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PubMed1991

[Significance of indices of potential selection for residents of the USSR].

Crow's indices of the opportunity for selection and their components connected with differential mortality (Im) and differential fertility (If) were estimated for populations of Soviet Union republics and for a number of USSR ethnic groups on the basis of demographic statistics. More than 10-fold decrease in the Im value was revealed in the total population of the USSR during 1926-1987. At present, the Im values in republics vary from 0.020 to 0.094 for urban population and from 0.030 to 0.121 in rural population, the ratio of perinatal mortality in the whole structure of prereproductive mortality being higher in the republics with lower values of the Im. The range of the If values for different peoples (0.148-0.643) is wider than for the populations of the republics (0.326-0.578). Interethnic differences contribute 47% of the variance in fertility. The structure of Crow's indices is given for urban and rural populations of the republics. Genetic implications of the data presented are discussed with respect to possible manifestation of the effects of inter-group selection.

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni strains occurring in the USSR and the Czech Republic.

In 1986-1989 the microbiological laboratory in Prague obtained 100 Campylobacter jejuni strains while its counterpart in Moscow gained 120 such strains. The strains were primarily isolated from humans with diarrheal disease, from domestic and wild animals and from the environment. Most C. jejuni strains were successfully specified and classified using a Czechoslovak serotyping scheme proposed by Kahlich. Serotypes 1, 2, 7, 15, 22 and 24 occurred most frequently in the Czech Republic whereas in the Soviet Union the most common serotypes were 7, 16, 5, 2, 1. The proportion of strains which could not be identified in the serotyping scheme was about 10% in the USSR and 20% in the Czech Republic. Our findings suggest differences between the USSR and the Czech Republic in the prevalence and incidence particular serotypes of C. jejuni strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Spontaneous tumors in rats from the Rappolovo Breeding Nursery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR].

The authors report the data on the incidence of neoplasms in rats of the "Rappolovo" nursery breeding (USSR Acad. Med. Sci.) and their offsprings during 4 sequential generations kept in the vivarium of the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health. The frequency of spontaneous tumors in 213 male and 230 female rats was 25.8 and 35.7% accordingly. Totally, male animals developed 65 tumors, females--114. over 80% of all neoplasms developed in animals older than 18 months. The frequency of neoplasms of separate localizations in males and females was as follows: the hypophysis--7.0 and 12.6% correspondingly; the mammary gland--0.5 and 11.7%, the thyroid (thyroidal epithelium) - 1.4 and 3.0% and (light cells) 5.6 and 8.3%; the adrenal cortex--0.5 and 1.3%; the hematopoietic system --7.0 and 5.6%; parasitic sarcomas of the abdominal cavity --5.6 and 3.0%; the skin --0.4 and 0.4%; soft tissues --0.9 and 0%; the liver--0.4 and 0.4%; the kidneys --0.4 and 0.4%. Moreover, one male showed seminal vesicle tumor, and females-solitary neoplasms of the pancreas and salivary gland, the dura mater, the ovary and uterus. Significant differences were revealed in the frequency of spontaneous neoplasms in separate rat generations.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1990

[The drug resistance and DNA plasmid profiles of Shigella dysenteriae 1 in the USSR and abroad].

The medicinal resistance and plasmid profiles of 62 S. dysenteriae strains 1, isolated in the USSR in 1986-1988 from Soviet and foreign citizens (from Afghanistan, Vietnam) and 8 strains obtained from India in 1987 were studied. Pronounced similarity between the phenotypes of medicinal, including conjugative, resistance in the strains of Soviet and foreign origin was established. In the Soviet S. dysenteriae strains 1 the presence of two main types of plasmid DNA profiles (140, 6, 4, 2 MD and 140, 35, 6, 2 MD), similar to those in the strains of Afghan and Indian origin, was shown. In the Vietnamese strain the plasmid DNA profile was found to be quite different (70, 35, 6, 2 MD). Similarity between the phenotypes of medicinal resistance and the plasmid DNA profiles in the Soviet, Afghan and Indian strains under study indicated that the intensive and permanent penetration of the infective agents of Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery from Afghanistan to the territory of the USSR, especially to Uzbekistan, occurred during the period of the stay of Soviet troops in Afghanistan.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1990

[Infectious morbidity in the USSR: its structure, levels, dynamics and economic significance].

Taking well-grounded strategic decisions on the control of infectious diseases requires the knowledge of modern epidemiological situation with respect to the total infectious pathology. The structure, levels and dynamics of morbidity in infectious diseases, registered according to Form No. 85 (Infection), on the territory of the USSR are considered. Besides, the evaluation of the economic damage inflicted to the national economy of the USSR by infectious morbidity is presented.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

[Trends in infant mortality in the USSR during the 1970s and 1980s].

