal substrates which make possible long-term maintenance or active propagation of agents in the environment. On the basis of their experience and published data as well, the authors present a survey and analysis of these factors, with particular emphasis on very frequent dermatophytozoonoses and some systemic mycoses. They pay attention to different conditions in urbanized and rural areas and to specific situations encountered by man and food producing animals in these areas. They note different ways of heterotrophy of particular agents and their association with vertebrate hosts which they divide into six ecologically different groups. The authors also characterize the environment in which a portion of saproparatrophic circulation of the agent takes place. They also give a survey of animal-connected human mycoses, which may arise due to occupational hazards.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Animals, parasites and zoonoses in different types of urban areas.

The paper gives a survey of health risks associated with the occurrence of animals in urbanized areas. The author distinguishes the following animal categories involved: I. food-producing animals; 2. pets; 3. synanthropic mammals; 4. synanthropic birds; 5. wild mammals and birds; 6. synanthropic arthropods. From the aspect of animal occurrence and zoonoses or other diseases associated with animals he proposes the following classification of urban areas: a) centre of town, b) pericentral part of town, c) residential areas, d) peripheral part of town, e) suburban recreation areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Defining and measuring exposure in epidemiologic studies of potential zoonoses.

Articles suggesting the zoonotic potential of certain human diseases (eg, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and leukemia) periodically appear in the literature and frequently receive considerable attention in the popular press. Although various epidemiologic study designs have been utilized to test these hypotheses, defining and accurately measuring animal exposure has been a problem common to most of these studies and in some instances has limited their usefulness. The relative strengths and limitations of the definitions and measurements used most commonly by investigators evaluating potential zoonoses are discussed. In addition, several recommendations for assessing animal exposure in future studies are made.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Zoonoses of dermatological interest.

The zoonoses are those diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Although commonly thought to be infectious in origin such as scabies or dermatophytosis, inflammatory processes may also be zoonotic. Contact dermatitis may result from allergens being carried from animals to humans. Although the scabies mite is somewhat species specific, various mites sometimes have the opportunity of producing skin disease on man (ie, canine scabies, porcine scabies, and feline scabies [notoedric mange]); cheyletiellosis is caused by a similar mite, often found in rabbits. The index case of superficial fungal infections may be the household pet, whereas the cause of flea bite dermatitis (papular urticaria) may be the lack of an animal, resulting in the flea choosing a human for feeding. Understanding zoonotic skin diseases will improve the clinician's diagnostic skills. Both the human and animal patient will then receive more effective treatment in a quicker fashion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Does the infectious disease, human ehrlichiosis, exist in Sweden? Ticks get a hold of new zoonoses].

Human ehrlichiosis diseases, decently recognised as emerging human infections in the USA, are caused by vector-borne, strictly intracellular bacteria of the family Rickettsiaceae. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia schaffeensis, whereas the agent causing human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) has yet to be identified [1]. The putative increase in the occurrence of these primary zoonoses is dependent on the complex relationship between the infectious agents, the vectors, and the hosts (rodents, deer) which constitute the wild-life reservoir. In Scandinavia, granulocytic ehrlichiosis is well known in veterinary medicine. Pasture fever in cattle and sheep is caused by Ehrlichia phagocytophila, whereas granulocytic ehrlichiosis in horses and dogs is caused by a new, recently characterised Ehrlichia species [2]. All species of Ehrlichia causing granulocytic ehrlichiosis are closely related both genetically and antigenically, and are all transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes. In Sweden, veterinary cases of granulocytic ehrlichiosis are characterised by a geographical distribution corresponding well with that of Ixodes ricinus, and a seasonal distribution similar to that of Lyme borreliosis. In Europe, clinical cases of HGE have so far been reported only from Slovenia [5], though seroprevalence figures of 8-17 per cent have been reported for tick-exposed populations [6, 7]. As most cases are probably subclinical, and as clinical symptoms, when present, are non-specific, clinical diagnosis is dependent on the clinician's awareness of the existence of the disease. Laboratory diagnostic tests are now available at Kalmar.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Study and management of zoonoses transmitted by wild animals].

In the present work the criteria to approach the study, the prophylaxis and the control of wildlife-related zoonoses are discussed, along with the role of veterinarians as responsible for wildlife and public health management. More in detail, the ecological method in approaching the study of wildlife infections is discussed, along with the relationships existing among hosts, parasites and the environment. Finally, the role of man as a host of zoonotic agents is discussed, and the basic principles of prophylaxis and control of infections caused by such agents are also considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. Local and worldwide threats].

