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PubMed1978

Relation of hemodynamics to the incidence of diethylstilbestrol-induced aortic ruptures in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys.

Hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) alone, or with DES and propranolol (PROP). Untreated turkeys of each blood pressure line served as controls. Mortality rate from aortic ruptures was highest (43.7%) in the hypertensive line treated with DES, but mortality was reduced to 7.7% when this line of turkey was treated with both DES and PROP. Among the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, 26.7% died of aortic ruptures, but none died when these turkeys were treated with DES and PROP. Propranolol did not influence serum cholesterol levels, and all DES or DES and PROP treated birds had greatly elevated values, as contrasted to untreated turkeys. Aortic lipid values were highest in the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, but, by histologic evaluation, aortic atherosclerosis was equally severe in all DES-treated turkeys. Blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max were higher in the hypertensive line treated with DES than in the similarly treated hypotensive line. This probably accounted for the higher mortality in the former group. Absence of significant mortality in either line of turkey following treatment with both DES and PROP apparently resulted from the decreased stress on the aorta caused by lowering of blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max by PROP.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Arachidonic acid metabolism in thrombocytes and vascular tissues of turkeys.

Turkeys are hypertensive compared to mammals of similar size. In vitro synthesis of thrombocyte thromboxane B2 (TxB2), 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10 heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT), 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and aortic prostaglandin (PG) production was studied in one to ten month old domestic white turkeys. Compared to normal human platelets, TxB2 production was increased (55.4 vs. 31.4%) and HETE production was markedly reduced (6.5 vs. 34.6%) in control thrombocytes. Similar to human platelets in which cyclooxygenase inhibition with aspirin results in an increase in HETE production, block of the thrombocyte enzyme with aspirin doubled the production of HETE. In vitro conversion of radiolabeled arachidonic acid (AA) showed that the primary PG produced by turkey aorta was PGE2. A 6-keto immunoreactive PG was present which comigrated with authentic 6-keto PGF1 alpha, but failure of the aortic supernatant to inhibit adenosine diphosphate or AA induced platelet aggregation suggested that PGI2 was not produced. The vasodepressor potency of PGE1, PGE2 and PGI2 was altered in awake turkeys with PGE1 and PGE2 having five times the hypotensive effect as PGI2. In addition, conversion of AA to PGE2 by aorta in one month turkeys was greater (17.3 vs. 9.2%) than in ten month old turkeys. Systemic arterial pressure was increased in the ten month old turkeys (188 mmHg) compared to one month old turkeys (143 mmHg). Thus, both vascular AA metabolism and the vasodepressor potencies of PGE2 and PGI2 are altered and the activity of the lipoxygenase pathway in thrombocytes is limited in the turkey.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Identification of the antigenic components of paramyxovirus-3, paramyxovirus-6 and Newcastle disease virus in turkeys.

