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PubMed1988

Isolation and immunological characterisation of allergens from salivary glands of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus.

Radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis showed that salivary gland extract (SGE) prepared from Ixodes holocyclus was a more concentrated source of allergens than whole body extract. Isolation and partial immunological characterisation of allergens was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of SGE, electroelution and Western blotting. Immunoblotting using allergic sera showed that partially purified SGE from I. holocyclus contained two common allergens of approximately 28 and 35 kilodaltons and several minor allergens. The two most common allergens gave radioimmunoassay ratios significantly greater than the less common allergens. The immunological purity of electroeluted allergens was confirmed by further SDS-PAGE, silver staining and Western blotting.

Allergens↗
PubMed1995

Improvement of field sampling methods for adult Karoo paralysis ticks, Ixodes rubicundus (Acari: Ixodidae), through addition of host odour.

The responsiveness of Ixodes rubicundus ticks on questing substrates and the success of their attachment to non-living substrates were investigated. The purpose of this study was to relate responsiveness to conditions of temperature and humidity, to compare the efficacy of flagging and dragging methods to estimate the size of populations of adult I. rubicundus in the field, and to determine the possible influence of host odour on the efficacy of these methods. Responsiveness was tested under varying conditions of temperature and humidity under field conditions, and the same ticks were used to determine the duration of attachment to a flannel cloth, either impregnated with host odour from sheep wool or without it. Flagging and dragging methods were compared under laboratory conditions with cloths either treated with host odour or not. Within the range of ambient temperatures recorded during this study (7-25 degrees C) most of the ticks (86%) were responsive. No obvious relationship between temperature, relative humidity and responsiveness of ticks was evident. Ticks remained on average 32.9 seconds (n = 64) on cloth treated with host odour compared to 9.1 seconds (n = 54) on untreated cloth. Flagging was 1.5-1.7 times as effective as dragging and treatment of the cloths with host odour increased the efficacy 2.4 (dragging) to 2.8 (flagging) times. The reactions of ticks to external stimuli should, therefore, be taken into account to maximize field sampling success.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Low intraspecific variation in the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus.

Ixodes holocyclus has a narrow, discontinuous distribution along the east coast of Australia. We studied ticks from 17 localities throughout the geographic range of this tick. The ITS2 of I. holocyclus is 793 bp long. We found nucleotide variation at eight of the 588 nucleotide positions (1.4%) that were compared for all ticks. There were eight different nucleotide sequences. Most sequences were not restricted to a particular geographic region. However, sequences F, G and H, which had an adenine at position 197, were found only in the far north of Queensland--all other ticks had a guanine at this position. The low level of intraspecific variation in this tick (0.7%) contrasts with the sequence divergence between I. holocyclus and its close relative, I. cornuatus (13.1%). These data indicate that I. holocyclus does not contain cryptic species despite possible geographic isolation of some populations. We conclude that variation in the ITS2 is likely to be informative about the phylogeny of the group.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The dispersion of the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus, within a naturally infested population of sheep in South Africa.

The ratio of variance to mean (s2/means) of numbers of Ixodes rubicundus (males and females) per sheep was used as a measure of the dispersion pattern of this tick within a naturally infested population of sheep. Sheep were divided into two groups, one with previous contact with I. rubicundus and the other with no previous contact. Samples of 10 sheep from each group were searched for ticks on a weekly basis for 19 weeks during the winter of 1986. In each group, both male and female ticks had an s2/means ratio greater than 1 for the majority of observation periods indicating an aggregated dispersion pattern. The degree of aggregation was greater with increasing density of the ticks. The implications of these results are discussed both in relation to sampling procedures and potential control strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of partially purified salivary gland allergens from the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus in diagnosis of allergy by RIA and skin prick test.

Two diagnostic assays that detect IgE specific to I. holocyclus were developed using purified sources of allergens. Salivary gland extract was superior to whole body extract in both the radioimmunoassay and the skin prick test. Of the partially purified salivary gland allergens, the 28-KD protein fraction gave the most promising results.

Allergens↗
PubMed1987

Some wild hosts of the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae).

A variety of mammal and bird species in the Mountain Zebra National Park, eastern Cape Province, were examined for Ixodes rubicundus. In addition, caracal (Felis caracal) from the park and its vicinity as well as from the Graaff-Reinet region of the Karoo were examined. Amongst the animals collected, the red rock rabbit (Pronolagus rupestris) was a preferred host of the immature stages of the tick. Caracal were moderately good hosts of these stages and, with mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) and eland (Taurotragus oryx), are the preferred hosts of adult ticks.

Animals↗