Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Xiphoid Bone”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Developmental toxicity of steviol, a metabolite of stevioside, in the hamster.

The developmental toxicity of steviol, a metabolite of stevioside, was studied in hamsters. Pregnant hamsters were intubated with steviol at dose levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g/kg BW/day on days 6-10 of gestation. Steviol at doses of 0.75 and 1.0 g/kg BW/day were highly toxic to both dams and fetuses. Significant decrease of maternal body-weight gain during the experimental period (days 6-14) and high percentage of maternal mortality indicated the general toxicity of these two high doses. The number of live fetuses per litter and mean fetal weight also significantly decreased in the steviol-treated animals at doses of 0.75 and 1.0 g/kg BW day. The animals treated with an intermediate dose (0.50 g/kg BW/day) exhibited less signs of maternal and developmental toxicity than the two high doses (0.75 and 1.0 g/kg BW/day). One craniomeningocele was found in a fetus under the maternal toxic condition in steviol-treated at a dose of 0.75 g/kg BW/day. Neither the skeleton nor visceral development of the offspring was affected by steviol treatment except delayed ossification of the xiphoid (bifid) and long bones of the limbs and supernumerary thoracic ribs (14th ribs) tended to be increased at doses of 0.5 to 1.0 g/kg BW/day steviol. No dose-related teratogenesis was detected. From the result of the present study concerning maternal toxic condition and embryotoxicity, an oral dose of 0.25 g steviol/kg BW/day is regarded as having no observable effect. This steviol-treated dose is derived from stevioside 625 mg/kg BW/day which is approximately 80 times higher than the suggested acceptable daily intake of stevioside for humans (7.938 mg/kg BW/day).

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1994

Adipose differentiation of cartilage in vitro.

Xiphoids of newborn mice consist of young chondrogenic cells of primary cartilage. During in vitro cultivation, xiphoids showed, morphologically, characteristics of adipose differentiation. This process progressed with time and by day 21 of the culture most of the cells in the xiphoids represented morphological mature adipocytes. During this period, the level of mRNA of lipoprotein lipase, and adipocyte-characteristic gene, increased steadily, while the level of collagen type II mRNA decreased. Continuous DNA synthesis during the cultivation period, even in mature adipocytes confirmed the viability of the cells. Mandibular condyles of newborn mice obtain chondroprogenitor cells as well as young and mature chondroblasts and represent secondary cartilage. Under identical culture conditions mandibular condyles obtained from the same mice undergo osteogenic differentiation and form mature bone within 7 to 10 days. Common to both xiphoids and mandibular condyles is the capacity to transdifferentiate, but they show distinct, divergent differentiation pathways. These findings indicate that cartilagenous tissue of xiphoids undergoes transdifferentiation into adipose tissue in vitro.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Normal variants of a photon-deficient area in the lower sternum demonstrated by bone SPECT.

PURPOSE: A highly variable normal appearance of the sternal area makes interpretation difficult on planar bone imaging. These normal variants occur especially in the area above the xiphoid process of the sternum in which an oval photopenic area on anterior planar images may be seen. This finding is most likely caused by localized incomplete fusion. METHODS: Of a group of 188 patients, 35 patients (33 men, 2 women; age range, 30 to 85 years; mean age, 57 years) were examined with sternal SPECT and planar bone imaging. These patients, who had no history of sternal trauma, surgery, radiation, or infection, were referred for bone scan for metastatic work-up (n = 20), back pain (n = 6), and other conditions (n = 9). Thus 11 of 35 (31%) patients had a SPECT study that showed a photopenic area in the lower sternum. RESULTS: The incidence of this normal variant was higher than the 2% to 7.7% previously reported, indicating improved detection by SPECT. The normal variant appears to be less apparent on planar bone images and is seen more clearly on SPECT images. CONCLUSION: Differentiation from malignancy appears to be related to lesion symmetry, location, midline, and evenly distributed radioactivity surrounding the edge of the photopenic area.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Thymectomy of adult mice and hamsters].