The dynamics of rates and pattern of causes of infant deaths in the USSR in 1970s and 1980s is analysed. The rise in infant mortality in 1970s can be to a large extent attributed to a more complete registration of infant deaths. Endogenous causes occupy a dominant place in the pattern of causes of infant mortality in the region of its low and middle level. A dramatic increase in infant mortality is noted in summer months in the region of its high level. The necessity of transition of the USSR towards registration of fetus viability in accordance with International criteria is emphasized.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Problem of kidney transplantation (on the 25th anniversary of the first successful transplantation of the kidney in the USSR)].

The first successful transplantation of a kidney from an alive relative donor in the USSR was performed by B. V. Petrovsky at the All-Union Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery (now the All-Union Surgery Research Center, AMS, USSR) on April 15, 1965. In November, 1965 he transplanted a cadaver kidney for the first time with a good outcome. The Center possesses an experience with 987 kidney transplantations to date, among which 101 were related transplantations. The authors discuss the progress made in this field of surgery in a period of 25 years. The longest survival period among recipients with a functioning related kidney is 22 years and among those with a cadaver kidney, 19 years. With the use of Cy A 86% of transplanted related kidneys and 76% of cadaver kidneys function for 12 months or longer. The authors discuss the advantages of a new original method for transorganic oxygen preservation of a kidney suggested by G. A. Asoyan, instrumental-functional methods developed at the Center for appraising the hemodynamics of the transplanted kidney and diagnosis of the rejection crisis, cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, and progress in the techniques of kidney transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. The authors believe that further improvement in the results of allogeneic kidney transplantation is well-grounded.

Female↗
PubMed1990

[Influenza epidemics in the USSR and Czechoslovakia in 1979-1984].

In this work materials characterizing the appearance and development of influenza epidemic at the territories of the USSR and the Czech Socialist Republic are presented, the common features and differences of the epidemic process in both countries are recorded. The work shows that in both countries the appearance of this epidemic is caused by the same virus. In most cases the epidemic started earlier and lasted longer in the USSR, but morbidity rate during the epidemic was, on the whole, higher in the Czech Socialist Republic. Similarity in the course of the primary period of the epidemic processes from their appearance to their maximum rise was observed. In both countries the maximum rise of morbidity rate was registered on weeks 3-4 from the beginning of the epidemic.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1990

Obstetrics and gynecology in the USSR.

Knowledge of Soviet obstetrics and gynecology has been mostly inaccessible to Western physicians. We share our experience regarding medical education and practice in the USSR. Medical education lasts 6 years and is followed by 2 years of postdoctorate training. Residency is limited to clinical obstetrics and gynecology. No formal subspecialty training exists. Research projects are funded and guided by the Health Ministry and Academy of Medical Science. Most articles are published in Russian and are therefore unknown to physicians in the West. Modern medical technology is not available in the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. Abortion remains the leading method of contraception. Perinatal and infant mortality in the USSR is higher than that in comparable Western countries.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1989

[The etiological structure of shigellosis in the USSR in recent years].

The characterization of etiological structure of Shigella infection in the whole of the USSR, in individual union republics and at a number of other administrative territories of the USSR in recent years is presented. S. flexneri has been shown to prevail at the territories with unsatisfactory water supply of the population, and S. sonnei prevails at the territories with good water supply. At the former territories S. dysenteriae and S. boydii retain their etiological importance, while at the latter ones their role is insignificant. At a number of territories the infectious process has stopped: no isolation of these shigellae from dysentery patients and carriers is observed any longer. Among the causative agents of Flexner's dysentery, S. flexneri 2a, 6 and 1b (in different combinations) play the leading role.

Dysentery, Bacillary↗
PubMed1989

[Condition of morbidity of viral hepatitis and ways of improving prevention of these infections among the populace of the USSR].

In this article the state of morbidity in hepatitis A and B in the USSR as a whole and in individual republics is analyzed, the causes of the preservation of high morbidity levels in some regions of the USSR are shown, the specific epidemiological features of fecal-oral hepatitis non A, non B in the republics of Central Asia are pointed out and the ways for improving separately the prophylaxis of hepatitis A and hepatitis B are considered.

Hepatitis, Viral, Human↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis of species by the larval phase in the genus Rhipicephalus Koch (Ixodidae) in USSR fauna].

