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PubMed1984

Transfer of learning strategies: contrast of self-instructional and traditional training formats with EMR children.

Twelve mentally retarded children were taught anticipation and paraphrase strategies imbedded in either a self-instructional format that provided strategy initiation and modification routines or a traditional didactic training format: six children in a control condition received no explicit strategy instructions. Maintenance tests were administered 1 and 3 weeks following three training sessions; generalization tests were given in the afternoon of each training and maintenance session. Although no differences were found for self-instructional vs. traditional training formats, both conditions were superior to the control condition on the maintenance tests. Strategy generalization did not occur during training or short-term maintenance. On the final generalization test, however, significant improvements in recall accuracy were noted for both format conditions. In the self-instructional condition, several children successfully generalized the strategies during the early phases of training to facilitate gist recall.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Asymmetries in intermanual transfer of maze learning in right- and left-handed adults.

This study examined asymmetries in transfer learning on a finger maze as a function of handedness, hand at acquisition and maze orientation at transfer. In both handedness groups, right-hand acquisition enhanced opposite hand performance on an identical and a vertically reversed maze at transfer, relative to a mirror-reversed maze; left-hand acquisition, in turn, enhanced opposite hand transfer on the spatially reversed mazes relative to the identical maze. The findings suggest that different strategies (i.e. verbal versus spatial/motoric) come into play in maze learning depending on the hand used at acquisition (right versus left, respectively) rather than on overall hand dominance.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

ProMeta: a meta-learning framework for robust disease diagnosis and prediction from plasma proteomics.

MOTIVATION: The plasma proteome offers a dynamic window of human health, capturing the real-time intersections between genetics and physiology. However, the application of deep learning to proteomics is currently hindered by a reliance on large-scale labeled datasets, rendering standard models ineffective for rare or novel diseases where patient samples are inherently scarce. RESULTS: Here, we present ProMeta, a meta-learning framework designed to enable robust disease modeling under extreme data restrictions. By integrating knowledge-guided pathway encoding with bi-level meta-optimization, ProMeta projects unstructured proteomic profiles into biologically interpretable functional tokens. This architecture allows the model to learn a global initialization containing transferable biological priors from biobank-scale data, facilitating rapid adaptation to novel tasks. Through comprehensive benchmark experiments, ProMeta consistently outperformed transfer learning and traditional machine learning baselines in both disease diagnosis and prediction tasks. In the most challenging 4-shot scenarios (utilizing only 2 cases and 2 controls), the model achieved robust generalization with an average AUROC of ∼0.69, representing a 24.6% relative improvement over the best-performing baseline methods. Mechanistic investigation revealed that ProMeta disentangles cases from controls in the latent space prior to task-specific adaptation, confirming the acquisition of universal biological rules rather than rote memorization. Furthermore, gradient-based interpretation identified disease-specific protein biomarkers and functional pathways consistent with known pathophysiology. Collectively, ProMeta overcomes the data-scarcity bottleneck in precision medicine, providing a scalable, interpretable framework for characterizing the full spectrum of human diseases, particularly for rare conditions lacking extensive clinical cohorts. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code of ProMeta is available at GitHub (https://github.com/lihan97/ProMeta).

Proteomics↗
PubMed2000

Transfer and motor skill learning in association football.

Transfer of learning involves the influence of previous experiences on the performance or learning of new skills. It is defined as a gain (or loss) in the capability for performance on one task as a result of practice on another. The aim of the study was to examine the degree of transfer between various association football skills. Twenty intermediate male players participated in the study. During pre- and post-training tests, participants juggled a football as many times as possible within 30 s using feet or knees. Further tests required participants to control an approaching football inside a restricted area using the preferred and non-preferred kicking leg. Following performance on the pretest, two matched skill groups were obtained. One group participated in a 4-week training period in which feet-only ball juggling was practised for 10 min daily, while the remaining group acted as a control. Trained participants exhibited superior post-test performance on knee juggling and ball control with preferred and non-preferred leg tasks relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Findings indicate positive transfer of learning from juggling practice with the feet to juggling with the knees and a football control task. Implications for theory and practice are highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Perceptual learning on orientation and direction discrimination.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which perceptual learning transfers between orientation and direction discrimination. Naive observers were trained to discriminate orientation differences between two single-line stimuli, and direction differences between two single-moving-dot stimuli. In the first experiment, observers practiced the orientation and direction tasks along orthogonal axes in the fronto-parallel plane. In the second experiment, a different group of observers practiced both tasks along a single axis. Perceptual learning was observed on both tasks in both experiments. Under the same-axis condition, the observers' orientation sensitivity was found to be significantly elevated after the direction training, indicating a transfer of learning from direction to orientation. There was no evidence of transfer in any other cases tested. In addition, the rate of learning on the orientation task was much higher than the rate on the direction task. The implications of these findings on the neural mechanisms subserving orientation and direction discrimination are discussed.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

The effect of iron deficiency on cognitive performance in the rat.