The author describes a method for thymectomy of adult mice and hamsters, in which he uses a new operative approach at the initial stage of the operation. The common longitudinal median skin section is replaced with semioval section of the skin which begins from the surface transversly to the median line over xiphoid process of the chest bone, passes parallely and lateralily to both sides of the chest bone in the direction to the neck and ends at the level of the clavicle. Semioval cut skin, returned to its place after comrlition of the thymectomy, forms a peculiar subcutaneous pocket in the cavity of which the mediastimum and the risk of pneumothorax, while the usage of skin sutures is replaced completely by the tissue glue.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1995

Perichondrial localization of ETA receptor in rat tracheal and xiphoid cartilage and in fetal rat epiphysis.

Autoradiographic studies using 125I-labeled endothelin-1 (ET-1) on sections of rat cartilage tissues, including the trachea, xiphisternum, and fetal rat epiphysis, revealed dense localization of endothelin receptors in the perichondrium. In contrast, the binding of ET-1 was not detected in the chondrocytes, cartilage matrix, and other connective tissues of the cartilage tissues tested. The perichondrial binding of 125I-ET-1 was completely abolished with BQ-123 [an endothelin receptor subtype A (ETA) antagonist] but not with BQ-3020 (an ETB agonist), and we demonstrated the perichondrial localization of ETA receptors. [3H]thymidine incorporation in vitro was significantly increased in rat xiphoid cartilage tissues exposed to ET-1. These findings suggest that the ET-1/ETA receptor system plays an important role in regulating cartilage metabolism and endochondral bone formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A matrix metalloproteinase-generated aggrecan neoepitope as a marker of skeletal maturation and aging in cartilage.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the matrix metalloproteinase-induced neoepitope F(M/V)DIPEN (Phe-[Met/Val]-Asp-Ile-Pro-Glu-Asn341) in guinea pig and rabbit cartilage during aging. METHODS: Cartilage was taken from the stifle joint, nasal septum, and xiphoid process in guinea pigs and rabbits at selected ages. The cartilage was then extracted and evaluated for F(M/V)DIPEN levels by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: In the 3 tissues studied, there were major increases in F(M/V)DIPEN levels during skeletal maturation and aging in both the guinea pig and rabbit cartilage. Except for spontaneous osteoarthritis that develops in guinea pigs with aging, increases in the neoepitope were not correlated with arthritis pathology. CONCLUSION: Increases in the level of F(M/V)DIPEN in cartilage occur as a result of skeletal maturation and aging. This physiologic accumulation of F(M/V)DIPEN in cartilage should be considered when using the neoepitope as a disease marker in arthritis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Heterotopic bone formation: presentation of an experimental rat model and a clinical case.

Heterotopic bone formation (HBF), an ill-defined phenomenon, refers to the formation of bone in tissue that normally does not ossify. Two existing theories to explain HBF are that two cellular entities, one from the bone and the other from the muscle or fascia (two cell types) are involved, and that stem cell responds to a factor induced by trauma (one cell + factor). In our report, the HBF in a patient's vertical abdominal wound was possibly due to IEL, a stem cell, which is stimulated by a factor from xiphoid when it is traumatized by surgical incision. After 28 days' culture rat tissue specimens from the xiphoid, upper gastrointestinal tract, pubis and bladder exhibited macroscopic mineralization with cellular infiltration, a paradigm of 2-dimensional BF. Characteristically, pubis + bladder, xiphoid + ileum and xiphoid + duodenum showed 2-dimensional BF by as early as 5 days. Thus, it appears that both theories of HBF may be valid.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Accumulation of calcium in human common iliac artery, aortic valve, xiphoid process, costal cartilage, posterior longitudinal ligament, trigeminal nerve, and rib accompanied by increase of magnesium.

