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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2026

From Southeast Asia to global: phylogeny, biogeography and character evolution of the thread-legged bug tribe Leistarchini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae).

The thread-legged bug tribe Leistarchini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) is a cosmopolitan and diverse group characterized by a highly disproportionate spatial distribution across zoogeographic regions. Due to a historical lack of phylogenetic focus, the internal relationships and evolutionary history of the tribe remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide the first robust phylogenetic framework for Leistarchini by integrating molecular data from mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rDNA (88 taxa, 19 937 bp) with universal single-copy orthologs (24 taxa, 667 loci). Our results support the monophyly of Leistarchini and identify five major clades, including a newly described genus Calliemesa gen. n. Our findings further reveal that the five most species-rich genera (Nesita, Orthunga, Pleias, Ploiaria and Tinna) are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic as currently circumscribed. Molecular dating and biogeographic reconstructions suggest a Southeast Asian origin for the Leistarchini crown group during the late Palaeocene (ca. 57 Ma). Early diversification appears to have been driven by Paleogene geological and climatic shifts in Southeast Asia, while multiple intercontinental dispersals since the middle Eocene into the Afrotropics, Madagascar and the New World shaped the current global distribution. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that the Leistarchini ancestor possessed a well-developed posterior pronotal lobe and a three-segmented protarsus. Subsequent evolutionary trajectories involved four independent transitions toward a shortened posterior pronotal lobe, and four separate reductions in protarsal segmentation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

HLA-A and HLA-B distribution in Toto - a vanishing sub-Himalayan tribe of India.

The frequency of HLA-A and HLA-B locus alleles was studied by using polymerase chain reaction-based sequence-specific primer method in a very primitive and vanishing sub-Himalayan Indian Tribe, the Toto population of North Bengal. The Toto, a Mongoloid tribe with a population size of 1172 reside only in the Totopara of Jalpaiguri district of North Bengal. We studied 40 individuals and observed some high frequency alleles when compared to other Indian tribal, non-tribal, and major world populations. Particularly, the frequency of HLA-B14 was 32.5% in the Toto population, the highest known frequency reported in any population in the world. This indigenous tribal population may harbour novel HLA alleles and unique haplotypes which extensive HLA genotyping will help to reveal, and thus further our understanding of their genetic admixture and migration patterns.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

The tribe Ehrlichieae and ehrlichial diseases.

The tribe Ehrlichieae consists of gram-negative minute cocci that are obligate intracellular parasites classified in the family Rickettsiaceae. Although ehrlichial organisms have been observed in leukocytes for many years, only a few species have been cultured in quantities sufficient for biochemical and molecular analyses. Recents studies on 16S-rRNA sequence analysis and energy metabolism showed that the genus Ehrlichia is closely related to the genus Rickettsia. There is, however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between these genera. Ehrlichial organisms cause a disease called "ehrlichiosis," a noncontagious infectious disease known to be transmitted by a tick in several cases and by a fluke in one case. Ehrlichia spp. infect dogs, ruminants, horses, and humans. Recently, two new ehrlichial diseases, Potomac horse fever and human ehrlichiosis, were discovered in the United States. The etiologic agent of Potomac horse fever, Ehrlichia risticii, is closely related to the known human pathogen Ehrlichia sennetsu. The etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis is related to Ehrlichia canis, a canine pathogen. In contrast to the genus Rickettsia, members of the tribe Ehrlichieae reside primarily in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of monocytes or granulocytes and cause hematologic abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, and other pathologic changes in the host. However, the actual mechanisms whereby Ehrlichia spp. infect leukocytes, multiply in them, and produce various forms of systemic disease have not been defined. Depending on the ehrlichial species involved, serologic or direct microscopic observation of stained blood smears is currently used to diagnose ehrlichial disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

NITROGEN FIXATION BY MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE KLEBSIELLEAE.

