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PubMed1988

Bladder cancer among workers in the textile industry: results of a Spanish case-control study.

This paper presents results from a case-control study carried out in the county of Mataro, Spain. The study was designed to investigate the possible causes of an unusually high mortality rate from bladder cancer in Mataro county as compared to Spain as a whole, and this report focuses on occupational exposures. The study is based on 57 cases who were hospitalized for or died from bladder cancer between 1978 and 1981. Two controls per case were matched for sex, age, residence, and date of either hospitalization or death. Information was collected on smoking, coffee drinking, and occupation. Occupational histories were then evaluated and coded blind by a group of occupational health physicians. Analyses were carried out by means of conditional logistic regression. Among a group of common occupational sectors, an increased risk for past employment in the textile industry (OR = 2.2; p = .038) was found. Further analyses indicated that the risk is particularly elevated (OR = 4.41; 95% confidence limits; 1.15-16.84) for subjects who worked in dyeing or printing and who were most probably exposed to azo-dyes. Exposure in the textile industry may be responsible for 16% of the bladder cancers in the Mataro area. A list of dyes commonly used in the Mataro textile industries was compiled and cross-checked with lists of substances tested or evaluated for carcinogenesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Respiratory disorders and atopy in cotton, wool, and other textile mill workers in Denmark.

A cross-sectional study of respiratory disorders and atopy in Danish textile industry workers was conducted to survey respiratory symptoms throughout the textile industry, to estimate the association of these disorders with atopy, and to study dose-response relationships within the cotton industry. Workers at cotton mills, a wool mill, and a man-made fiber (MMF) mill were examined. Four hundred nine (90%) of the 445 workers participated in this survey, i.e., 253, 62, and 94 workers at the cotton mills, the wool mill, and the MMF mill, respectively. An interview designed to assess the prevalence of common respiratory and allergic symptoms was given to all workers willing to participate, and blood samples were drawn. Lung function measurements determined a baseline FEV1, FVC and the change in FEV1 and FVC during work hours on a Monday. The working environment was examined for dust, bacteria, endotoxins, and molds, and the exposure was estimated for each participant. The mean personal samples of airborne respirable dust and respirable endotoxin were highest in the cotton industry, i.e., 0.17-0.50 mg/m3 and 9.0-126 ng/m3 respectively, whereas mold spores were found in the highest concentrations in the wool mill: 280-791 colony-forming units (cfu)/m3. Only small concentrations of microorganisms were found in the MMF mill. The mean change in FEV1% and FVC% was greatest among atopic individuals in both cotton and wool industry and other textile industries although the differences were not significant. FEV1% and FVC% in the cotton workers were significantly associated with the cumulative exposure to respirable endotoxin. Byssinosis was diagnosed only in the cotton industry. We found a dose-response relationship between endotoxin exposure and byssinosis, and a significant association between A-1-A serum concentrations less than or equal to 35 mumol/liter and byssinosis, a finding we are further evaluating in subsequent studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Competition strategies for the decolorization of a textile-reactive dye with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor under non-sterile conditions.

A variety of white-rot fungi can oxidize textile dyes under sterile conditions; however, an important consideration for their use in treating wastewater containing textile dyes is whether similar degrees of treatment can be achieved under non-sterile conditions. Four strategies were investigated for their potential in optimizing the use of the fungus Trametes versicolor in non-sterile culture for treating wastewater containing the diazo textile dye C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5). Three strategies with suspended culture were designed to increase the decolorization activity in suspended culture from a given amount of T. versicolor inoculum based on its tolerance of low pH (pH reduction in medium), production of extracellular enzymes (use of suspended enzymes alone), and its ability to produce enzymes independent of growth (nitrogen limitation in medium). The results showed that reduction of the medium pH to 3 did not suppress bacterial growth, while enzyme production by T. versicolor ceased. The use of the extracellular enzymes alone would allow the decoupling of the process of fungal growth from wastewater treatment; however, the enzyme activity of an enzyme suspension decreased rapidly under non-sterile conditions. The strategy of limiting nitrogen in the medium to suppress bacterial growth has potential together with the fourth strategy, the cultivation of fungi on organic solids to produce inocula for a decolorization process under non-sterile conditions. A high degree of decolorization of RB5 under non-sterile conditions was achieved with T. versicolor grown on grains as sole substrate. The rate of decolorization was dependent on the amount of fungal inoculum used.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity of textile dye products.