The aim of this study was to use the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Western immunoblotting as possible tools to differentiate infections in turkeys by different paramyxoviruses. Pooled hyperimmune sera of turkeys infected with either paramyxovirus-3 (PMV-3), paramyxovirus-6 (PMV-6), or Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were assayed for antibodies specific to the three viruses by the ELISA and Western immunoblotting. ELISA results showed cross reactions of turkey antibodies between PMV-3 and PMV-6 antigens, while turkey antibodies to NDV did not cross-react with any of the other paramyxoviruses. The immunoblots of sera from birds infected with PMV-3 (Minnesota turkeys and Iowa chickens) reacted to low molecular weight polypeptides of PMV-3 of 29, 32, and 34 kDa, and to a high molecular weight band of 200 kDa. The same Minnesota turkey sera had a cross reaction to the 200 kDa polypeptide of PMV-6, while the Iowa chicken sera did not. Both sera had no apparent reaction to NDV proteins. Western immunoblotting showed that the turkey PMV-3 sera had a specific reaction to a 220 kDa polypeptide present in PMV-3, but not in PMV-6, while the turkey PMV-6 sera had a specific reaction to a 130 kDa polypeptide present in PMV-6, but not in PMV-3. Immunoblots of pooled sera from turkeys infected with PMV-6 (Minnesota source) reacted to the 200 kDa protein present in both PMV-3 and PMV-6; however, no reaction occurred between this sera and NDV proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Past to present: echinococcosis in Turkey.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Echinococcus spp. and is one of the most important helminthic diseases worldwide. Two forms of echinococcosis occur in Turkey, i.e. Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. The life cycle of E. granulosus is predominantly in dogs and sheep, and most sheep farmers in Turkey keep a dog or two. Stray dogs are numerous and prevention or treatment of infection in these dogs is very difficult. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) occurs throughout Turkey whereas alveolar echinococcosis (AE) predominantly occurs in the eastern Anatolian region of the country. Both CE and AE are known to be endemic but few surveys have been performed. Most data on human CE and AE have been collected from hospital records. The first reference of echinococcosis, "Kyste hydatique multiloculaire", in Turkey dates as far back to 1872 by an Ottoman Physician, C.R. Katibian. The results of the first Turkish study on E. granulosus were published in 1928. According to Ministry of Health records, 21303 patients had operations to treat or confirm CE in the period 1987-1994 which corresponds to approximately 2663 patients per year. The estimated surgical case rate of CE is 0.87-6.6 per 100000 in Turkey. The prevalence of E. granulosus infection in dogs in Turkey is between 0.32 and 40% and varies widely with geographical location. The reported prevalence of CE in domestic animals in Turkey has ranged from 11.2 to 50.7% and has varied widely with geographical location. Although no detailed information has been published on AE in domestic and wild animals in Turkey, the main definitive and intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis are assumed to be rodents and red foxes, respectively. However, there has been only a single published report of E. multilocularis in a wild animal (fox) in the northwest in 1965 by Merdivenci. The first human case of AE in Turkey was reported by Mutlu in 1939, and total cumulative reported case number is 202 between 1980 and 1998.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Turkey.

The contribution of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and excess alcohol intake to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Turkey was assessed. The study was conducted through a questionnaire sent to seven major medical referral centers in different regions of Turkey and is based on 207 patients seen in the period 1994-1997. Of the seven centers, two were located in West Turkey (54 patients), two were in Central Turkey (85 patients), and two were in south and southeast Turkey (68 patients). In 196 of the 207 patients (94.7%), there was a history of chronic liver disease, and in 180 patients (87%) liver cirrhosis was documented. Of the 207 patients, 116 (56%) had hepatitis B, 48 (23.2%) had hepatitis C, and 33 (15.9%) had a history of excess alcohol intake. Anti-delta testing was available in 69 of 116 patients with hepatitis B, and anti-HDV was positive in 13 of these patients (13/69, 18.8%). Of the 33 patients with a history of heavy alcohol intake, 18 had concomitant chronic viral hepatitis infection, and alcohol alone was the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in only 15 cases (7.2%). The distribution of etiologic factors was not homogenous in different geographical regions in Turkey. In central, south, and southeastern Turkey, the predominant etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma was hepatitis B, whereas in western Turkey the impact of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and alcohol was similar. This study indicates that hepatitis B virus infection is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in Turkey, followed by hepatitis C infection and alcoholic liver disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effects of dietary protein concentration and specific amino acids on body weight, body composition and feather growth in young turkeys.

