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PubMed1995

In vitro bioassay for hypertrehalosemic hormone-dependent trehalose biosynthesis by fat body from adult Blaberus discoidalis cockroaches.

An in vitro bioassay suitable for routine use to investigate hypertrehalosemic hormone (HTH)-dependent trehalose biosynthesis was developed for the cockroach fat body. Blaberus discoidalis fat bodies were isolated and divided so that eight matched pieces from a single tissue could be compared for multiple control and experimental treatments. Optimum incubation conditions and the properties of HTH-dependent trehalose synthesis were determined. Dose-response studies determined an EC50 of 0.044 nM. HTH for male fat body and 0.16 nM HTH for female tissue. HTH increased trehalose production by male fat body 3-fold compared to only a 67% maximum increase by the female tissue, and only the male tissue was used in subsequent studies. Fat body required only 5-min exposure to HTH for maximum trehalose production for 1 h. Trehalose synthesis was inhibited by > or = 15 mM trehalose in the incubation medium. The fat body showed a developmental increase in trehalose synthesis in vitro that was reflected by hemolymph trehalose in vivo. Basal and HTH-related trehalose synthesis were low between days 0 and 10, increased 3-fold by day 20, and were high thereafter. These studies have established baseline data for future investigations to identify the signal transduction mechanisms involved in HTH regulation of fat body metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Anhydrobiotic engineering of bacterial and mammalian cells: is intracellular trehalose sufficient?

Anhydrobiotic engineering aims to confer a high degree of desiccation tolerance on otherwise sensitive living organisms and cells by adopting the strategies of anhydrobiosis. Nonreducing disaccharides such as trehalose and sucrose are thought to play a pivotal role in resistance to desiccation stress in many microorganisms, invertebrates, and plants, and in vitro trehalose is known to confer stability on dried biomolecules and biomembranes. We have therefore tested the hypothesis that intracellular trehalose (or a similar molecule) may be not only necessary for anhydrobiosis but also sufficient. High concentrations of trehalose were produced in bacteria by osmotic preconditioning, and in mammalian cells by genetic engineering, but in neither system was desiccation tolerance similar to that seen in anhydrobiotic organisms, suggesting that trehalose alone is not sufficient for anhydrobiosis. In Escherichia coli such desiccation tolerance was achievable, but only when bacteria were dried in the presence of both extracellular trehalose and intracellular trehalose. In mouse L cells, improved osmotolerance was observed with up to 100 mM intracellular trehalose, but desiccation was invariably lethal even with extracellular trehalose present. We conclude that anhydrobiotic engineering of at least some microorganisms is achievable with present technology, but that further advances are needed for similar desiccation tolerance of mammalian cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Physiological roles of trehalose in bacteria and yeasts: a comparative analysis.

The disaccharide trehalose is widely distributed in nature and can be found in many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, invertebrates and mammals. Due to its particular physical features, trehalose is able to protect the integrity of the cell against a variety of environmental injuries and nutritional limitations. In addition, data available on several species of bacteria and yeast suggest specific functions for trehalose in these organisms. Bacteria can use exogenous trehalose as the sole source of carbon and energy as well as synthesize enormous amounts of the disaccharide as compatible solute. This ability to accumulate trehalose is the result of an elaborate genetic system, which is regulated by osmolarity. Some mycobacteria contain sterified trehalose as a structural component of the cell wall, whereas yeast cells are largely unable to grow on trehalose as carbon source. In these lower eukaryotes, trehalose appears to play a dual function: as a reserve compound, mainly stored in vegetative resting cells and reproductive structures, and as a stress metabolite. Recent findings also point to important biotechnological applications for trehalose.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Trehalose accumulation induced during the oxidative stress response is independent of TPS1 mRNA levels in Candida albicans.

