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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The effect of the ageing of crime scene objects on the results of scent identification line-ups using trained dogs.

In a scent identification line-up, a trained dog matches the scent trace left by a perpetrator at the crime scene to the odour of a suspect in a line-up of different odours. The procedures are strictly defined and the results are routinely used by the police and as evidence in court in a number of European countries. This paper describes the effect of ageing of the odour trace collected at the crime scene on the performance of the dogs in recognising the perpetrator in a line-up. The results show that whilst the dogs perform faultlessly in matching odours collected on the same day, the results drop to a lower level and become more variable in the period studied (2 weeks to 6 months). However, the results do not show a systematic decrease in performance. A possible explanation is the development of a steady state in the glass jars containing the perpetrator odour trace after initial differential evaporation of components of the residue or break down of unsaturated components into saturated ones. Prevention of this initial change may prevent the drop in performance observed in this study, thus increasing the reliability of these scent identifications.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The ups and downs of BDNF in Rett syndrome.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder, which is primarily caused by mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). A number of MeCP2 target genes have been identified, including the neurotrophic factor BDNF; however, the functional relevance of these targets has not been established. In this issue of Neuron, Chang et al. provide the first in vivo evidence for a functional interaction between BDNF and MeCP2.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Persistence of low back pain reporting among a cohort of employees in a metal corporation: a study with 5-, 10-, and 28-year follow-ups.

Low back pain (LBP) is a common symptom among adults but little is known about its persistence over time in defined populations. The aim of this study was to examine the persistence of LBP among a cohort of industrial employees studied in four successive surveys during a total of 28 years. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression was used to estimate the interdependence of LBP occurrence at the surveys. At baseline, 54% of the subjects reported local LBP and 25% LBP radiating to the lower limb(s). Persistent or recurrent LBP was common. Of those with LBP at baseline, 75, 73, and 88% reported it also at the 5-, 10- or 28-year follow-up, respectively. Of those with radiating pain, 66, 65, and 69% were symptomatic 5, 10, or 28 years later. The onset of reporting LBP increased during follow-up. Of those without local LBP at baseline, 33, 37 and 64% had pain at the 5-, 10-, or 28-year follow-up, respectively. Of those without radiating LBP, 17, 22, and 46% had pain at the 5-, 10-, or 28-year follow-up. The odds ratio of local LBP at the 5-, 10-, or 28-year follow-up for those with such pain at baseline vs. not were 6.0 (95% CI 4.3-8.3), 4.7 (3.3-6.6) and 4.0 (2.6-6.3), adjusted for age, gender and occupational class. The respective figures for radiating LBP were 8.5 (5.7-12.5), 6.7 (4.4-10.1) and 2.3 (1.5-3.6). We conclude that LBP is commonly recurrent.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Understanding behavior change for women experiencing intimate partner violence: mapping the ups and downs using the stages of change.

OBJECTIVE: For women who are experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV), making changes toward safety is often a gradual process. When providing counseling and support, health care providers may benefit from better understanding of where women are in their readiness to change. Our objective was to apply the transtheoretical model's stages of change to the experiences of women who experienced IPV and map their experiences of change as they moved toward increased safety. METHODS: A multi-disciplinary team designed a qualitative interview process with 20 women who had current or past histories of IPV in order to explore their experiences. RESULTS: The women in our study (1) moved through stages of readiness generally in a nonlinear fashion, with varying rates of progression between safe and nonsafe situations, (2) were able to identify a "turning-point" in their situations, (3) attempted multiple "action" steps and (4) were influenced by internal and external factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that focusing on the transtheoretical model to develop stage-based interventions for IPV may not be the most appropriate given the nonsequential movement between stages and influence of external factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The "change mapping" technique can be used as an educational and counseling tool with patients, as well as a training tool for health care providers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and neprilysin hydrolyze neuropeptides: a brief history, the beginning and follow-ups to early studies.