1. Two randomised block factorial experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between the effects of dietary crude protein and specific amino acid concentrations on the relative growth of the body and feathers of young turkeys. 2. Decreasing dietary crude protein concentration from 300 to 180 g/kg in experiment 1 reduced the body and breast muscle weights of a large male line of turkeys proportionally by 0.44 and 0.52 compared with 0.19 and 0.24 in a small traditional line. 3. Decreasing dietary crude protein concentration was associated with a maximum reduction in feather weight of 0.18 and 0.24 respectively in male line and traditional turkeys. The length of the feathers in the cranial region of the breast decreased from 26 to 19mm in the traditional line compared with an increase from 14 to 25 mm in male line turkeys. 4. Decreasing dietary crude protein concentration was associated with an increase in the fat content of the feather-free carcase. Male line turkeys had a higher carcase fat and lower feather dry matter content than the traditional turkeys. 5. It was concluded that dietary crude protein was preferentially partitioned to feather rather than muscle growth in the male line in contrast to a traditional line of turkeys in which the growth of feathers and muscle were affected equally. 6. In experiment 2, the amino acids arginine, valine, methionine and tyrosine were added separately to a common basal ration (180g CP/kg) to raise their concentration to that of the control ration (260 g CP/kg). Each ration was fed ad libitum to male line turkeys from 2 to 6 weeks of age. 7. Amino acid supplementation increased body and breast muscle weights. 8. Compared with the basal ration, tyrosine was associated with a reduction in feather weight whereas valine had no effect. Supplementation with arginine and methionine resulted in increased feather weights that were similar to that of the controls. 9. It was concluded that arginine and methionine were used preferentially and are essential for feather growth. Excess amino acids that are not required for feather growth such as tyrosine and valine were used for increased body growth and resulted in relatively poor feather cover. 10. The results suggest that feather growth was maintained as much as possible at the expense of body growth when the amino acid concentration of the ration was less than that required to maximise body and muscle weight gain in large male line turkeys.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Rapid transmission of the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis in turkeys and specific pathogen free chickens following cloacal infection with a mono-eukaryotic culture.

In the present investigation, the pathogenicity and transmission of a mono-eukaryotic culture of Histomonas meleagridis for commercial turkeys and specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens is described for the first time. Two separate trials with the same kind of experimental design were performed, one with commercial turkeys and one with SPF chickens. In each experiment, two different groups were included, which were housed in separate rooms. The first group contained four control birds, whereas the second group consisted of 10 infected and four in-contact birds. The birds were infected via the cloaca at 14 days of age with 380,000 cells of a mono-eukaryotic culture of H. meleagridis consisting of a cloned isolate (Turkey/Austria/2922-66/04). Reisolation of the parasite from turkeys and chickens under experimental conditions was performed for the first time. The infected birds started to excrete the parasite as soon as 2 days post infection. Rapid spread of the parasite to in-contact turkeys and chickens was noticed, based on reisolation of live parasites. Reisolation of the pathogen was impossible from two of the four in-contact SPF chickens at any time, whereas all of the infected turkeys were found positive. Intermittent shedding of the parasite was noticed in infected turkeys and SPF chickens, but the phenomenon was much more severe in the SPF chickens as these birds survived the infection. All of the infected and in-contact turkeys died between days 11 and 14 post infection, whereas no death was recorded in the SPF chickens, which were killed 6 weeks after the infection. Typical lesions were recorded in the caeca and livers of the infected turkeys. In addition, a heavy destruction of the bursa of Fabricius was seen in all of the infected and one of the in-contact turkeys. Altogether, the present investigations are of importance for an understanding of the pathogenicity and transmission of H. meleagridis in poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Comparative development of the turkey and chicken embryo from cleavage through hypoblast formation.

The development of the turkey and chicken embryo from the first cleavage division through hypoblast formation is described. The early development of the chicken embryo has been categorized into 14 stages. A similar staging sequence for the turkey was not proposed until 1993, when we described the early development of the turkey embryo, which was divided into 11 stages. Comparatively, differences in the temporal and spatial development of the turkey and chicken blastoderm were evident. Of significance is the observation that at oviposition the turkey is in Stage VII and characterized by the first signs of area pellucida formation. In contrast, the chicken embryo at oviposition is in Stage X and area pellucida formation is completed. Similarly, the hypoblast, which is already apparent in the Stage X chicken embryo, does not appear in the turkey embryo until the egg is incubated. Furthermore, the anterior-posterior (head-tail) axis in the early embryo is achieved prior to oviposition in the chicken but after the onset of incubation in the turkey. It is apparent that the turkey embryo is less mature than the chicken embryo at oviposition. Whether this distinction is related to differences between the hatchability of turkey and chicken eggs is not yet known.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Skeletal muscle calcium channel ryanodine binding activity in genetically unimproved and commercial turkey populations.