Growing cells of the Candida albicans trehalose-deficient mutant tps1/tps1 were extremely sensitive to severe oxidative stress exposure (H2O2). However, their viability was not affected after saline stress or heat-shock treatments, being roughly equivalent to that of the parental strain. In wild-type cells, these adverse conditions induced the intracellular accumulation of trehalose together with activation of trehalose-6P synthase, whereas the endogenous trehalose content and the corresponding biosynthetic activity were barely detectable in the tps1/tps1 mutant. The addition of cycloheximide did not prevent the marked induction of trehalose-6P synthase activity. Furthermore, the presence of H2O2 decreased the level of TPS1 mRNA expression. Hence, the conspicuous trehalose accumulation in response to oxidative stress is not induced by increased transcription of TPS1. Our results are consistent with a specific requirement of trehalose in order to withstand a severe oxidative stress in C. albicans, and suggest that trehalose accumulation observed under these conditions is a complex process that most probably involves post-translational modifications of the trehalose synthase complex.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed2006

Structure in dehydrated trehalose dihydrate--evaluation of the concept of partial crystallinity.

PURPOSE: (i) To use trehalose as a model compound to evaluate the concept of crystallinity in pharmaceuticals. (ii) To understand the structural nature of dehydrated trehalose dihydrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Trehalose dihydrate was dehydrated isothermally at several temperatures below 100 degrees C and the anhydrous product was characterized by XRD, DSC and water vapor sorption. RESULTS: XRD and DSC suggested that the dehydration product was a partially crystalline alpha-polymorphic form of anhydrous trehalose (T(alpha)). An increase in the temperature of dehydration resulted in a decrease in lattice order. In agreement with earlier findings, the ordered regions in the dehydrated lattice (T(alpha)) converted to the dihydrate at much lower RH values than amorphous trehalose. However, the lattice order in the dehydrated product dictated the RH at which this conversion was initiated--the higher the lattice order the lower this RH. The structural nature of these samples can be explained based on the one-state model of crystallinity. In dehydrated trehalose, there is a continuum in lattice order ranging from highly crystalline (T(alpha)) to a completely disordered (i.e., amorphous) state. CONCLUSION: The extent of lattice order in anhydrous trehalose T(alpha) was dictated by the kinetics of water removal from trehalose dihydrate. The partially crystalline nature of anhydrous trehalose produced by dehydration could be described on a continuous scale of lattice order based on the one-state model of crystallinity.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

Is thermotolerance of yeast dependent on trehalose accumulation?

During heat stress, trehalose concentration increases in yeast cells in parallel to thermotolerance. This parallelism suggested that trehalose mediated thermotolerance. We show in this work that, under certain conditions, trehalose accumulation and increase in thermotolerance do not go in parallel. A mutant deficient in the trehalose-degrading neutral trehalase shows, after shift from 40 degrees C to 30 degrees C, low thermotolerance in spite of a high trehalose concentration. When glucose is added to stationary yeast cells with high trehalose concentration and high thermotolerance, trehalose concentration decreases while thermotolerance remains high. A mutant deficient in ubiquitin-conjugating genes, ubc4ubc5, shows during exponential growth a low trehalose concentration, but a high thermotolerance, in contrast to wild-type cells. Because the ubc4ubc5 mutant synthesizes heat-shock proteins constitutively, it is proposed that, under these conditions, accumulation of heat-shock proteins, and not trehalose [corrected], mediates thermotolerance.

Gene Deletion↗
PubMed2006

Trehalose protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae from lipid peroxidation during oxidative stress.

Aiming to focus the protective role of the sugar trehalose under oxidative conditions, two sets of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, having different profiles of trehalose synthesis, were used. Cells were treated either with a 10% trehalose solution or with a heat treatment (which leads to trehalose accumulation) and then exposed either to menadione (a source of superoxide) or to tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBOOH). According to our results, trehalose markedly increased viability upon exposure to menadione stress, which seems to be correlated with decrease in lipid peroxidation levels. The protective effect of trehalose against oxidative damage produced by menadione was especially efficient under SOD1 deficiency. On the other hand, this sugar does not seem to participate of the mechanism of acquisition of tolerance against TBOOH, since trehalose pretreatment (addition of external trehalose) was not capable of increase cell survival. Therefore, trehalose plays a role in protecting cells, especially membranes, from oxidative injuries. However, this mechanism of defense is dependent on the type of oxidative stress to which cells are submitted.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2006

Molecular dynamics simulations of trehalose as a 'dynamic reducer' for solvent water molecules in the hydration shell.