Within an EU-funded research project, 281 textile dye products in use at nine textile finishing companies from eight European countries were assessed for potential mutagenic properties. Most of the dyes belonged to the so-called existing substances. Data sources considered were data published in the literature, unpublished industrial data provided by dye producing companies, and laboratory testing. Data on mutagenicity are virtually absent for many of the dyes. Unpublished test results performed on behalf of the dye manufacturing industry proved to be an important data source that is not accessible under usual circumstances. Four dye stuffs contained in seven dye products in use at the textile finishing companies were judged to be mutagenic, based on published data from the literature. Mutagenicity testing using Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA98 and TA100, revealed positive results for about 28% (15 out of 53) of the dye products investigated. Upon further testing with the mouse lymphoma assay (L5178Y/TK(+/-)) 67% (6 out of 9) of Ames-positive dyes proved to be mutagenic in this mammalian cell test. All data sources combined led to an overall assessment of 14 dye products out of 281 being mutagenic. For 16 there is a suspicion of mutagenicity due to positive responses in one test but 71 of the dye products are without any data on mutagenicity. This paper describes the data aggregation process, evaluation criteria and the overall assessment, and exemplifies controversial evaluations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Role of white rot fungus Funalia trogii in detoxification of textile dyes.

Toxic and genotoxic effects of the textile dyes on organisms suggest the need for remediation of dyes before discharging them into the environment. For this reason, the ability of Funalia trogii pellets to detoxify textile dyes was investigated and evaluated. Although, textile dyes are toxic substances for many microorganisms, the pellets were able to decolorize and detoxify the azo dyes used. Astrazon Blue and Red dyes inhibit growth of F. trogii and S. aureus on solid medium in a concentration dependent manner. The toxicity of these dyes on a fungus, F. trogii and a bacterium, S. aureus was significantly decreased after pretreatment with fungal pellets.

Color↗
PubMed1986

[Distribution of textile fibers in the path of a bullet].

Twenty-one blocks consisting of 20% gelatin were fired at using firearms of the long rifle caliber .22 and .357 Magnum. The frontal area of these blocks was prepared with textile coverings marked with technetium 99m. Two gunshot series of each type were fired at summer, interseasonal, and winter clothing, using different ammunition. The radioactivity of the bombarded blocks was measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The results of these gun shot series were presented graphically and compared. Initially (at 2 cm depth), high radioactivity is always detected, which among other things is caused by the defilement of the bullet's surface when shot through the textile covering marked by technetium. The higher radioactivity in the middle and deeper block areas is the result of fiber infiltration. Accordingly, there are greater fiber accumulations in the middle and deeper areas of the path of the bullet. This is the case mainly in thinner clothing (summer). Heavier clothing (autumn, winter) presents a greater obstacle for bullets with greater impact as well. Here, only projectiles having a lesser tendency to deform, as well as a high impact, transport a considerable proportion of textile fibers into the deeper parts of the blocks.

Clothing↗
PubMed2001

Microbial decolourisation and degradation of textile dyes.

Dyes and dyestuffs find use in a wide range of industries but are of primary importance to textile manufacturing. Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety of polluting substances including dyes. Increasingly, environmental legislation is being imposed to control the release of dyes, in particular azo-based compounds, into the environment. The ability of microorganisms to decolourise and metabolise dyes has long been known, and the use of bioremediation based technologies for treating textile wastewater has attracted interest. Within this review, we investigate the mechanisms by which diverse categories of microorganisms, such as the white-rot fungi and anaerobic bacterial consortia, bring about the degradation of dyestuffs.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2006

Decolorization potential of mixed microbial consortia for reactive and disperse textile dyestuffs.

Four different aerobic mixed consortia collected from basins of wastewater streams coming out of dying plants of Crescent Textile (CT), Sitara Textile (ST), Chenab Fabrics (CF) and Noor Fatima Textile (NF), Faisalabad, Pakistan were applied for decolorization of Drimarene Orange K-GL, Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL, Foron Yellow SE4G and Foron Blue RDGLN for 10 days using the shake flask technique. CT culture showed the best decolorization potential on all dyestuffs followed by ST, NF and CF, respectively. CT could completely decolorize all dyes within 3-5 days. ST cultures showed effective decolorization potential on Foron Yellow SE4G and Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL but complete color removal was achieved after 4 and 7 days, respectively. NF culture showed 100% decolorization efficiencies on Foron Yellow SE4G and Foron Blue RDGLN but it took comparatively longer time periods (5-7 days). Where as, the NF culture had decolorized only 40% and 50% of Drimarene orange and red, respectively, after 10 days. CF caused complete decolorization of Foron Blue RDGLN and Drimarene Brilliant Red K-4BL after 4 and 8 days, respectively but it showed poor performance on other two dyes.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2005

Colorectal cancer incidence among female textile workers in Shanghai, China: a case-cohort analysis of occupational exposures.