The key for identification of species of the genus Rhipicephalus (the fauna of the USSR) on the larval phase is based on the material reared under laboratory conditions. The structure of scutum, organs of gnathosoma and coxae, chaetotaxy of idiosoma and gnathosoma were used for differential diagnosis. In addition morphometric characteristics of the above structures and their proportions were used. A special attention has been given to coexistence of species in sympatric zones, which was revealed or confirmed as a result of identification of species of the genus on larva in the ranges of the fauna of the USSR.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The role of pathological anatomy in the health affairs of the USSR. Its origin, organization and reform].

Organizational transformation of pathological anatomy within the national health service of the USSR is part of general restructuring of society. Emphasis will be laid on the establishment of independent "Pathologico-Anatomic Units" no longer subordinated to medical superintendents of hospitals. These will be comparable to large pathological institutes and will replace the great number of small hospital-based pathology departments. The above units will be set up with a view to stimulating introduction of modern diagnostic methods in pathology and to providing conditions for more efficient scientific evaluation of bioptic and postmortem findings. An account is given of pathological anatomy and its post-war record in the USSR, and the point is made that forthcoming challenges can be met only by larger institutions. The importance of autopsy is underlined, with reference being made to the need for higher quality standards in medical services for the general public. It would be wrong to conclude that the importance of autopsy has declined against the background of growth in medical knowledge. Postmortem findings will continue to be a valid basis on which medical specialists can train their own medical thinking and can learn about the dialectics of pathological processes. Postmortem investigations have rather gained in importance today, when natural courses of many diseases can be strongly modified by medical intervention and when an iatrogenic component may occasionally come up as an additional cause of death.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

[Etiologic structure of bacterial dysentery in the USSR in 1983-1985].

The etiological structure of dysentery in the USSR in 1983-1985 is characterized. Sonne dysentery was found to prevail in the territories with adequate water supply, while dysentery caused by Shigella flexneri prevailed at the territories with unsatisfactory water supply. S. dysenteriae and S. boydii were found to play a limited role in the etiology of dysentery. In the presence of global pandemic, an increase in the isolation rate of S. dysenteriae I in the USSR is observed. The data on the biochemical structure of S. sonnei are presented.

Dysentery, Bacillary↗
PubMed1987

[Epidemiological investigation of the first case of AIDS detected in a citizen of the USSR].

The penetration and spread of infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus has been detected in the USSR. The infection was brought by a homosexual who got infected in East Africa in 1982. In the USSR he infected 5 out of his 22 sexual partners who, in their turn, transferred the infection to 3 women in heterosexual intercourse. One of these women gave birth to a seropositive child. As the result of blood transfusion from a donor infected via a homosexual contact, 5 blood recipients got infected.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Lung cancer in the USSR: patterns and trends.

Lung cancer in the USSR has become the most frequent type of tumour in males. In females, however, lung cancer rates are far behind rates for cancer of the breast, stomach and cervix. In 1980, lung cancer accounted for about one-fourth of newly diagnosed cancer cases in males and about one-sixth of all cancer cases in both sexes. The incidence of lung cancer is increasing in the USSR. In the five Soviet republics for which time trends have been examined in this paper, increases in lung cancer incidence have been observed in men for all ages, with the exception of the age group 30-39 years. Modest increases in lung cancer are seen in women in the older age groups, while small decreases or stabilization of rates are observed in younger age groups. However, there are two exceptions: statistically significant increases in Georgia for women aged 40-49 years, and an upward trend in Lithuania in urban females born in the years 1932 and 1937, suggesting that these particular groups of women smoke more than other women in the areas for which lung cancer time trends have been analysed. The continued increase in cigarette consumption in this country explains the rising trends in lung cancer and, moreover, leads to the prediction that this increase will continue for another 30-40 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Immune structure of the population in some regions of the USSR with respect to Legionella pneumophila].

For the first time in the USSR the structure of the immunity of different population groups to L. pneumophila was studied. Antibodies to L. pneumophila were detected in the passive hemagglutination test with the use of erythrocyte diagnosticum prepared at the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Moscow). The survey covered the total number of 2,902 persons in differ nt regions of the USSR, among them 2,430 adults and 472 children. Among the healthy adult population antibodies to L. pneumophila were detected, on the average, in 5.9% of persons. The highest number of persons with antibodies in diagnostic titers was detected among the population of the Baltic Republics (15.9%) and Kazakhstan (10.2%). The survey revealed an essential difference in the number of children aged 3-7 years, found to have antibodies to L. pneumophila, in the Brest region of the Byelorussian SSR (31.4%) and in the Turkmen SSR (1.3%). The high risk groups exposed to L. pneumophila infection were found to include narcological patients with the changed reactivity of the body and healthy adults professionally employed in earth-moving works.

Adolescent↗