Our investigations started when synthetic bradykinin became available and we could characterize two enzymes that cleaved it: kininase I or plasma carboxypeptidase N and kininase II, a peptidyl dipeptide hydrolase that we later found to be identical with the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). When we noticed that ACE can cleave peptides without a free C-terminal carboxyl group (e.g., with a C-terminal nitrobenzylamine), we investigated inactivation of substance P, which has a C-terminal Met(11)-NH(2). The studies were extended to the hydrolysis of the neuropeptide, neurotensin and to compare hydrolysis of the same peptides by neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase 24.11, CD10, NEP). Our publication in 1984 dealt with ACE and NEP purified to homogeneity from human kidney. NEP cleaved substance P (SP) at Gln(6)-Phe(7), Phe(7)[see text]-Phe(8), and Gly(9)-Leu(10) and neurotensin (NT) at Pro(10)-Tyr(11) and Tyr(11)-Ile(12). Purified ACE also rapidly inactivated SP as measured in bioassay. HPLC analysis showed that ACE cleaved SP at Phe(8)-Gly(9) and Gly(9)-Leu(10) to release C-terminal tri- and dipeptide (ratio = 4:1). The hydrolysis was Cl(-) dependent and inhibited by captopril. ACE released only dipeptide from SP free acid. ACE hydrolyzed NT at Tyr(11)-Ile(12) to release Ile(12)-Leu(13). Then peptide substrates were used to inhibit ACE hydrolyzing Fa-Phe-Gly-Gly and NEP cleaving Leu(5)-enkephalin. The K(i) values in microM were as follows: for ACE, bradykinin = 0.4, angiotensin I = 4, SP = 25, SP free acid = 2, NT = 14, and Met(5)-enkephalin = 450, and for NEP, bradykinin = 162, angiotensin I = 36, SP = 190, NT = 39, Met(5)-enkephalin = 22. These studies showed that ACE and NEP, two enzymes widely distributed in the body, are involved in the metabolism of SP and NT. Below we briefly survey how NEP and ACE in two decades have gained the reputation as very important factors in health and disease. This is due to the discovery of more endogenous substrates of the enzymes and to the very broad and beneficial therapeutic applications of ACE inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The ups and downs of addiction: role of metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Drug addiction is characterized by drug-induced positive affect, followed by withdrawal-associated negative affect. Such drug-induced positive and negative affective states provide crucial sources of motivation that drive compulsive drug consumption. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which are responsible for slow glutamate-mediated neurotransmission, are located throughout limbic and cortical brain regions that are implicated in drug addiction. Emerging evidence indicates that mGlu receptors regulate many behavioral actions of addictive drugs. In particular, group I mGlu receptors play an important role in regulating the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Furthermore, group II mGlu receptors have been implicated in the synaptic adaptations that occur in response to chronic drug exposure and contribute to the aversive behavioral syndrome observed during withdrawal. These findings increase our understanding of the pathological processes that are associated with the development of drug addiction, and might ultimately lead to new therapies for the treatment of this disorder.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence and evolution of sleep complaints recorded upon medical check-ups in healthcare centers in Bordeaux and Cenon, France, between 1988 and 1998].

Primary healthcare checkups are regularly performed by French healthcare centers. We report analysis of sleep disorders complaint registered from 1988 to 1998 in Bordeaux-Cauderan and Cenon CPAM welfare centers. The prevalence of sleep disorders is estimated from a total of 205 347 checkups. The population is segmented by age (18-24: 19 332, 25-34:46 694, 35-44:51 072, 45-54:46 886, 55-64:32 658, 65 +:7 705), gender (male: 101 801; female: 103 546) and population category (general: 147 188, underprivileged: 22 785, prioritized: 35 374). Datas shows a relationship between sex and age. Surprisingly we found a relation between Buying Power for Net Wages and Prevalence of Sleep Complaint. There is a significant correlation (R(2)=0,718, p<0,0079). These data are in relationship with M. Ohayon findings relatively to low income and sleep complaint.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Ups and downs for neuropeptides in body weight homeostasis: pharmacological potential of cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript and pre-proglucagon-derived peptides.

Although most humans experience an underlying upwards drift of the body-weight set-point, body weight appears tightly regulated throughout life. The present review describes the structural basis of the adipostat and hypothesise, which components may constitute available targets for pharmacotherapy of excess body weight. Hypothalamic neurones constitute the major components of the body weight homeostasis maintaining device. Together with neurones of the nucleus of the solitary tract, neurones of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus constitute the sensory components of the adipostat. The arcuate nucleus neurones respond to circulating levels of leptin and insulin, both of which reflect the levels of energy stored as triacylglycerol in adipocytes. The arcuate nucleus projects heavily to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are hypothesised to constitute, at least partly, the adipostat motor pattern generator, which upon stimulation activates either net anabolic or catabolic physiological responses. The overall sensitivity of the adipostat is influenced by gain setting neurones hypothesised to be located in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. Cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptides and pre-proglucagon derived peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are catabolic neurotransmitters synthesised in neurones of the arcuate nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract, respectively. The present review summarises the available evidence that both families of peptides constitute endogenous transmitters mediating satiety and touch upon potential pharmacological exploitation of this knowledge.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Circadian time keeping: the daily ups and downs of genes, cells, and organisms.

Light-sensitive organisms - from cyanobacteria to humans - contain circadian clocks that produce approximately 24-h cycles in the absence of external time cues. In various systems, clock genes have been identified and their functions examined. Negative feedback loops in clock gene expression were initially believed to control circadian rhythms in all organisms. However, recent experiments with cyanobacteria and the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa tend to favour protein phosphorylation cycles as the basic timekeeper principle in these species. The study of clock genes in mammals has led to a further surprise; practically all body cells were found to harbour self-sustained circadian oscillators. These clocks are co-ordinated by a central pacemaker in the animal, but they keep ticking in a cell-autonomous fashion when maintained in tissue culture. In mammals, most physiology is influenced by the circadian timing, including rest-activity rhythms, heartbeat frequency, arterial blood pressure, renal plasma flow, urine production, intestinal peristaltic motility, and metabolism.

Animals↗