Mahl, M. C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), P. W. Wilson, M. A. Fife, and W. H. Ewing. Nitrogen fixation by members of the tribe Klebsielleae. J. Bacteriol. 89:1482-1487. 1965.-Strains of species of the tribe Klebsielleae were tested for nitrogen fixation by inoculating actively growing cultures into side-arm flasks containing a medium with a growth-limiting quantity of combined nitrogen (25 mug of nitrogen per ml as ammonium sulfate). The flasks were evacuated, filled with pure N(2), sealed, and placed on a shaker at 30 C. Growth was followed by optical-density measurements; maximal growth was obtained in 9 to 10 hr. Yeast extract was then added as a source of amino acids to shorten the induction time for the nitrogen-fixing enzymes. Fixation was determined either by estimating total nitrogen with a semimicro Kjeldahl technique or by exposing 20- to 22-hr-old samples to an atmosphere of N(2) (15) and helium for 5 hr and then analyzing the digested sample for N(15) in a mass spectrometer. None of the 22 strains of the two Enterobacter (formerly Aerobacter) species fixed nitrogen; neither did any of eight strains of Serratia species that were tested. Of 31 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 13 incorporated atmospheric nitrogen. Net nitrogen fixed ranged from 17 to 65 mug/ml. It is concluded that these facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing rods should be placed in the genus Klebsiella pneumoniae. The nitrogen-fixing organism tentatively classified as Achromobacter N-4 should also be changed to K. pneumoniae strain N-4, because it has been found to be an anaerogenic strain of K. pneumoniae.

Achromobacter↗
PubMed1983

Isolation of Salmonella enteritidis, serotype Horsham, from three American Indian Tribes.

Salmonella enteritidis, serotype Horsham, identified rarely worldwide, was isolated from the stools of six American Indians with gastroenteritis. The patients were from separate tribes located in three geographically distinct villages. Although significant contact was demonstrated between ill individuals within two tribes, no common source for the organism has been identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Use of a novel phosphatase test for simplified identification of species of the tribe Proteeae.

Phosphatase activity of 334 isolates of the tribe Proteeae carefully identified to species level has been evaluated by using both a number of conventional tests and three versions of the novel methyl green-phenolphthalein (MGP) method (G. Satta. R. Pompei, G. Grazi, and G. Cornaglia, J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2637-2641, 1988). We found that the different species of Proteeae show different and easily distinguishable. behaviors by the MGP method, while all of them behave in a uniform way in the conventional tests. On studying the mechanism underlying these different behaviors, we found that the phosphatase activity of Morganella morganii and Providencia stuartii is higher than that of all other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Furthermore, we found that all P. stuartii strains display the property (shared by virtually none of the other species of Enterobacteriaceae) of excreting significant amounts of phosphatase. This extracellular activity is reliably detected by the MGP method but not by conventional tests. Finally, by exploiting the peculiar phosphatase activity of this tribe, as revealed by the MGP method, we devised a simple scheme for routine identification of the species of Proteeae and evaluated its reliability by comparing it with three commonly used commercial kits. The new scheme proved much simpler, but also more reliable, since identifications obtained by this method were in almost complete accord (99%) with those of the reference identification schemes, while in the commercial systems examined the percentage of errors ranged from 13 to 14 in the identification of Providencia species.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1995

Phylogenetic relationships of the monogenomic species of the wheat tribe, Triticeae (Poaceae), inferred from nuclear rDNA (internal transcribed spacer) sequences.

Phylogenetic relationships of 30 diploid species of Triticeae (Poaceae) representing 19 genomes were estimated from the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The ITS sequence phylogeny indicated that: (i) each genome group of species is monophyletic, concordant with cytogenetic evidence; (ii) Hordeum (I) and Critesion (H) are basal; (iii) Australopyrum (W) is closely related to Agropyron (P); (iv) Peridictyon (G), Heteranthelium (Q), and Dasypyrum (V) are closely related to Pseudoroegneria (S); (v) most of the annuals, Triticum s.l. (A, B, D), Crithopsis (K), Taeniatherum (T), Eremopyrum (F), Henrardia (O), Secale (R), and two perennials, Thinopyrum (J) and Lophopyrum (E), all of Mediterranean origin, are a monophyletic group. However, phylogenetic trees based on morphology group these Mediteranean species with various perennial lineages of the Arctic-temperate region. The molecular data and biogeography of the tribe suggest that the Mediterranean lineage is derived from the Arctic-temperate lineage and that the two lineages have evolved in parallel. Extensive morphological parallelism apparently obscures the true genealogical history of the tribe when only morphology is considered.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for physical assault and rape among six Native American tribes.