To examine whether an accumulation of Ca in the tissues was accompanied by an increase of Mg, the authors investigated the relationships between Ca and Mg contents in the common iliac arteries, aortic valves, xiphoid processes, costal cartilages, posterior longitudinal ligaments, trigeminal nerves, and ribs by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. After the ordinary dissections by medical students were finished, the common iliac arteries, aortic valves, xiphoid processes, bilateral the fourth costal cartilages, posterior longitudinal ligaments between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae, trigeminal nerves, and bilateral the sixth ribs were resected from the subjects and elements were determined. It was found that there were extremely significant direct correlations between Ca and Mg contents in all of the common iliac arteries, aortic valves, costal cartilages, posterior longitudinal ligaments, and trigeminal nerves, whereas there were significant direct correlations in both the xiphoid processes and ribs. As for the tissues containing Ca higher than 20 mg/g, the average mass ratios of Mg/Ca were similar among the seven tissues. As Ca increased in all of the common iliac arteries, aortic valves, xiphoid processes, costal cartilages, posterior longitudinal ligaments, trigeminal nerves, and ribs, Mg increased simultaneously in the seven tissues.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Repair of recurrent pectus deformities.

A paucity of information is available regarding the surgical repair of recurrent pectus deformities (RPD). From 1993 through 2001 35 patients ranging in age from 6 to 51 years (mean, 23 years) underwent repair of RPD a mean of 11 years after the original repair: modified Ravitch repair (31), prosthetic implantation (three), and Nuss procedure (one). All patients had accompanying symptoms including decreased stamina (76%), chest discomfort (53%), asthma (33%). The repair performed was dependent on the findings at operation. A modified Ravitch procedure with Adkins strut was performed for 21 patients. Three had reattachment of mobile costal cartilages and/or xiphoid process to the sternum; three patients had autologous bone or cartilage grafts, three had muscular reconstruction, and two had resection of a localized cartilage protrusion. Three patients could not be reconstructed safely. Very good to excellent results were achieved for 32 patients (mean follow-up, 24.8 months). There were no deaths or major complications. Minor complications occurred in five patients. The mean blood loss was 105 mL. The mean hospital stay was 2.8 days. We conclude that although it is technically difficult RPD can be repaired with low morbidity, short hospital stay, and very good physiologic and cosmetic results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Pectus carinatum.

In the mirror of the pertinent literature, we present our experiences gained in 161 operations for pectus carinatum. The Type I (keel chest) deformity is corrected by bilateral resection of the costal cartilages, transverse osteotomy of the sternum, detachment of the xiphoid process, and resection of the lower end of the body of the sternum. The sternum is maintained in its corrected position by utilizing the pulling force of the rectus muscles through the reattached xiphoid and by tacking the pectoralis muscles together in front of the breast bone. Type II (pouter pigeon breast) is handled by double transverse osteotomy, chiseling off the protuberant portion of the strernomanuberial junction, and by supporting the lower sternal body with either the suspended xiphoid process or with Marlex mesh. Limited forms of Type III (asymmetrical or lateral pectus carinatum) are managed with simple resection of the involved cartilages only. If the anomaly is more extensive, bilateral resection of the cartilages and correction of the sternal axis is carried out.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[X-ray findings of the sternum after sternotomy (author's transl)].

X-ray examination of the sternum after sternotomy supplies proof of rupture of a suture, of dehiscence of the sternum, malpositioning of the wire ligature, of the cutting-through of the fixation wire by the bone, of the fracture, pseudoarthrosis and inflammation. Fractures can be located in the manubrium sterni, the body of the sternum, the xiphoid process and in one of the two parts of the sternum. Pseudoarthroses can be seen in the manubrium, in the body of the sternum or as longitudinal pseudoarthroses. Pseudoarthroses were found only in conjunction with inflammatory chances. Signs pointing to an osteomyelitis of the sternum can be very discreet. This applies to both the reactive scleroses and to osteolyses. In individual cases the examination of a fistula system allows identification of a connection to the bone or to the ligature material. Retrosternal abscesses can be differentiated in the computer tomogram from dissections after bolus injection. Diagnosis by exclusion requires tomography in two planes with complicated blurs. In such cases the diagnostic reliability is probably far superior to the reliability achieved by plain roentgenography and with longitudinal blurring.