The biochemical basis for the incidence of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) turkey meat was investigated by conducting ryanodine binding experiments on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles prepared from genetically unimproved and commercial turkeys. Ryanodine binding to the Ca2+ channel protein in SR vesicles from both populations of turkeys was activated at a threshold concentration of approximately 0.2 microM Ca2+, reached a plateau over the range of 3 to 30 microM free Ca2+, and was only slightly inhibited at 1 mM Ca2+. The SR fractions, enriched in the Ca(2+)-channel protein, from commercial turkeys exhibited a higher (P < 0.05) mean affinity for ryanodine when compared to that from unimproved turkeys (Kd = 12.2 vs 20.5 nM, respectively). A fourfold difference (P < 0.05) in mean Ca(2+)-channel protein content or Bmax (1.10 pmol/mg vs 4.01 pmol/mg) was observed between commercial and unimproved turkey SR fractions. The apparent difference in channel protein content between the two populations may be partially accounted for by the high abundance of a 75-kDa protein, as yet unidentified, observed in most commercial turkey samples on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The differences in ryanodine binding activity between these two populations of turkeys suggest that altered SR calcium channel protein activity, or altered channel regulation, may be associated with the increased incidence of PSE meat from turkeys selected for growth characteristics.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1999

Effect of feed withdrawal or challenge with Pasteurella multocida on growth, blood metabolites, circulating growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in eight-week-old turkeys.

The daily effects of feed withdrawal or a bacterial disease (Pasteurella multocida; PM) challenge was studied in a slow-growing line of turkeys. The following groups (n = 6 birds/group) were sampled for up to 13 d: untreated control (CON), 4-d feed withdrawal followed by refeeding (FAST), a group that succumbed within the first 2 to 3 d after PM challenge (E-DEAD), a group that succumbed 8 to 9 d after PM challenge (L-DEAD), a group that survived the PM challenge (SUR), and a group treated with both PM challenge and 4-d feed withdrawal followed by refeeding (FAST/CHAL). Daily feed intake and BW gains were markedly reduced in the E-DEAD and L-DEAD groups immediately and 3 d after PM challenge, respectively. Feed intake and BW gain between CON and SUR groups of turkeys were not different throughout the trial. The turkeys in the FAST group followed the expected feed withdrawal and refeeding patterns for feed intake and BW loss or gain. The FAST/CHAL turkeys consumed the minimal amount of feed to maintain BW after refeeding. Plasma uric acid sharply increased 1 d prior to death in both E-DEAD and L-DEAD groups of turkeys. Plasma uric acid also increased each consecutive day during fasting in the FAST and FAST/CHAL groups of turkeys. Plasma growth hormone was measured in only the CON and FAST groups and increased from about 40 to 85 ng/mL in the FAST group during fasting but returned to control levels within 1 d of refeeding. Circulating plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) decreased from about 17 to 5 ng/mL in the PM-challenged (E-DEAD, L-DEAD, and FAST/CHAL groups) and FAST groups. The concentration of IGF-I returned to prefeed withdrawal levels within 3 d of refeeding the FAST group of turkeys. It was concluded that 1) turkey poults that were not susceptible to the PM challenge generally maintained physiological functions at control bird levels, 2) susceptible turkey poults generally exhibited depressed feed intake and BW gains, and 3) poults challenged with both feed withdrawal and PM treatment responded differently than poults challenged with either feed withdrawal or challenge with PM. The depletion of energy intake and mobilization of energy stores in susceptible poults might have contributed to the rate at which PM caused the poults to die.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Turkey osteomyelitis complex.

Turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC) is defined by the US Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) to include normal-appearing processed turkey carcasses that contain lesions including green discoloration of the liver, arthritis/synovitis, soft-tissue abscesses, and osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia. The lesions are associated with many different opportunistic organisms, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, suggesting that TOC incidence may be influenced more by deficiencies in the host immune response rather than by the virulence of any one organism. This syndrome is primarily a disease of adolescent male turkeys, and birds with TOC lesions have decreased indices of cell-mediated immunity, leading to the hypothesis that defects in the immune response of individuals within flocks of male turkeys may be responsible for the occurrence of these opportunistic infections. We have developed an experimental model for this disease in which treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), either with or without air sac inoculation with Escherichia coli, produces all of the lesions associated with TOC. These studies suggest that TOC is a result of stress-induced immunosuppression in a subpopulation of male turkeys that respond to the stressors in modern poultry production in a detrimental manner. Supplemental vitamin D3 treatment protected male turkeys from the immunosuppression induced by multiple treatments with DEX and resulted in decreased incidence of mortality, TOC, green liver, and isolation of bacteria from tissues, lower air sacculitis scores, and lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratios than nonsupplemented controls. Vitamin D3 also protected BW; relative weights of the liver, heart, spleen, and bursa; and clinical chemistry values from the effects of DEX treatment. The ability of vitamin D3 supplementation to protect turkeys from the immunosuppressive effects of severe stress emphasizes its role as a prohormone that affects health and disease resistance in turkeys and suggests that variation in the vitamin D receptor genotype may be involved in this disease process. This model has potential value in the identification of other nutritional and physiological immunomodulators that can decrease TOC incidence and will provide a means for the divergent selection of birds more resistant to the stressors of turkey production. In addition, this model will provide justification for management options designed to minimize stress.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Utilization of soybean oil and tallow in young turkeys compared with young chickens.

The experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy and apparent fatty acid digestibility of tallow and soybean oil (8% of the basal diet) in young (1 and 3 wk of age) turkeys compared with young chickens. At 1 wk of age, turkeys used fats, particularly saturated fats, more efficiently than young chickens (i.e., total fatty acid digestibility was 96.5 vs. 86.4% for soybean oil and 75.0 vs. 49.1% for tallow). This difference between the two species disappeared at 3 wk of age, when there was an increase (95.7 vs. 99.3% for soybean oil and 64.0 vs. 69.7% for tallow) in fat utilization in young chickens, whereas in turkeys it remained constant (96.5 vs. 99.3% for soybean oil and 75 vs. 69.3% for tallow). This result suggests a greater and earlier maturity of the digestive system for fat utilization in turkeys than in young chickens. This efficient utilization of saturated fatty acids in turkeys seemed to depend more on the fat origin than on bird age, because it remained constant with age (91.4 vs. 96%) when saturated fatty acids were provided by soybean oil, and decreased (particularly for C18:0: 5.08 vs. 35.8%) when saturated fatty acids were provided by tallow. In turkeys, fluctuations in secretion of bile salts or in lipase activity during the trial period may have caused the lower stearic acid digestibility at 3 wk of age. The present study revealed a difference in fat utilization between turkeys and young chickens. For higher validity of the digestibility of fats, it would be preferable to use turkeys to derive metabolizable energy and fatty acid digestibility of fat values in formulating turkey diets.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Microstructure and mineral content of femora in male turkeys with and without fractures.