Systematic computational work for a series of 13 disaccharides was performed to provide an atomic-level insight of unique biochemical role of the alpha,alpha-(1-->1)-linked glucopyranoside dimer over the other glycosidically linked sugars. Superior osmotic and cryoprotective abilities of trehalose were explained on the basis of conformational and hydration characteristics of the trehalose molecule. Analyses of the hydration number and radial distribution function of solvent water molecules showed that there was very little hydration adjacent to the glycosidic oxygen of trehalose and that the dynamic conformation of trehalose was less flexible than any of the other sugars due to this anisotropic hydration. The remarkable conformational rigidity that allowed trehalose to act as a sugar template was required for stable interactions with hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Trehalose made an average of 2.8 long-lived hydrogen bonds per each MD step, which was much larger than the average of 2.1 for the other sugars. The stable hydrogen-bond network is derived from the formation of long-lived water bridges at the expense of decreasing the dynamics of the water molecules. Evidence for this dynamic reduction of water by trehalose was also established based on each of the lowest translational diffusion coefficients and the lowest intermolecular coulombic energy of the water molecules around trehalose. Overall results indicate that trehalose functions as a 'dynamic reducer' for solvent water molecules based on its anisotropic hydration and conformational rigidity, suggesting that macroscopic solvent properties could be modulated by changes in the type of glycosidic linkages in sugar molecules.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2005

Stabilization of the ribosomal protein S6 by trehalose is counterbalanced by the formation of a putative off-pathway species.

The effect of trehalose on folding and stability of the small ribosomal protein S6 was studied. Non-disruptive point mutations distributed along the protein structure were analyzed to characterize the stabilizing effect of trehalose and map the folding pathway of S6. On average, the stability of the wild-type and S6 mutants increases by 3 kcal/mol M trehalose. Despite the non-specific thermodynamic stabilization mechanism, trehalose particularly stabilizes the less destabilized mutants. Folding/unfolding kinetics shows clearly that trehalose induces the collapse of the unfolded state to an off-pathway intermediate with non-native diffuse contacts. This state is similar to the collapsed state induced by high concentrations of stabilizing salts, as previously reported. Although it leads to the accumulation of this off-pathway intermediate, trehalose does not change the compactness of the transition state ensemble. Furthermore, the productive folding pathway of S6 is not affected by trehalose as shown by a Phi-value analysis. The unfolded state ensemble of S6 should be more compact in the presence of trehalose and therefore destabilized due to decreased conformational entropy. Increased compaction of the unfolded state ensemble might also occur for more stable mutants of S6, thus explaining the synergistic effect of trehalose and point mutations on protein stabilization.

Circular Dichroism↗
PubMed2004

Interaction of the disaccharide trehalose with a phospholipid bilayer: a molecular dynamics study.

The disaccharide trehalose is well known for its bioprotective properties. Produced in large amounts during stress periods in the life of organisms able to survive potentially damaging conditions, trehalose plays its protective role by stabilizing biostructures such as proteins and lipid membranes. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the interaction of trehalose with a phospholipid bilayer at atomistic resolution. Simulations of the bilayer in the absence and in the presence of trehalose at two different concentrations (1 or 2 molal) are carried out at 325 K and 475 K. The results show that trehalose is able to minimize the disruptive effect of the elevated temperature and stabilize the bilayer structure. At both temperature, trehalose is found to interact directly with the bilayer through hydrogen bonds. However, the water molecules at the bilayer surface are not completely replaced. At high temperature, the protective effect of trehalose is correlated with a significant increase in the number of trehalose-bilayer hydrogen bonds, predominantly through an increase in the number of trehalose molecules bridging three or more lipid molecules.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Trehalose-induced destabilization of interdigitated gel phase in dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine.