Previous studies have suggested increased risks of colorectal cancers among textile industry workers, potentially related to synthetic fibers. To investigate risks of colon and rectum cancers in relation to these and other textile industry exposures, we conducted a case-cohort study nested within a cohort study of female employees from the Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau (STIB). Cox proportional hazard regression modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for colon and rectum cancers associated with duration of employment (e.g., 0, >0 to <10, 10 to <20 years, > or =20 years) in various jobs classified according to process type and exposures to specific agents. Our findings indicate that certain long term exposures may pose increased risk of colorectal cancers, especially dyes and dye intermediates with colon cancer (> or =20 years exposure versus never, HR=3.9; 95% CI: 1.4-10.6), and maintenance occupation (HR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0-5.7) and metals exposure (HR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) with rectum cancer. A decreased risk of rectum cancer was associated with exposure to natural fibers such as cotton (HR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-0.9), and a trend of decreasing rectum cancer incidence was observed by category of cumulative quantitative cotton dust or endotoxin exposures, when exposures were lagged by 20 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Vermistabilization of textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings by an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida.

Investigations were made to explore the potential of an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida to transform textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings in to value added product, i.e., vermicompost. The growth and reproduction of E. foetida was monitored in a range of different feed mixtures for 77 days in the laboratory under controlled experimental conditions. The maximum growth was recorded in 100% cow dung (CD). Replacement of poultry droppings by cow dung in feed mixtures and vice versa had little or no effect on worm growth rate and reproduction potential. Worms grew and reproduced favourably in 70% poultry droppings (PD)+30% solid textile mill sludge (STMS) and 60% PD+40% STMS feed mixtures. Greater percentage of STMS in the feed mixture significantly affected the biomass gain and cocoon production. Net weight gain by earthworms in 100% CD was 2.9-18.2 fold higher than different STMS containing feed mixtures. The mean number of cocoon production was between 23.4+/-4.65 (in 100% CD) and 3.6+/-1.04 (in 50% PD+50% STMS) cocoons earthworm(-1) for different feed mixtures tested. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Total potassium, total calcium and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd) contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixtures. Our trials demonstrated vermicomposting as an alternate technology for the recycling and environmentally safe disposal/management of textile mill sludge using an epigeic earthworm E. foetida if mixed with poultry droppings.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Review paper on current technologies for decolourisation of textile wastewaters: perspectives for anaerobic biotechnology.

Dyes are natural and xenobiotic compounds that make the world more beautiful through coloured substances. However, the release of coloured wastewaters represents a serious environmental problem and a public health concern. Colour removal, especially from textile wastewaters, has been a big challenge over the last decades, and up to now there is no single and economically attractive treatment that can effectively decolourise dyes. In the passed years, notable achievements were made in the use of biotechnological applications to textile wastewaters not only for colour removal but also for the complete mineralization of dyes. Different microorganisms such as aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes have been found to catalyse dye decolourisation. Moreover, promising results were obtained in accelerating dye decolourisation by adding mediating compounds and/or changing process conditions to high temperatures. This paper provides a critical review on the current technologies available for decolourisation of textile wastewaters and it suggests effective and economically attractive alternatives.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2006

Degradation of a commercial textile biocide with advanced oxidation processes and ozone.