The effects of iron deficiency anemia on cognitive performance of the rat were examined in a test of transfer learning. Young adult female rats maintained on either an iron-adequate (37 ppm) or low-iron (7 ppm) diet were behaviorally tested in a modified Skinner box. Tests involved visual, auditory, association, and discrimination learning. Circulating hemoglobin levels of anemic animals approximated 58.5 and 64.3% of well-nourished controls during the training and final test phase. Hematocrit levels of anemic animals followed a similar reduction, approximating only 67.0 and 72.1% of iron-adequate controls. No significant differences were observed in visual discrimination performance of the anemic animals when compared to their well-nourished counterparts. Deficits in the ability to transfer a learning association between visual and auditory stimuli were observed, however, in the anemic animals during the final test phase. The results of the present study are indicative that some aspect of association learning is adversely affected by concurrent iron-deficiency anemia.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Hypnotic amnesia and learning: a dissociation interpretation.

The effect of hypnotically induced amnesia on positive transfer learning was examined within the conceptual framework of dissociation theory. An Experimental group learned two paired-associates word lists that contained highly similar (between the two lists) stimulus words. After learning the first list, subjects were given suggestions for amnesia for that list. Control group 1 learned the same two lists without amnesia suggestions. Control group 2, with amnesia suggestions following the first list, learned two lists that contained dissimilar stimulus words. All subjects remained hypnotized throughout the session. Positive transfer between the two lists was demonstrated for the Experimental group and for Control group 1, but not for Control group 2. The results are viewed as consistent with predictions from dissociation theory.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1999

Effects of mammillary body lesions on spatial reference and working memory tasks.

This work examines the effects of electrolytic mammillary body (MB) lesions on the performance of rats in different spatial memory tasks in the Morris water maze. The first experiment assessed the effect of MB lesion on performance in a spatial reference memory task (place learning with multiple trials). The second experiment examined the effect of a lesion in this nucleus on performance in a spatial working memory task (single-trial place learning). The results show that lesion of the MB impairs the animals performance in spatial working memory tasks but does not impair acquisition in spatial reference memory tasks (place learning, transfer task, reversal task) or in a visual-cued task. However, the deficit in the spatial working memory task does not appear to vary with the delay between acquisition and retention trials (30 s and 5 min). Our results demonstrate a clear role of the mammillary bodies in the processing of spatial information in a working memory task. Lesion of the MB impairs performance in a working memory task but does not affect reference memory processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

No transfer of visuomotor learning of button-pressing from right to left hands in right-handed four-year-olds.

To assess the underlying mechanism of visuomotor learning in children and its relation to the cerebral lateralization, intermanual transfer of learning was examined on a button-press task. The main experiment examined transfer of learning from one hand to the other for 36 right-handed 4-yr.-olds, 19 5-yr.-olds, and 8 adults. The experiment consisted of three phases. In the first and second of three phases, the subject performed the task with the right [(or left) hand, then with the left (or right)]. All age groups exhibited transfer from the left to the right hands; however, the 4-yr.-olds showed no transfer from the right to the left, whereas the other age groups showed transfer from the right to the left as well as left to right. Results were discussed in relation to the underlying mechanism of learning and hemispheric organization, and a new interpretation was proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

pKAKA: a protein language model for prioritizing kinase-disrupting variants in diseases.

Protein kinases are pivotal regulators of cellular signaling, and their genetic variations are frequently implicated in diseases. Although numerous kinase mutations have been identified as drivers of altered activity, with a few successfully targeted therapeutically, the functional impact of most variants remains uncharacterized. To bridge this gap, we curate a comprehensive dataset that contains 2553 experimentally validated kinase activity-related key alterations (KAKAs) from the literature. While many mutations outside canonical functional regions are known to affect kinase activity, systematic methods to predict their functional consequences are lacking. Consequently, we develop a computational method to predict potential KAKAs, leveraging transfer learning on the pre-trained protein language model ProtBert. Our model, termed pKAKA, achieves an impressive AUC score of 0.9593 and outperforms the AlphaMissense benchmark in comparative testing. Systematic analysis of kinase missense mutations underscores the critical role of KAKAs in pathogenesis, with highlights including JAK2 V617F in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, LRRK2 G2385R in Parkinson's disease, EGFR L858R in lung adenocarcinoma, and EGFR G598V in glioma. Overall, this study significantly advances our understanding of how mutations that influence kinase activity contribute to disease mechanisms.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Independent component analysis of temporal sequences subject to constraints by lateral geniculate nucleus inputs yields all the three major cell types of the primary visual cortex.

Information maximization has long been suggested as the underlying coding strategy of the primary visual cortex (V1). Grouping image sequences into blocks has been shown by others to improve agreement between experiments and theory. We have studied the effect of temporal convolution on the formation of spatiotemporal filters--that is, the analogues of receptive fields--since this temporal feature is characteristic to the response function of lagged and non-lagged cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Concatenated input sequences were used to learn the linear transformation that maximizes the information transfer. Learning was accomplished by means of principal component analysis and independent component analysis. Properties of the emerging spatiotemporal filters closely resemble the three major types of V1 cells: simple cells with separable receptive field, simple cells with non-separable receptive field, and complex cells.

Action Potentials↗