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PubMed1999

Influence of different adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on physostigmine-induced yawning in rats.

In the present study, effects of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on physostigmine-induced yawning was investigated. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different doses of physostigmine (0.03, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg) induced yawning in rats. The maximum response was obtained by 0.2 mg/kg of the drug. The alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, and the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, decreased yawning induced by physostigmine. Prazosin and higher doses of phenoxybenzamine reduced the inhibitory effect of phenylephrine. Higher doses of yohimbine also reduced the clonidine response. The adrenoceptor antagonists, prazosin, phenoxybenzamine, and propranolol, did not significantly alter the physostigmine response. However, yohimbine, or lower doses of prazosin, decreased the physostigmine response. It may be concluded that alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation decreases the physostigmine-induced yawning behavior in rats.

Adrenergic Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Light induces cortical activation and yawning in rats.

We examined the effects of light stimulation on cortical activation and yawning response in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. Cortical activation was assessed by means of an electrocorticogram (ECoG) and yawning response was evaluated by monitoring an intercostal electromyogram as an index of inspiratory activity and a digastric electromyogram as an indicator of mouth opening. Light stimulation elicited an arousal shift in the ECoG to faster rhythms. This arousal response was followed by a single large inspiration with mouth opening, i.e. a yawning response. Higher light intensity significantly reduced the onset latency of the arousal/yawning response. Pretreatment with pyrilamine, an H1-histamine receptor antagonist, injected into the lateral ventricle blocked both the cortical activation and the yawning response induced by light stimulation, suggesting a role of brain histaminergic neurotransmission in modulating the light-induced arousal/yawning responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus reduces apomorphine-, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning in male rats.

The effect of muscimol and baclofen injected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus on penile erection and yawning induced by apomorphine, oxytocin and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) was studied in male rats. Muscimol (20-200 ng), but not baclofen (200 ng), injected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 10 min before apomorphine (50 ng), oxytocin (10 ng) or NMDA (50 ng) reduced penile erection and yawning induced by the above compounds given into the paraventricular nucleus. Bicuculline (250 ng) injected into the paraventricular nucleus 5 min before muscimol (100 ng) prevented the inhibitory effect of muscimol on penile erection and yawning induced by apomorphine, oxytocin and NMDA. The present results show that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibits penile erection and yawning by acting on GABA(A) receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Prevention by morphine of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced penile erection and yawning: involvement of nitric oxide.

The effect of morphine on the increase of NO2- and NO3- concentration in the dialysate obtained with a microdialysis probe implanted in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and penile erection and yawning induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) was studied in male rats. NMDA (50 ng) injected in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, induced penile erection and yawning and increased NO2- from 1.10 +/- 0.28 microM to 7.30 +/- 1.10 microM and NO3- from 5.05 +/- 0.71 microM to 11.03 +/- 1.61 microM. Morphine (1-10 microg), but not U-69,593 (10 microg), a selective agonist of the kappa opiate receptor subtype, prevented in a dose-dependent manner NMDA-induced increase in NO2- and NO3- concentration when injected in the paraventricular nucleus 15 min before NMDA. Morphine prevention of NMDA-induced NO2- and NO3- increase was related to a concomitant decrease in the number of penile erection and yawning episodes induced by the excitatory amino acid. Morphine effect was not observed in male rats treated with the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (10 microg) microinjected in the paraventricular nucleus 15 min before morphine. The present results suggest that morphine prevents an NMDA-induced increase in paraventricular NO production, penile erection, and yawning by inhibiting NO synthase activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus through the stimulation of opioid receptors of the micro subtype.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

ACTH- and alpha-MSH-induced grooming, stretching, yawning and penile erection in male rats: site of action in the brain and role of melanocortin receptors.

The effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)(1-24) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on grooming, stretching, yawning and penile erection was studied after injection into different brain areas. Both peptides induce the above responses when injected into the hypothalamic periventricular region of the third ventricle. This region includes the paraventricular nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus and the anterior hypothalamic area. The minimal effective dose of both peptides was 0.5 microg and the maximal effect was seen with 2 microg, the highest dose tested. Irrespective of the injection site, grooming started 5-7 min after injection of either peptide, while stretching, yawning and penile erection started only after 15-35 min and lasted for 90-120 min. In contrast both peptides were ineffective when injected into the preoptic area, the caudate nucleus or the CA1 field of the hippocampus. Grooming, stretching and yawning, but not penile erection, were prevented by cyclic[AcCys(11), D-Nal(14), Cys(18), AspNH(2)(22)]-beta-MSH (11-22) (HS014), a selective melanocortin 4 receptor antagonist, injected into the same periventricular area 10 min before of ACTH(1-24) or alpha-MSH. The results show that ACTH(1-24) and alpha-MSH act in the hypothalamic periventricular region to induce the above responses and that grooming, stretching and yawning, but not penile erection, are mediated by melanocortin 4 receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Source and filter adjustments affecting the perception of the vocal qualities twang and yawn.