Trehalose is believed to have the ability to protect some organisms against low temperatures. To clarify the cryoprotective mechanism of trehalose, the structure and the phase behavior of fully hydrated dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) membranes in the presence of various concentrations of trehalose were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), static x-ray diffraction, and simultaneous x-ray diffraction and DSC measurements. The temperature of the interdigitated gel (Lbeta(i))-to-ripple (Pbeta') phase transition of DHPC decreases with a rise in trehalose concentration up to approximately 1.0 M. Above a trehalose concentration of approximately 1.0 M, no Lbeta(i) phase is observed. In this connection, the electron density profile calculated from the lamellar diffraction data in the presence of 1.6 M trehalose indicates that DHPC forms noninterdigitated bilayers below the P beta' phase. It was concluded that trehalose destabilizes the Lbeta(i) phase of DHPC bilayers. This suggests that trehalose reduces the area at the interface between the lipid and water. The relation between this effect of trehalose and a low temperature tolerance was discussed from the viewpoint of cold-induced denaturation of proteins.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative microinjection of trehalose into mouse oocytes and zygotes, and its effect on development.

Sugars such as trehalose are effectively used by various organisms as protective agents to undergo anhydrobiosis and cryobiosis. The objective of this study was first to establish a method for quantitative delivery of trehalose as a model sugar into oocytes, and then to evaluate its effect on development of mouse zygotes. To this end, a quantitative microinjection technique was developed using volumetric response of microdroplets suspended in dimethylpolysilaxene. To verify accuracy of this technique, both microdroplets and oocytes were microinjected with fluorophore-labeled dextran. Thereafter, injection volumes were calculated from fluorescence intensity, and volumetric responses of both microdroplets and oocytes. Comparison of calculated injection volumes revealed that this technique reflects microinjection into oocytes with pL-accuracy. The next series of experiments focused on toxicity of injection buffers (i.e., 10mM Tris and 15mM Hepes) and trehalose. Microinjection of Hepes and Tris buffer in the presence of 0.1M trehalose resulted in blastocyst rates of 86 and 72%, respectively, without a significant difference when compared to controls (86%). In subsequent experiments, Hepes was used as the injection buffer, and embryonic development of zygotes was studied as a function of intracellular trehalose concentrations. Microinjection of trehalose up to 0.15M resulted in development to blastocyst stage similar to controls (85 and 87%, respectively) while the blastocyst rate was significantly decreased (43%) in the presence of 0.20M intracellular trehalose. When transferred to foster mothers, trehalose-injected zygotes (0.1M) implanted and developed to day 16 fetuses similar to controls, healthy pups were born. The findings of this study suggest that trehalose at effective intracellular concentrations does not impair development of mouse zygotes.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Acclimation of entomopathogenic nematodes to novel temperatures: trehalose accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance.

The effect of thermal acclimation on trehalose accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance was studied in three species of entomopathogenic nematodes adapted to either cold or warm temperatures. All three Steinernema species accumulated trehalose when acclimated at either 5 or 35 degrees C, but the amount of trehalose accumulation differed by species and temperature. The trehalose content of the cold adapted Steinernema feltiae increased by 350 and 182%, of intermediate Steinernema carpocapsae by 146 and 122% and of warm adapted Steinernema riobrave by 30 and 87% over the initial level (18.25, 27.24 and 23.97 microg trehalose/mg dry weight, respectively) during acclimation at 5 and 35 degrees C, respectively. Warm and cold acclimation enhanced heat (40 degrees C for 8h) and freezing (-20 degrees C for 4h) tolerance of S. carpocapsae and the enhanced tolerance was positively correlated with the increased trehalose levels. Warm and cold acclimation also enhanced heat but not freezing tolerance of S. feltiae and the enhanced heat tolerance was positively correlated with the increased trehalose levels. In contrast, warm and cold acclimation enhanced the freezing but not heat tolerance of S. riobrave, and increased freezing tolerance of only warm acclimated S. riobrave was positively correlated with the increased trehalose levels. The effect of acclimation on maintenance of original virulence by either heat or freeze stressed nematodes against the wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae was temperature dependent and differed among species. During freezing stress, both cold and warm acclimated S. carpocapsae (84%) and during heat stress, only warm acclimated S. carpocapsae (95%) maintained significantly higher original virulence than the non-acclimated (36 and 47%, respectively) nematodes. Both cold and warm acclimated S. feltiae maintained significantly higher original virulence (69%) than the non-acclimated S. feltiae (0%) during heat but not freezing stress. In contrast, both warm and cold acclimated S. riobrave maintained significantly higher virulence (41%) than the non-acclimated (14%) nematodes during freezing, but not during heat stress. Our data indicate that trehalose accumulation is not only a cold associated phenomenon but is a general response of nematodes to thermal stress. However, the extent of enhanced thermal stress tolerance conferred by the accumulated trehalose differs with nematode species.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1998