Abscess↗
PubMed2006

[Functional anatomy of the abdominal wall].

The anterolateral abdominal wall covers a region defined cranially by the xiphoid process and ribs, laterally by the medial axillary line, and caudally by the anterior ilium and pubic bone. Knowledge of the various parts of the abdominal wall is essential to the surgeon for effective laparotomy and primary and secondary hernia care. The abdominal musculature, aponeuroses, vascularity, and innervation are examined in detail along with the according vascular and neural structures of the dermis.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1999

Mechanical analysis of midline sternotomy wound closure.

OBJECTIVE: Unstable median sternotomy closure can lead to postoperative morbidity. This study tests the hypothesis that separation of the sternotomy site occurs when physiologic forces act on the closure. METHODS: Median sternotomy was performed in 4 human cadavers (2 male) and closed with 7 interrupted stainless steel wires. The chest wall was instrumented to apply 4 types of distracting force: (1) lateral, (2) anterior-posterior, (3) rostral-caudal, and (4) a simulated Valsalva force. Forces were applied in each direction and were limited to physiologic levels (< 400 N). Four sets of sonomicrometry crystals were placed equidistantly along the sternum to measure separation at the closure site. RESULTS: Sternal separation occurred as a result of the wires cutting through the bone. Less force was needed to achieve 2.0-mm distraction in the lateral direction (220 +/- 40 N) than in the anterior-posterior (263 +/- 74 N) and rostral-caudal (325 +/- 30 N) directions. More separation occurred at the lower end of the sternum than the upper. During lateral distraction, xiphoid and manubrial displacement averaged 1.85 +/- 0.14 and 0.35 +/- 0.12 mm, respectively. Anterior-posterior distraction caused 1.99 +/- 0.04-mm xiphoid displacement and 0.26 +/- 0.12-mm manubrial displacement. During a simulated Valsalva force, more separation occurred in the lateral (2.14 +/- 0.11 mm) than in the anterior-posterior (0.46 +/- 0.29 mm) or rostral-caudal (0.25 +/- 0.15 mm) directions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that sternal dehiscence can occur under physiologic loads and that improved sternal stability may be readily achieved via mechanical reinforcement near the xiphoid. Closure techniques designed to minimize wire migration into the sternum should also be developed.

Bone Wires↗
PubMed2000

The use of historical and anthropometric data as risk factors for screening of low mBMD & MCI.

To evaluate the risk factors which affect bone loss in screening for osteoporosis, interview of anamnestic data (age, marriage status, pregnancies, menopausal age, intake of calcium, vegetables, protein and coffee, excessive use of alcohol and smoking, sedentary habits, family history), medical data, surgical data, followed by measurement of anthropometric variables [weight, height, antero-posterior (AP) thickness at xiphoid level], blood examination (calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase), both postero-anterior (PA) hands and lateral thoraco-lumbar radiography were done in 1,182 normal volunteers aged 17-83. From PA hands radiographs, metacarpal bone mineral density (mBMD) and metacarpal index (MCI) were measured by computed X-ray densitometry (CXD) (Bonalyzer, Teijin Ltd., Tokyo). The results showed that the mean of menopausal age in Thai females was 48.86 +/- 3.09 years ranging from 39 to 55 years. The average number of children in their family was 2.10. Correlation among anthropometric variables, AP thickness was positive linear correlation to weight/height ratio (r = 0.7878, p-value < 0.005). Weight, AP thickness and body mass index (BMI) significantly increased with aging (r = 0.2456, 0.4489 and 0.3484, p-value < 0.005, 0.001 and < 0.005), but decreased with height (r = -0.1030, p-value = 0.001). Lower mBMD and MCI were associated with increased age, married female, increased pregnancies, increased AP thickness, decreased vegetable intake, increased protein intake and increased years after menopause. From a multiple regression analysis, the significant factors that can predict the MCI were years after menopause, sex, daily vegetable intake and hormonal replacement. The incidence rate of high risk of developing osteoporosis in females, no vegetable intake and no hormonal replacement subjects occurred 7.50, 2.22 and 2.63 times greater than in males, vegetable intake and hormonal replacement subjects, respectively. In postmenopausal women since 1-2, 3-5, 6-10, 11-15 and > 15 years, the incidence rate were 5.24, 14.51, 17.01, 20.86 and 29.76 times greater than the rate of premenopausal women. Concerning perimenopausal women, only 2 of all factors influenced the measured mBMD and MCI. The incidence rate of high risk of developing osteoporosis in women who intake protein > 30 g/d and intake medicine (corticosteroid) was 2.96 and 6.16 times greater than < 30 g/d protein intake and no medicine intake subjects.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The internal thoracic blood vessels (internal thoracic arteries and veins) and their practical significance].