Emerging or re-emerging zoonoses is a relatively complex topic. The concept covers not only new or recently identified zoonotic agents but also agents that are already known but appear in regions and/or species in which they have not been previously observed and agents that disappear then reappear in a country in the form of an epidemic outbreak. Many wild or domestic species and almost all infectious agents may be involved. In general intervention either by vaccination or by elimination of suspect or contaminated individuals is easier in domestic animals than in wild animals especially since the latter may belong to an endanger species. Because of the wide range of pathogenic agents, animal vectors and target populations, there are a wide variety of epidemiological patterns and adapted surveillance and control strategies must be used with various degrees of success.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in South Africa and Namibia.

Epidemiological data on food-borne parasitic zoonoses in countries of southern Africa are sporadic. In a study of toxoplasmosis in South Africa, there was an overall prevalence of 21% (2, 147/10,228). Prevalences vary between the different cultural groups and from one geographical region to another. The prevalence rate for the San (Bushmen) people of Namibia and Botswana was 9% (65/725) compared to the 30% (190/635) found in the Indian and Black communities of Kwazulu-Natal province, South Africa. These variations are probably linked to the dietary habits of the different cultural communities. Cysticercosis appears to be most prevalent in the Eastern Cape Province (former Transkei), where pigs roam freely and sanitation facilities are inadequate or non-existent. Segments of tapeworms often feature as an ingredient of concoctions prepared by traditional healers and are suspected sources of many of the cases of cysticercosis in South Africa. Trichinella nelsoni has been identified in wild game in South Africa: so far no cases of infection in humans have been recorded. Cases of Sarcocystis have been identified in some instances but infection is probably underdiagnosed in the country.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Zoonoses and haemorrhagic fever.

Virus zoonoses causing haemorrhagic fever have been recognized in three major families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae and Filoviridae. All are negative-stranded RNA viruses, with genomes in two segments, three segments, or non-segmented, respectively. Acquisition of haemorrhagic fever in man generally requires close contact with a vertebrate vector species, usually rodents, for the arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. In the case of filoviruses, the vector is currently unknown, but these viruses may infect monkeys, and may contaminate cell cultures prepared from them. Both bunyavirus and arenavirus haemorrhagic fevers have arisen in humans following exposure to rodents, and in the case of Hantaan, a virus causing haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), there have been numerous laboratory-acquired infections among animal care workers. As the technology to differentiate virus species has improved, it has become clear that there are numerous potentially hazardous viruses capable of causing HFRS or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) within the feral rodent population. In many cases it would be desirable to introduce screening methods for such viruses before preparing cell cultures from these rodent or simian species that will be used to prepare biological products for human use.

Africa↗
PubMed1999

["Emerging" viral zoonoses in native animals who can be the host in the Netherlands].

Viral zoonotic diseases can be defined as 'Viral diseases transmitted from vertebrate animals to man'. Viral zoonoses have been emerging and re-emerging throughout history and can cause serious diseases and disease outbreaks in human populations. This paper deals with emerging viral zoonotic infections that have hosts in native species and can be a hazard for the human population in the Netherlands. Rabies virus, hantavirus, influenza virus tick-borne encephalitis virus, borna disease virus and prions will be discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[An Epidemiological Study On Zoonoses In Korea]