Microscopic and radiographic observations, as well as ash, calcium, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations, were evaluated from femora of 32- to 35-wk-old male turkeys from two different farms (A and B). Turkeys from Farm A were divided into birds with femoral fracture (AF) and without femoral fracture (ANF). Turkeys from Farm B did not have femoral fractures (BNF). In the mid-diaphyseal cortex of turkeys without femoral fractures, collagen fibers were evenly distributed parallel to the transverse plane of bone surface. In contrast, collagen fibers were disorganized and the cortex was osteoporotic in turkeys with femoral fractures. Each turkey with femoral fractures also had callus on the mediocaudal region of the femoral middiaphysis. The periosteal callus was interrupted at the insertion of the puboischiofemoralis muscle. Muscle attachment to the bone might have interfered with the formation of periosteal callus. The concentration of calcium was lower in the cortex of turkeys in group AF compared to turkeys in groups ANF and BNF. The focal nature of the callus, along with the low levels of calcium, is indicative of a local repair response with alteration in cortical structure and altered concentrations of minerals in the cortex. These changes in the bone and the routine handling of the birds might have predisposed the turkeys to complete fractures of the femur.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Increased egg production by active immunization against vasoactive intestinal peptide in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a hypothalamic prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor in the turkey. The hypothesis in the present study was that active immunization of turkeys with VIP would neutralize endogenous VIP, decrease circulating PRI, and consequently prevent the expression of incubation behavior. Large white female turkeys were divided into three experimental groups comprising untreated controls, control turkeys immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and turkeys immunized with synthetic chicken VIP conjugate (KLH-cVIP). Each turkey received four injections at 4-wk intervals, starting on the day of photostimulation. The immune response, measured by the percentage binding of monoiodinated chicken VIP (cVIP) to plasma at a dilution of 1:1000, averaged 11.8 +/- 2.5% during the reproductive life cycle. Immunization against KLH-cVIP prevented the normal increases of PRL that are associated with the photo-induced reproductive cycle. Over a 21-wk period beginning at photostimulation, KLH-cVIP-immunized birds exhibited a maximal plasma PRL level of 82.2 +/- 29.5 ng/ml, compared to 367.7 +/- 66.6 ng/ml and 227.5 +/- 51.7 ng/ml for non- and KLH-immunized turkeys, respectively. The total number of nest visits per hen during the 147-day experimental period decreased from 320.0 +/- 48.2 in the nonimmunized controls to 180.7 +/- 53.7 and 149.4 +/- 13.1 visits in KLH- and KLH-cVIP conjugate-immunized turkeys. Turkeys that showed an immune response to KLH-cVIP immunization did not exhibit incubation behavior, whereas 54% and 33% of non- and KLH-immunized hens incubated their eggs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of doxycycline in turkeys.

The pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline (DOX) were determined in 3 day, 3-, 6- and 12-week-old fasted turkeys, after a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of 25 mg doxycycline. HCl/kg body weight. Doxycycline disposition fitted an open two-compartment model. The mean (+/-SD) elimination half-life was 10.6 +/- 0.7, 10.8 +/- 1.5, 7.9 +/- 1.4 and 10.0 +/- 0.9 h in 3 day, 3-, 6- and 12-week-old turkeys, respectively. Mean (+/- SD) total body clearance was 0.19 (+/-0.01), 0.27 (+/-0.03), 0.11 (+/-0.03) and 0.06 (+/-0.01) L/h.kg in 3 day, 3-, 6- and 12-week-old turkeys, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution was 1.77 (+/-0.2), 2.1 (+/-0.2), 0.7 (+/-0.4) and 0.5 (+/-0.2) L/kg in turkeys of the above mentioned ages, respectively. The AUC value significantly increased with the age of the turkeys. An oral doxycycline solution at a single dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight was administered to 3 day. 3-, 6- and 12-week-old turkeys. The maximal plasma concentrations in fasted turkeys were 3.8, 5.6, 7.4 and 5.7 micrograms/mL. with tmax values of 4.7, 1.5, 2.8 and 5.4 h, for the different ages, respectively. In fed turkeys the Cmax values were 2.5, 6.1, 4.8 and 3.0 micrograms/mL. with tmax values of 4.2, 5.3, 4.5 and 7.5 h, respectively. The absolute bioavailability in fasted turkeys varied between 25.0 +/- 9.0% (for 12-week-old birds) and 63.5 +/- 7.1% (for 3-week-old birds). The relative bioavailability varied between 40.0 +/- 13.0% (for 12-week-old birds) and 83.7 +/- 14.3% (for 3-week-old birds).

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

pap-and pil-related DNA sequences and other virulence determinants associated with Escherichia coli isolated from septicemic chickens and turkeys.