Prevalence and correlates of adult physical assault and rape in six Native American tribes are presented (N = 1,368). Among women, 45% reported being physically assaulted and 14% were raped since age 18 years. For men, figures were 36% and 2%, respectively. Demographic characteristics, adverse childhood experiences, adulthood alcohol dependence, and cultural and regional variables were assessed. Using logistic regression, predictors of physical assault among women were marital status, an alcoholic parent, childhood maltreatment, and lifetime alcohol dependence. Predictors of sexual assault among women were marital status, childhood maltreatment, and lifetime alcohol dependence. Among men, only childhood maltreatment and lifetime alcohol dependence predicted being physically assaulted. Tribal differences existed in rates of physical assault (both sexes) and rape (women only). The results underscore the problem of violence victimization among Native Americans and point to certain environmental features that increase risk of adulthood physical and sexual assault. Implications for tribe-specific interventions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Genetic diversity and relationships among the tribes of Meghalaya compared to other Indian and Continental populations.

The autosomal AmpFLSTR markers validated and widely used for forensic applications are used in this study to examine the extent of diversity and genetic relationships among nine Meghalaya populations. Altogether, 932 chromosomes from 9 populations were analyzed using 9 tetrameric AmpFLSTR loci. The included populations were all seven subtribes of the Austro-Asiatic Mon-Khmer-speaking Khasi and the neighboring Tibeto-Burman Garo. The Lyngngam, which are linguistically closer to the Khasi but are culturally intermediate between the Khasi and the Garo, are also included in the study. Although most of the microsatellite loci are highly polymorphic in each of these populations, the allele distributions are fairly uniform across the Meghalaya populations, suggesting relative homogeneity among them. Concurrent with this, the coefficient of gene differentiation (G(ST)) is observed to be low (0.026+/-0.002). This is naturally reflected in the lack of clear differentiation and clustering pattern of the Meghalaya tribes based on either geographic proximity or the historical or current affiliations of these tribes. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggests no significant population structure. The structure analysis further suggests that, barring War-Khasi and Pnar, no other population shows any semblance of genetic identity. Even the position of the linguistically distinct Garo is not portrayed as separate from the Khasi. However, when comparable data from other Indian, Southeast Asian, and other continental populations were analyzed, the Meghalaya populations formed a compact cluster clearly separated from other populations, suggesting genetic identity of the Meghalaya populations as a whole. These results are concurrent with the hypothesis of a common and recent origin of these Meghalaya populations, whose genetic differentiation is overwhelmed by the homogenizing effect of continuous gene flow.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Genetic heterogeneity among three Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India.

We studied the distribution of ABO blood groups among three little known subtribes of the Adi tribe, namely, the Panggi, Komkar, and Padam, of the East and Upper Siang districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Blood group O was the predominant group in the Komkar and Padam, whereas group A was the predominant group in the Panggi. Blood group AB was found to be the least frequent group in all three studied populations. The populations showed significant differences in blood groups A (43% in Panggi, 23% in Komkar, and 18% in Padam) and O (33% in Panggi, 54% in Komkar, and 61% in Padam). The chi-square test indicated significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting high heterogeneity among the tribes.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2001

Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant specialization: a case study of the tribe Nymphalini.