Two vocal qualities, twang and yawn, were synthesized and rated perceptually. The stimuli consisted of synthesized vocal productions of a sentence-length utterance 'ya ya ya ya ya,' which had speech-like intonation. In a continuum transformation from normal to twang, the area in the pharynx was gradually decreased, along with vocal tract shortening and a decreased open quotient in the glottal airflow. In a continuum transformation toward yawn, the area in the pharynx was gradually increased, along with vocal tract lengthening and an increased open quotient. The normal (untransformed) vocal tract area was pre-determined by earlier studies involving MRI scans of a human subject's vocal tract. Listeners were asked to rate (on a scale from 1-10) the 'amount of twang' in one listening session and the 'amount of yawn' in another listening session. Overall, the perception of twang increased directly with pharyngeal area narrowing, vocal tract shortening, and decreased open quotient. The perception of yawn increased with pharyngeal area widening, vocal tract lengthening, and increased open quotient. Adjustments of one parameter alone yielded less significant perceptual changes than the above combinations, with open quotient showing the greatest effect in isolation. Listeners demonstrated variable perceptions in both continua with poor inter-subject, intra-subject, and inter-group reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Inhibitory effect of morphine on yawning induced by cholinoceptor and dopamine D2 receptor activation in rats.

1. Bromocriptine (2, 4 and 8 mg kg-1, i.p.), physostigmine (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1, i.p.) and pilocarpine (1, 3 and 5 mg kg-1, i.p.) induced dose-dependent yawning in rats. 2. These responses were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with morphine. 3. The inhibitory effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone. 4. Naloxone alone induced slight but significant yawning. 5. The present results suggest that morphine inhibits yawning in rats at an opiate receptor downstream from the sites at which cholinoceptor and dopamine D2 activation induce yawning. The anatomical location of these sites remains to be established.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pathological yawning as a presenting symptom of brain stem ischaemia in two patients.

Two cases of brain stem stroke involving the upper pons and the ponto-mesencephalic junction presented with transient excessive pathological yawning, associated with gait ataxia and in one subject with upper limb and facial hemiparesis. A causal relation is hypothesised between the brain stem lesion and pathological yawning, possibly related to denervation hypersensitivity of a putative brain stem yawn centre. Excessive yawning may herald brain stem ischaemia.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Effects of REM sleep deprivation of ACTH-induced yawning.

Central administration of ACTH in rats induces yawning and stretching. In order to study the effects of REM sleep deprivation on ACTH-induced yawning, the peptide was injected immediately after the REM sleep deprivation period or 24 h later. REM sleep deprivation impaired ACTH-induced yawning, but after a 24-hour recovery period, rats displayed a number of yawns similar to those in control animals. Implications for an involvement of dopaminergic and mainly cholinergic systems are discussed.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1992

Prevention by morphine of apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain.

The effect of morphine administered systemically or into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) on penile erection and yawning induced either by oxytocin or by the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine was studied in male rats. Systemic morphine (0.5 to 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP]) prevented in a dose-dependent manner penile erection and yawning induced by the intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) of oxytocin (30 ng) or by the subcutaneous (SC) administration of apomorphine (80 micrograms/kg). Morphine (0.1 to 5 micrograms), but not U-69,593 (5 micrograms), injected into the PVN 10 minutes before oxytocin or apomorphine, was found to be able to prevent penile erection and yawning induced by the unilateral PVN microinjection of oxytocin (10 ng) or apomorphine (50 ng). The morphine-induced prevention of these behavioral responses was abolished by pretreatment with naloxone (3 mg/kg IP) 15 minutes before morphine. The present results suggest that morphine prevents apomorphine- and oxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning by inhibiting the activity of oxytocinergic neurons through mu-type receptors in this hypothalamic nucleus.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1990

[Mechanisms and physiologic role of yawning].

As well as being present in all mammals, yawning occurs, at least in its mandibular component, in all vertebrates. The existence of pathological and pharmacologically induced yawning justifies study of this everyday ENT reflex. Its mechanism remains uncertain. The most likely hypothesis would seem to be stimulation of the reticular system of the brain-stem by signals originating in masseteric neuromuscular spindles sensitive to stretching. Serotoninergic inhibition from the dorsal raphe, a fall in hypothalamic dopaminergic inhibitory tone, followed by ocytocinergic hippocampal activation and then more diffuse cholinergic activation of cranial nerve motor nuclei seems likely. Various hormonal or socio-environmental influences can modify the activity of these different systems. The physiological consequences and the communicative value of yawning become more diversified with the phylogenetic evolution of the subject. Yawning appears to correspond to an alertness reflex which has acquired a paralinguistic value with evolution and may have a role in protection or social cohesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Estrogens antagonize apomorphine-induced yawning in rats.