Escherichia coli isolates from septicemic or healthy chickens and turkeys from Quebec were serotyped, examined genotypically by using DNA probes specific for the pil and pap fimbrial systems and the aerobactin siderophore system, and examined phenotypically for lethality in day-old chicks, hemagglutination, serum resistance, and aerobactin production. Serogroups O78 and O1 were most common in septicemic chickens and turkeys. pap+ isolates from chickens were associated with septicemia, and pap+ isolates from turkeys were associated with lethality in day-old chicks. Four of nine pap+ isolates from septicemic turkeys expressed P adhesin, whereas all pap+ isolates from septicemic chickens were negative for P adhesin. The pil+ genotype was associated with septicemia in chickens and with serum resistance in isolates from turkeys. Mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes was associated with septicemia in chickens and turkeys, although this phenotype was not associated with pil+ isolates from turkeys. Serum resistance was associated with isolates from septicemic turkeys and with lethality in isolates from chickens. The aerobactin system was associated with isolates from septicemic chickens and turkeys. Overall, results indicated that (i) genotypic examination may reveal virulence-associated traits which differ from the typically expected phenotype and/or are not readily expressed in vitro, and (ii) certain phenotypic and genotypic traits associated with E. coli causing extraintestinal disease in humans and animals are also associated with E. coli causing avian septicemia.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic effects of moniliformin in broiler and turkeys fed dietary treatments to market age.

Floor pen studies were conducted, with broilers from 1 to 7 wk of age and with turkeys from 1 to 14 wk of age, to evaluate the chronic effects of moniliformin (M). Fusarium fujikuroi (M-1214) culture material was added to typical corn-soybean basal diets to supply 0, 25, or 50 mg M/kg diet (broilers) or 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, or 50 mg M/kg diet (turkeys). Compared with controls, chicks fed diets containing 50 mg M/kg consumed more feed, had lower body weight gain, were less efficient in converting feed to body weight gain, and had increased relative heart and proventriculus weights. Chicks fed the diet containing 50 mg M/kg also had significantly higher mortality and decreased mean corpuscular volumes compared with controls. Broilers fed 25 and 50 mg M/kg also had increased serum gamma glutamyltransferase activities. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion of turkeys fed dietary M were not affected. At 6 and 14 wk, turkeys fed 25, 37.5, or 50 mg M/kg diet had increased (P < 0.05) relative heart weights when compared with controls. At week 14, turkeys fed diets containing 37.5 or 50 mg M/kg also had increased (P < 0.05) relative liver weights compared with turkeys fed 0, 12.5, or 25 mg M/kg diet. Lesions, observed only in the hearts of broilers and turkeys fed 50 mg M/kg, were loss of cardiomyocyte cross striations, increased cardiomyocyte nuclear size, and an increased number of cardiomyocyte mitotic figures (turkeys only). Results indicate that > or = 37.5 mg M/kg is hepatoxic and > or = 25 mg M/kg is cardiotoxic to turkeys and 50 mg M/kg diet is toxic to broilers fed to market age.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Effects of caponization on body weight, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular variables in hypertensive and hypotensive turkey lines.

Effects of caponization and blood pressure selection on serum lipids, severity of atherosclerosis, body weight, hematocrit, and relative ventricular weight in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were evaluated in two trials. At 8 weeks of age, half the turkeys from each line were caponized. Body weights, blood pressure, and blood samples were obtained from each treatment at 8, 20, and 30 weeks of age. A total of 56 and 72 birds were used in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Birds were necropsied at 30 weeks of age. Hypertensive turkeys had significantly greater serum cholesterol and total lipid than hypotensive turkeys only at 30 weeks of age in Trial 1. Lower relative ventricular weights were observed in hypotensive turkeys within both trials. Hypertensive birds exhibited a more severe degree of atherosclerosis and higher relative heart weight than hypotensive turkeys. Caponization significantly increased total serum lipid only at 20 weeks of age in Trial 2. Average body weight of caponized turkeys was significantly lower (1.2) than the control turkeys at 30 weeks of age. Caponized turkeys exhibited lower relative ventricular weight in Trial 1 but not Trial 2 and an increase in blood pressure only in Trial 2. Caponization suppressed body weight, decreased hematocrit values, and had no significant effect upon plaque severity. The presence or absence of male sex hormones had virtually no effect on proposed atherogenic stimuli thereby suggesting another mechanism by which the female is afforded a higher degree of protection.

Animals↗