Two general patterns that have emerged from the intense studies on insect-host plant associations are a predominance of specialists over generalists and a taxonomic conservatism in host-plant use. In most insect-host plant systems, explanations for these patterns must be based on biases in the processes of host colonizations, host shifts, and specialization, rather than cospeciation. In the present paper, we investigate changes in host range in the nymphalid butterfly tribe Nymphalini, using parsimony optimizations of host-plant data on the butterfly phylogeny. In addition, we performed larval establishment tests to search for larval capacity to feed and survive on plants that have been lost from the female egg-laying repertoire. Optimizations suggested an ancestral association with Urticaceae, and most of the tested species showed a capacity to feed on Urtica dioica regardless of actual host-plant use. In addition, there was a bias among the successful establishments on nonhosts toward plants that are used as hosts by other species in the Nymphalini. An increased likelihood of colonizing ancestral or related plants could also provide an alternative explanation for the observed pattern that some plant families appear to have been colonized independently several times in the tribe. We also show that there is no directionality in host range evolution toward increased specialization, that is, specialization is not a dead end. Instead, changes in host range show a very dynamic pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Cancer disparities research partnership in Lakota Country: clinical trials, patient services, and community education for the Oglala, Rosebud, and Cheyenne River Sioux tribes.

Native Americans served by the Aberdeen, Billings, and Bemidji areas of the Indian Health Service (IHS) have a cancer mortality rate approximately 40% higher than that of the overall US population. The National Cancer Institute has funded Rapid City Regional Hospital to provide clinical trials, behavioral research, a genetic protocol, patient navigator services (assisting patients with health care coordination and financial issues and helping them to understand their options), and community education for members of 3 western South Dakota tribes. Challenges faced by the project included obtaining multiple approvals from 3 tribes, 4 IHS facilities, and 5 institutional review boards; travel distances; lack of screening; red tape of referrals; and refusal by some payers to cover clinical trials. Building trust through ongoing communication and community presence is key to a successful project.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1992

Human lymphocyte stimulation by legume lectins from the Diocleae tribe.

Lectins from eight leguminous seeds from the Diocleae tribe were compared to Concanavalin A (Con A), a well known T cell mitogen, on the stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation and Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal volunteers. Lectins from Canavalia brasiliensis and Dioclea virgata induced the highest lymphocyte proliferation, both much higher than levels obtained with Con A, whereas lectins from Dioclea guianensis var. lasiophylla and from Canavalia bonariensis induced the lowest stimulation. Lectins from Dioclea rostrata, D. grandiflora, D. violacea and Cratylia floribunda induced intermediate levels of proliferation. The highest stimulation for IFN-gamma production was obtained with the lectin from D. rostrata, followed by those of C. floribunda and C. brasiliensis; only the lectins from D. virgata and C. bonariensis induced an IFN-gamma production lower than the one obtained by Con A-stimulation. Since all these legumes belong to the same tribe of C. ensiformis (Con A), and all are supposed to exhibit very similar lectins, it is interesting the high variation in the stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation. It is also noteworthy the dissociation between this parameter and IFN-gamma production in the case of D. virgata. A detailed analysis on the structure of such lectins, and their ligand sugars on lymphocyte surface is necessary to further explore such differences.

Brazil↗
PubMed1989

Sero-epidemiological studies of malaria in Indian tribes and monkeys of the Amazon Basin of Brazil.

A sero-epidemiological study of malaria, with special emphasis on Plasmodium brasilianum/P. malariae, was conducted on 4 Indian tribes living in the Amazon Basin of northern Brazil: the Arara, the Parakana, the Asurini, and the Metuktire. The incidence of malaria, as determined by blood films, was very low in all tribes. Parasitemia levels in most individuals were less than 0.02%; determination of the plasmodial species was not feasible. High levels of antibodies to both blood stages and sporozoites were detected for P. brasilianum/P. malariae, P. falciparum and P. vivax. The anti-sporozoite antibody response against all 3 plasmodial species was age related. All of the Metuktire adults and almost 90% of the Asurini adults had anti-sporozoite antibodies against P. brasilianum/P. malariae. The presence of P. brasilianum was confirmed in many of the indigenous monkeys by blood films and serology. This suggests that the monkeys, which are often kept as pets, serve as reservoir hosts. Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes, infected with P. brasilianum/P. malariae, were found in the study area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Aspects of community healing: experiences of the Sault Sainte Marie tribe of Chippewa Indians.