Molecular biology of trehalose and the trehalases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The present state of knowledge of the role of trehalose and trehalose hydrolysis catalyzed by trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reviewed. Trehalose is believed to function as a storage carbohydrate because its concentration is high during nutrient limitations and in resting cells. It is also believed to function as a stress metabolite because its concentration increases during certain adverse environmental conditions, such as heat and toxic chemicals. The exact way trehalose may perform the stress function is not understood, and conditions exist under which trehalose accumulation and tolerance to certain stress situations cannot be correlated. Three trehalases have been described in S. cerevisiae: 1) the cytosolic neutral trehalase encoded by the NTH1 gene, and regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation process, nutrients, and temperature; 2) the vacuolar acid trehalase encoded by the ATH1 gene, and regulated by nutrients; and 3) a putative trehalase Nth1p encoded by the NTH2 gene (homolog of the NTH1 gene) and regulated by nutrients and temperature. The neutral trehalase is responsible for intracellular hydrolysis of trehalose, in contrast to the acid trehalase, which is responsible for utilization of extracellular trehalose. The role of the putative trehalase Nth2p in trehalose metabolism is not known. The NTH1 and NTH2 genes are required for recovery of cells after heat shock at 50 degrees C, consistent with their heat inducibility and sequence similarity. Other stressors, such as toxic chemicals, also induce the expression of these genes. We therefore propose that the NTH1 and NTH2 genes have stress-related function and the gene products may be called stress proteins. Whether the stress function of the trehalase genes is linked to trehalose is not clear, and possible mechanisms of stress protective function of the trehalases are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Trehalose: a review of properties, history of use and human tolerance, and results of multiple safety studies.

This paper contains a review of the history, natural occurrence, human consumption, metabolism, manufacture, and the results of eight standardized animal safety studies using trehalose. Trehalose (alpha,alpha-trehalose) is a naturally occurring sugar containing two D-glucose units in an alpha,alpha-1,1 linkage. Trehalose functions in many organisms as an energy source or a protectant against the effects of freezing or dehydration. It also possesses physical and/or chemical properties that are different than other sugars, which may make trehalose an attractive ingredient in food, health and beauty and pharmaceutical products. Data are presented supporting safe human consumption of trehalose in doses up to 50 g, and the physiologic ability of humans to digest it. No consistent treatment-related, dose-dependent adverse effects were observed in any of the eight safety studies performed at doses up to 10% of the diets. On the basis of these toxicity studies, human studies in which doses of trehalose were administered to various populations, and consumption of trehalose in commercial products in Japan, it is concluded that trehalose is safe for use as an ingredient in consumer products when used in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trehalose-enzyme interactions result in structure stabilization and activity inhibition. The role of viscosity.

Stress resistance is essential for survival. The mechanisms of molecule stabilization during stress are of interest for biotechnology, where many enzymes and other biomolecules are increasingly used at high temperatures and/or salt concentrations. Diverse organisms, exhibit rapid synthesis and accumulation of the disaccharide trehalose in response to stress. Trehalose is also rapidly hydrolyzed as soon as stress ends. In isolated enzymes, trehalose stabilizes both, structure and activity. In contrast, at optimal assay conditions, trehalose inhibits enzyme activity. A general mechanism underlying the trehalose effects observed at all temperatures probably is the trehalose-mediated increase in solution viscosity that leads to protein domain motion inhibition. This may be analyzed using Kramer's theory. The role of viscosity in the effects of trehalose is analyzed in examples from the literature and in studies on the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase from Kluyveromyces lactis. In the cell, it may be proposed that the large concentration of trehalose reached during stress stabilizes structures through viscosity. However, once stress ends trehalose has to be rapidly hydrolyzed in order to avoid the viscosity-mediated inhibition of enzymes.