Internal thoracic blood vessels (A. et Vv. thoracicae internae) are parietal vessels of the thoracic anterior wall. Because of their position, they are often exposed to injuries during the fracture of the ribs and the sternal bone. These facts require a general knowledge about the anatomical variations of these vessels, specifically the knowledge concerning their mutual relationship, their anastomoses and their distance from the lateral margins of the sternal bone. Due to the poor and different data in the available literature, we directed our investigations towards the study and confirmation of the described anatomical variations of the internal thoracic blood vessels. In this study we investigated the distance between the internal thoracic artery and the lateral margins of the sternal bone, the level of its bifurcation, the number of the internal thoracic veins and anastomoses between them. The investigation was carried out on 300 formalin specimens consisting of the anterior wall of the thorax (persons of different ages and sexes) by using the method of dissection and the method of contrast injection. In adults (200 specimens), the distance between the arterial trunk and the lateral margin of the sternal bone was not equal in the first fifth or sixth intercostal spaces, but in children up to five years of age (100 specimens), the distance was almost the same. In adults, the internal thoracic artery was nearest to the sternal bone in the first intercostal space, but going downward the artery was gradually more and more distant from the sternum and in the sixth intercostal space the distance measured approximately from 11 mm to 13 mm. In children, the distance of the artery from the lateral margin of the sternal bone, just in the above mentioned intercostal spaces, was from 5 mm to 10 mm. There was no difference according to sex in any of the two groups. Most frequently, the internal thoracic artery gave off its terminal branches at the level of the sixth costal cartilage (adults--35% and children--45%), and most rarely, the bifurcation of the artery was at the level of the seventh costal cartilage (adults--10% and children--8%). The internal thoracic vein that accompanies the same named artery, could be either single or double, on one or both sides. In cases of double veins-the artery was situated between the two of them, but in cases of single vein-the vein was located medially to the artery. In 82% of cases in the adult group, and in 69% of cases in the children-group, there were two veins accompanying the artery. The right and the left internal thoracic veins were connected in the region of the sternal bone by the retrosternal venous net (specifically in the region of the manubrium) and by one venous vessel lying in front of the xiphoid process. According to the position and the course of that venous vessel it could be called "arcus venosus prexiphoideus". The internal thoracic blood vessels were enclosed by the unique fascial sheath. They were superiorly separated from the costal pleura by the endothoracic fascia and inferiorly by the transversal thoracic muscle (m. transversus thoracis). The safest approach to the internal thoracic artery was at the level of the second and the third intercostal space. During the approach through some of the lower intercostal spaces it was necessary to be very careful because they could be narrowed at their anterior ends.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Complete sternectomy for chronic osteomyelitis with reconstruction using a rectus abdominis myocutaneous island flap.

We believe the rectus abdominis myocutaneous island flap offers a reliable alternative method of midchest reconstruction in selected cases of chronic osteomyelitis of the sternum, in conjunction with complete resection of injected sternal bone and cartilage. This single-stage procedure provides an en bloc unit of muscle with overlying skin and soft tissue, reaching from the xiphoid to the sternal notch. Three successful cases demonstrating the method are presented, with follow-up ranging from two months to two years.

Aged↗