Modern American Indian tribal communities are working toward addressing serious social concerns like poverty and destruction of social structure. These are the legacy of historical oppression, boarding schools, systematic loss of culture and disappearing original territorial lands. The Sault tribe and other tribes in general, deal with behavioral patterns resulting from loss of identity, spirituality and culture, serious alcohol abuse, and domestic violence. They also experience vocational stresses, identity loss, cultural isolation, and other distress patterns evident in the dysfunctional behavior of community and/or tribal members. The prospect of community healing, from internalized oppression and "ethnostress" and reaching a stronger spiritual, cultural-base is a long-term, multi-faceted, human liberation that touches on key American Indian issues.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1999

[Knowledge about AIDS and risk behaviors among hill tribes in northern Thailand].

Two hundred eighty-one Hmong, 240 Mien, and 210 Lahu hill tribe people (ages between 17-39) in northern Thailand were interviewed from March to May 1996 about their knowledge, beliefs, attitudes regarding AIDS, STDs and condoms, and sexual behavior, to guide future tribal AIDS education and care programs. Premarital sex for both men and women and extramarital sex for men seems to be still culturally permissive and wide-spread among the Hmong and Mien people. The Lahu reported lower cultural acceptance, but this group had higher levels of premarital and extramarital sex than the other two groups, excepting extramarital sex for Hmong men. Many men among the three groups knew about condoms, but they do not like to wear condoms because, "it is not natural." Lahu people had the least education, were the least literate, and had the least family income. In addition, Lahu had the lowest level of knowledge of AIDS and STDs and they seem to have the most risky behaviors among the three groups. On the other hand, although Mien people had the highest education, were the most literate, had the most family income, and had the highest level of knowledge of AIDS and STDs, they seem to have high risk sexual behavior, also. There were increasing numbers of hill tribe people migrating to the cities and becoming involved to a greater degree in seasonal or permanent wage labor, including the commercial sex industry among Lahu and Mien groups. Hmong seem to have the lowest number of workers migrating to the cities. The results indicate the need to inform and educate tribal people about AIDS in a socio-cultural specific context.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic resolution within the tribe Episcieae (Gesneriaceae): congruence of ITS and NDHF sequences from parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses.

Generic relationships within Episcieae were assessed using ITS and ndhF sequences. Previous analyses of this tribe have focussed only on ndhF data and have excluded two genera, Rhoogeton and Oerstedina, which are included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using both parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods. Results from partition homogeneity tests imply that the two data sets are significantly incongruent, but when Rhoogeton is removed from the analysis, the data sets are not significantly different. The combined data sets reveal greater strength of relationships within the tribe with the exception of the position of Rhoogeton. Poorly or unresolved relationships based exclusively on ndhF data are more fully resolved with ITS data. These resolved clades include the monophyly of the genera Columnea and Paradrymonia and the sister-group relationship of Nematanthus and Codonanthe. A closer affinity between Neomortonia nummularia and N. rosea than has previously been seen is apparent from these data, although these two species are not monophyletic in any tree. Lastly, Capanea appears to be a member of Gloxinieae, although C. grandiflora remains within Episcieae. Evolution of fruit type, epiphytic habit, and presence of tubers is re-examined with the new data presented here.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Genetic affinities of AB0 and Rh blood groups among populations of Andhra Pradesh, India: 2. Tribes.

Genetic affinities of 21 tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh are reported in terms of genetic distance analysis with regard to AB0 and Rh loci. These tribal populations show a high degree of differentiation in the distribution of AB0 blood groups. Some tribes exhibit the monomorphism for Rh (D) locus. The genetic distance analysis reveals that the 21 tribes included in this study are genetically distant from one another and the genetic clustering pattern correlates with linguistic/ethnic affiliation and geographical propinquity of these tribal populations to a certain extent. The possible reasons for different cluster formations are discussed.

ABO Blood-Group System↗