Enzymes↗
PubMed2003

In vitro simulation of solid-solid dehydration, rehydration, and solidification of trehalose dihydrate using thermal and vibrational spectroscopic techniques.

PURPOSE: The processes of dehydration, rehydration, and solidification of trehalose dihydrate were examined to simulate it in the drying and wetting states. METHODS: Techniques included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy combined with thermal analysis. Trehalose dihydrate was pressed on one KBr pellet (IKBr method) or sealed within two KBr pellets (2KBr method) for FT-IR measurement. RESULTS: On the DSC thermogram, the shoulder between 60 degrees C and 80 degrees C represented a transitional change because no weight loss occurred in this area of the TGA curve. The endothermic peak at 100 degrees C represented dehydration of trehalose dihydrate to anhydrous trehalose; a 9.5% weight loss in the TGA curve occurred from 81 degrees C. The thermal-dependent FT-IR spectra for trehalose dihydrate prepared by the IKBr method changed markedly with temperature in the 1800-1500 cm(-1) region during dehydration. IR peak intensity at 1687 cm(-1) assigned to the bending vibrational mode of solid-like water declined with temperature and decreased sharply at 67 degrees C. Another IR peak at 1640 cm(-1) associated with the bending of liquid water increased at 67 degrees C but disappeared at 79 degrees C as a result of water evaporation. Both peaks for the sample prepared by the 2KBr method changed dramatically at 64 degrees C; peak intensity at 1640 cm(-1) remained constant above 64 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: A new polymorphic transition of trehalose dihydrate was first evidenced at 64-67 degrees C from both DSC curves and thermal-related FT-IR spectra. This transitional temperature reflected the thermal-dependent transformation from solid-like water to liquid water in the trehalose dihydrate structure during dehydration. During rehydration, trehalose anhydrate was rehydrated to the dihydrate, and liquid water in the dihydrate structure was again transformed to solid-like water. The polymorphic transition within this temperature range seems to correlate with the bioprotective effect of trehalose dihydrate in preserving protein stability.

Bromides↗
PubMed2003

Trehalose 6-phosphate is indispensable for carbohydrate utilization and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Genes for trehalose metabolism are widespread in higher plants. Insight into the physiological role of the trehalose pathway outside of resurrection plant species is lacking. To address this lack of insight, we express Escherichia coli genes for trehalose metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana, which manipulates trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) contents in the transgenic plants. Plants expressing otsA [encoding trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS)] accumulate T6P whereas those expressing either otsB [encoding trehalose phosphate phosphatase (TPP)] or treC [encoding trehalose phosphate hydrolase (TPH)] contain low levels of T6P. Expression of treF (encoding trehalase) yields plants with unaltered T6P content and a phenotype not distinguishable from wild type when grown on soil. The marked phenotype obtained of plants accumulating T6P is opposite to that of plants with low T6P levels obtained by expressing either TPP or TPH and consistent with a critical role for T6P in growth and development. Supplied sugar strongly inhibits growth of plants with reduced T6P content and leads to accumulation of respiratory intermediates. Remarkably, sugar improves growth of TPS expressors over wild type, a feat not previously accomplished by manipulation of metabolism. The data indicate that the T6P intermediate of the trehalose pathway controls carbohydrate utilization and thence growth via control of glycolysis in a manner analogous to that in yeast. Furthermore, embryolethal A. thaliana tps1 mutants are rescued by expression of E. coli TPS, but not by supply of trehalose, suggesting that T6P control over primary metabolism is indispensable for development.

Arabidopsis↗