The occurrence of significant amounts of biocidal finishing agents in the environment as a consequence of intensive textile finishing activities has become a subject of major public health concern and scientific interest only recently. In the present study, the treatment efficiency of selected, well-known advanced oxidation processes (Fenton, Photo-Fenton, TiO(2)/UV-A, TiO(2)/UV-A/H(2)O(2)) and ozone was compared for the degradation and detoxification of a commercial textile biocide formulation containing a 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether as the active ingredient. The aqueous biocide solution was prepared to mimic typical effluent originating from the antimicrobial finishing operation (BOD(5,o) < or =5 mg/L; COD(o)=200 mg/L; DOC(o) (dissolved organic carbon)=58 mg/L; AOX(o) (adsorbable organic halogens)=48 mg/L; LC(50,o) (lethal concentration causing 50% death or immobilization in Daphnia magna)=8% v/v). Ozonation experiments were conducted at different ozone doses (500-900 mg/h) and initial pH (7-12) to assess the effect of ozonation on degradation (COD, DOC removal), dearomatization (UV(280) and UV(254) abatement), dechlorination (AOX removal) and detoxification (changes in LC(50)). For the Fenton experiments, the effect of varying ferrous iron catalyst concentrations and UV-A light irradiation (the Photo-Fenton process) was examined. In the heterogenous photocatalytic experiments, Degussa P25-type TiO(2) was used as the catalyst and the effect of reaction pH (3, 7 and 12) and H(2)O(2) addition on the photocatalytic treatment efficiency was examined. Although in the photochemical (i.e. Photo-Fenton, TiO(2)/UV-A and TiO(2)/UV-A/H(2)O(2)) experiments appreciably higher COD and DOC removal efficiencies were obtained, ozonation appeared to be equally effective to achieve dearomatization (UV(280) abatement) at all studied reaction pH. During ozonation of the textile biocide effluent, AOX abatement proceeded significantly faster than dearomatization and was complete after 20 min ozonation (267 mg O(3)). On the other hand, for complete detoxification, ozonation had to be continued for at least 30 min (corresponding to 400mg O(3)). Effective AOX and acute toxicity removal was also obtained after heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment (TiO(2)/UV-A and TiO(2)/UV-A/H(2)O(2)). The Fenton-based treatment experiments and particularly the dark Fenton reaction resulted in relatively poor degradation, dearomatization, AOX and acute toxicity removals.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2006

Decoloration of textile wastewater by means of a fluidized-bed loop reactor and immobilized anaerobic bacteria.

Textile wastewater was treated by means of a fluidized-bed loop reactor and immobilized anaerobic bacteria. The main target of this treatment was decoloration of the wastewater and transformation of the non-biodegradable azo-reactive dyes to the degradable, under aerobic biological conditions, aromatic amines. Special porous beads (Siran) were utilized as the microbial carriers. Acetic acid solution, enriched with nutrients and trace elements, served both as a pH-regulator and as an external substrate for the growth of methanogenic bacteria. The above technique was firstly applied on synthetic wastewater (an aqueous solution of a mixture of different azo-reactive dyes). Hydraulic residence time was gradually decreased from 24 to 6 h over a period of 3 months. Full decoloration of the wastewater could be achieved even at such a low hydraulic residence time (6 h), while methane-rich biogas was also produced. The same technique was then applied on real textile wastewater with excellent results (full decoloration at a hydraulic residence time of 6 h). Furthermore, the effluent proved to be highly biodegradable by aerobic microbes (activated-sludge). Thus, the above-described anaerobic/aerobic biological technique seems to be a very attractive method for treating textile wastewater since it is cost-effective and environment-friendly.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2006

Electrochemical degradation and toxicity reduction of C.I. Basic Red 29 solution and textile wastewater by using diamond anode.

Electrochemical oxidation of Basic Red 29 (BR29) was studied in a bipolar trickle tower (BTT) reactor by using Raschig ring shaped boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which were originally employed by the present researchers, in a recirculated batch mode. The model solution was prepared with BR29 using distilled water. The effects of initial dye concentration, Na(2)SO(4) concentration as supporting electrolyte, current density, flow rate and initial pH on the removal efficiency were investigated, and practically, complete BR29 removal (over 99%) was obtained in all the studies. After optimum experimental conditions were determined, textile wastewater has also studied by monitoring the destruction of color and COD. With the textile wastewater, 97.2% of color and 91% of COD removal were, respectively, achieved at the current density of 1mA/cm(2). Microtox toxicity tests were performed in both BR29 solution and textile wastewater under optimum experimental conditions, and relatively good toxicity reductions were obtained with respect to the initial values. According to the results, BDD anode was seen to be a unique material for the degradation of BR29 and COD and also the reduction of toxicity simultaneously.

Aliivibrio fischeri↗
PubMed2006

Response surface optimization of electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater.

The electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater containing Levafix Blue CA, Levafix Red CA and Levafix Yellow CA reactive dyes was studied on iron electrodes in the presence of NaCl electrolyte in a batch electrochemical reactor. The wastewater was synthetically prepared in relatively high dye concentrations between 400mg/L and 2000mg/L. The electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where current density and electrolyte concentration were to be minimized while dye removal and turbidity removal were maximized at 28 degrees C reaction temperature. Optimized conditions under specified cost driven constraints were obtained for the highest desirability at 6.7mA/cm(2), 5.9mA/cm(2) and 5.4mA/cm(2) current density and 3.1g/L, 2.5g/L and 2.8g/L NaCl concentration for Levafix Blue CA, Levafix Red CA and Levafix Yellow CA reactive textile dyes, respectively.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2006

The mutagenic potential of madder root in dyeing processes in the textile industry.

The roots of Rubia tinctorum L. have a long tradition of being used in dyeing processes of textiles from centuries ago until the present time. The colouring principles belong to the class of hydroxyanthraquinones. Concern arose because several of these compounds were recognised as mutagenic in vitro and even carcinogenic in rodents. To assess the possible risk to humans caused by coloured textiles, mutagenicity was investigated with two madder root samples of different origin (Iran and Bhutan) along the entire dyeing process from root extracts to the dyed wool. The Salmonella/microsome test (Ames assay) with the strains TA98, TA100 and TA1537 was used. Significant mutagenic effects could be detected in madder root extracts and also in the final product, the dyed wool. Madder root from Iran showed considerably higher mutagenic responses than samples from Bhutan. Analytical investigations of the extracts by HPLC showed the presence of a spectrum of anthraquinones typical for madder root. Three mutagenic compounds, lucidine, rubiadine and purpuroxanthine, together with the non-mutagenic alizarine could be detected. The mutagenic response of the different samples was positively correlated with the concentration of the mutagenic anthraquinones, and with lucidine in particular. Based on these investigations a risk to dye-house workers and users of textiles dyed with R. tinctorum must be anticipated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute toxicity of textile dye wastewaters (untreated and treated) of Sanganer on male reproductive systems of albino rats and mice.

This study reports on the toxic effects of 15-days oral administration of untreated (Influent) and treated (Effluent) textile dye wastewaters on male reproductive systems of adult Swiss albino rats (age: 85-90 days) and mice (40-50 days). Textile dye wastewaters decreased body weight (7-25%) and reproductive organ weight (testis, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle, 2-48%). Similar trends were noted for total protein (14-70%), cholesterol (14-91%) and total lipid (10-30%) content of reproductive organs and spermatozoa, and for fructose levels in seminal vesicle (18-44%). Acid phosphatase activity in prostate however, was increased (11-44%) in the wastewater-exposed animals. Histopathological studies of treated animals revealed altered spermatogenesis, with higher sperm abnormalities, reduction in sperm counts (10-59%), and altered motility (14-56%). The magnitude of these abnormalities was stronger in rats versus mice, while among treatments, it was stronger in the Influent animals. Adverse effects improved when treated rats were allowed to recover 45 days in the control condition. Only recovered Effluent rats were capable of fertilizing normal females indicating that treated wastewater was less toxic; however, in comparison to control rats, litter size and body weight gains of F(1) and F(2) generations were adversely affected. Thus, the present study has established toxicity of both untreated and treated textile dye wastewater on reproductive biology of male Albino mice and rats.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

Reuse of textile effluent treatment plant sludge in building materials.

This study examines the potential reuse of textile effluent treatment plant (ETP) sludge in building materials. The physico-chemical and engineering properties of a composite textile sludge sample from the southern part of India have been studied. The tests were conducted as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specification codes to evaluate the suitability of the sludge for structural and non-structural application by partial replacement of up to 30% of cement. The cement-sludge samples failed to meet the required strength for structural applications. The strength and other properties met the Bureau of Indian Standards for non-structural materials such as flooring tiles, solid and pavement blocks, and bricks. Results generally meet most ASTM standards for non-structural materials, except that the sludge-amended bricks do not meet the Grade NW brick standard. It is concluded that the substitution of textile ETP sludge for cement, up to a maximum of 30%, may be possible in the manufacturing of non-structural building materials. Detailed leachability and economic feasibility studies need to be carried out as the next step of research.

Compressive Strength↗