The administration of a small dose of apomorphine (50 micrograms/kg s.c.) induced repeated episodes of yawning in male rats. Short-term (3 days) treatment with 17 beta-estradiol antagonized apomorphine-induced yawning in male rats. Moreover, apomorphine induced yawning much less effectively in female than in male rats. These results suggest that both endogenous or exogenously administered estrogens induce subsensitivity of the DA receptors mediating yawning in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Antagonism of the apomorphine-induced yawning by "atypical" neuroleptics.

In relatively small doses, the four "atypical" neuroleptics, sulpiride, clozapine, thoiridazine and mezilamine were effective antagonists of apomorphine-induced yawning in rats. Of the four drugs, used in doses which inhibited apomorphine-induced yawning almost completely, only clozapine also antagonized yawning induced by physostigmine. Therefore it appears that the antagonism of this effect of apomorphine, already reported for classical neuroleptic agents, is also shown by "atypical" ones. By combining apomorphine- and physostigmine-induced yawning, it is possible to assess the anticholinergic component in the antagonism of this effect of apomorphine and this may be of value for the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the "atypical" character.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Bilateral lesions of the striatum induced with 6-hydroxydopamine abolish apomorphine-induced yawning in rats.

The subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine induced a syndrome consisting of yawning, chewing and sexual arousal in male rats. Bilateral lesions of the striatum induced with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the drug-induced yawning, chewing and sexual arousal and produced a 58% depletion of the concentrations of dopamine in the striatum. These data suggest that apomorphine-induced yawning is mediated by presynaptic dopamine receptors (which may be autoreceptors). Furthermore, it appears that dopaminergic innervation of the striatum may play an important role in the production of yawning elicited by small doses of dopamine agonists.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Hypophysectomy prevents yawning and penile erection but not hypomotility induced by apomorphine.

A small dose of apomorphine (25 or 50 micrograms/kg, SC) induced repeated episodes of yawning, penile erection, genital grooming and a decrease in locomotor activity in rats. Hypophysectomy almost completely abolished yawning, penile erection and genital abolished yawning, penile erection and genital grooming but failed to modify the hypomotility induced by apomorphine. These results suggest that pituitary hormones are directly or indirectly involved in the apomorphine-induced yawning, penile erection and genital grooming but not in the sedative response to this drug.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1985

Association of spontaneous and dopaminergic-induced yawning and penile erections in the rat.

In a Sprague-Dawley-derived line of rats, selectively bred to establish a high incidence of spontaneous yawning behavior, the simultaneous and systematic monitoring of yawning and penile erections, during observation periods of one hour, demonstrates a linear correlation between these two behavioral patterns. Dose-effect curves of yawning and penile erections elicited by apomorphine and bromocriptine, and their inhibition by metoclopramide are quite similar. These results strongly suggest that yawning and penile erection are subject to some common regulating and modulating mechanisms, one of which seems to involve dopaminergic pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Sex hormone influences on yawning behavior.

Young male albino rats yawn significantly more than females or castrated males when injected with physostigmine (0.10 mg/kg). Treatment with testosterone (100 micrograms daily) during seven days restores cholinomimetically induced yawning in castrated males, and increases yawning in normal and androgenized females. Treatment with estradiol (200 micrograms daily) during one week does not modify physostigmine induced yawning behavior in castrated males nor in androgenized females.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Role of nitric oxide in penile erection and yawning induced by 5-HT1c receptor agonists in male rats.

The effect of the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, two inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, on penile erection and yawning induced by 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-piperazine (m-CPP)- and N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP), two selective 5HT1c receptor agonists, was studied in male rats. Both NO synthase inhibitors (50-500 micrograms i.c.v.) prevented dose-dependently the behavioural responses induced by m-CPP (0.5 mg/kg s.c.) or by TFMPP (1 mg/kg s.c.), but NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was about 4-5 times more potent than NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. The D-isomer of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, which does not inhibit nitric oxide synthase, was ineffective. The inhibitory effect of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on m-CPP- and TFMPP-induced responses was prevented by the administration of L-arginine (1 mg i.c.v.). In contrast, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (20 micrograms) was ineffective when injected in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a brain area that plays a key role in the expression of these behavioural responses. m-CPP- and TFMPP-induced penile erection and yawning was prevented also by the i.c.v. administration of LY 83583 (50-200 micrograms) or methylene blue (50-400 micrograms), two inhibitors of guanylate cyclase but not by reduced hemoglobin (50-400 micrograms), a NO scavenger. The results suggest that central nitric oxide is involved in the expression of penile erection and yawning induced by 5-HT1c receptor agonists.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