Helminthic zoonoses are of significant importance to the public health and to the socioeconomic consequences especially in lost-meat, animal products and animal labor. For past several decades in Korea, it has been recognized that endoparasitic infections among domestic animals are extremely common and many of the helminth parasites of man have been acquired from, or are shared with domestic animals. However, there was no survey of a nationwide scale on the prevalence of animal helminthiasis; and control measures are also not satisfactory. Furthermore, because of the remarkable increase in the demand, number of domestic animals and pets is rapidly increasing in these days. Therefore, an extensive study on zoonotic helminths was carried out from July 1980 throughout August 1981 to understand the present status and parasite-host relationship from the epidemiological viewpoont. A total of 13,685 fecal specimens of cattles, sheeps, pigs, dogs and cats was collected from 26 localities in the country. The specimens were examined by formalin-ether centrifugal sedimentation technique. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Of 13,685 specimens examined, 9,808(71.7 %) were positive for helminth parasites. The positive rates were 99.0 % in cattles, 86.5 % on sheeps, 85.4 % in pigs, 35.4 % in dogs, 15.1 % in cats. 2. Single infection showed the highest rate (60.0 %), and double infection(27.5 %), triple(8.1 %), quadruple(2.8 %), quintuple(1.5 %) and hexad(0.1 %) were in decreasing order. 3. In the present study, 18 species zoonotic helminths were found: 11 nematodes, 6 trematodes and 1 cestode. 4. According to province, Cheju revealed the highest rate 84.8 %, then Kyungnam 77.5 %, Jeonnam 75.6 %, Jeonpuk 75.4 %, Kyonggi 75.2 %, Chungnam 71.7 %, Chungpuk 70.6 % and Kangwon 64.2 % were in decreasing order and Busan and Seoul showed 70.4 % and 58.1 %, respectively. 5. Rural area showed slightly higher rate (74.7 %) than urban area (68.5 %), and rates of mountainous area (70.4 %) and plain area (71.1 %) are very similar. 6. According to animal, helminths species and positive rates appeared in: Cattles: 6 nematodes and 3 trematodes; Strongyles 26.4 %, Neoascaris vitulorum 24.1 %, Trichuris ovis 12.0 %, Nematodirus sp. 6.3 %, Srongyloides papillosus 5.1 %, Capillaria bovis 0.02 %, Paramphistomum sp. 41.5 %, Fasciola hepatica 33.2 % and Eurytrema pancreaticum 29.7 %. Sheeps: 3 nematodes and 2 trematodes: Strongyles 33.0 %, S. papillosus 26.9 %, Nematodirus sp. 14.6 %, F. hepatica 31.7 % and E. pancreaticum 19.6 %. Pigs: 5 nematodes and 2 trematodes: Strongyles 43.1 %, Ascaris suum 29.0 %, Metastrongylus apri 20.3 %, Trichuris suis 14.0 %, Strongyloides ransomi 12.1 %, Clonorchis sinensis 1.4 % and Paragonimus westermani 0.9 %, Dogs: 4 nematodes and 3 trematodes and 1 cestode: Toxocara canis 14.4 %, Trichuris vulpis 9.5 %, Ancylostoma caninum 8.0 %, Toxascaris leonina 4.0 %, C. sinensis 2.4 %, Metagonimus yokogawai 1.3 %, P. westermani 0.8 % and Spirometra sp. 0.9 %, Cats: 2 nematodes, and 3 trematodes and 1 cestode: Toxocara cati 7.7 %, Ancylostoma tubaeforme 3.1 %, C. sinensis 1.9 %, P. westermani 1.4 %, M. yokogawai 1.2 % and Spirometra sp. 0.7 %.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Natural foci of some viral zoonoses in Croatia.

Results of several-year investigations into the epidemiology and virology of viral zoonoses with natural foci occurring in Croatia, with special reference to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), are presented. The etiologic diagnosis of these diseases was made on the basis of virus isolation from patient blood and/or findings of specific antibodies in the serum. Several TBE and Bhanja virus strains were isolated from different species of ticks, and Calovo virus from mosquitoes, while the presence of Hantaan virus antigen was determined in the lungs of certain micromammalian species, the virus natural reservoirs, by direct immunofluorescence. For the largest HFRS outbreak in Croatia to date, which occurred in 1995 during the war, a detailed description is provided. The role of the geographic aspect is indicated, because an air corridor used by migratory birds which temporarily alight in some areas for a brief stop, whereby they may introduce viruses from other parts of the world, passes just above the territory of Croatia.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Control strategies against salmonella infections in poultry raising at the European Economic Community level--translation of the so-called Economic Community Zoonoses Guideline].

Since at the end of the eighties there were reports on an increased occurrence in Great Britain of salmonella enteritidis infections in human beings which were predominantly caused by raw egg dishes, the Commission of the EEC also started activities designed as a protection against such an obvious new dimension of salmonella infections. Mainly prompted by British activities, the Commission of the EEC elaborated a proposal for a Zoonosis Directive of the EEC. This proposal was intended to provide for the recording of data on specific zoonoses and their pathogenic agents--i.e. a monitoring--as well as for the measures to be introduced at Community level or in the member states. The Directive was adopted in the Council of Ministers of Agriculture on 17 December 1992 (Directive 92/117/EEC), it is to be translated by a poultry salmonella regulation of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry. It will provide for controls by the farm manager, for official controls as well as for official measures including f.i. a quarantine of the poultry stock and a killing of the fowl. Beginning in 1995, there will probably be reports on EEC measures in the feeding stuffs sector (microbiological controls) as well as on national hygiene measures in the fields of egg marketing, raw egg consumption in canteens and voluntary control in laying hen farms--in anticipation of an EEC regulation on these stocks.

Animals↗