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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Hepatic abscess complicating ulceroglandular tularemia.

In a patient with the clinical features of classic ulceroglandular tularemia a solitary hepatic abscess was found during an ultrasound examination. Hepatic tularemia has rarely been reported since the advent of specific therapy, which prevents the disease from reaching the disseminated state. This case, however, shows that the liver can be involved early in the course of tularemia. Increased serum levels of hepatic enzymes may be the only sign of such a complication.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Detection of enzootic territories and exploration of tularemia epizootics in different types of natural foci of this infection by serological examination of bird pellets and the excrements of beasts of prey.

Serological analysis (reaction of antibody neutralization) of pellets of birds and excrements of beasts of prey for the presence of tularemia microbe antigen is an efficient method of detection and investigation of epizootics in all types of natural foci of the infection and also for the exploration of new focal territories. The method permits with small expenditure of labour and within a short time, to collect material characterizing the epizootic process on a large territory. Tularemia epizootics, both having taken place in the past and ruinning at the moment of observation, are detected. It is possible to carry out the observations even in the years of a reduced number of the main carriers of the agent of tularemia and thus to trace the continuity of the epizootic process. The obtained data permit to establish the essential characteristics of the epizootic process. Detailed maps of the foci can be drawn and territories of stable preservation of infection detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Ecological features of the tularemia natural focus in central Posavina (Croatia).

A five-year ecological study of the largest tularemia natural focus in Croatia (Yugoslavia) has revealed that the focus is of a meadow-field type and that the common vole is the crucial member of the local tularemia pathobiocenosis. The occurrence of epizootics and of concomitant epidemics is associated with the bionomy of the latter which, in its turn, is strongly influenced by environmental factors. It was possible therefore to link tularemia outbreaks with special meteorological and hydrological conditions, i.e. with warm and dry spring-summer seasons and the Sava river floods. The proper understanding of the underlying ecological laws furnishes a sound basis for the forecasts of future epidemiological events.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Tularemia presenting as community-acquired pneumonia. Implications in the era of managed care.

A case of pleuropulmonary tularemia was diagnosed by sputum culture and serologic studies in a patient who did not have classic epidemiological risks for tularemia. The patient had atypical pneumonia when initially seen and his condition slowly improved with antibiotic therapy that included erythromycin lactobionate. The diagnosis of tularemia was delayed because the gram-negative rod isolated from the patient's sputum was initially not speciated in an effort to reduce laboratory costs.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An epidemiological investigation of a tularemia outbreak in Smolensk Province].

The investigation of the epidemic outbreak of tularemia morbidity among the population of Vyaz'ma, was carried out. In this investigation the disease was shown to be transmitted by the water route due to contamination of water in the local water mains as the result of serious violations of the rules of using water supply systems. In the process of the investigation of this outbreak a natural focus of tularemia, not registered heretofore, was discovered. The work emphasizes the inadmissibility of deviations from the generally accepted tactics of tularemia control, consisting of a complex of prophylactic measures, such as the vaccination of the population, deratization and disinfection, the examination of the foci of infection, state sanitary surveillance, especially with regard to the sources of water supply and the quality of water preparation, raising the level of professional skills of the personnel and sanitary education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Tularemia: report of 16 cases in the Castilla-Leon community].

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinico-epidemiological characteristics of 16 patients with the diagnosis of tularemia. METHOD: Retrospective review of clinical records of patients admitted to the hospital or examined at health centers in Vizcaya, with clinical course and epidemiology consistent with tularemia, from January to March 1998. CASE DEFINITION: Patient with suggestive clinical course and epidemiology (exposure to hares coming from the epizootic area) and positive serology (antibodies to Francisella tularensis > 1/160 in convalescent phase serum). RESULTS: Sixteen patients (8 males, 8 females) with a mean age of 53 years. The incubation period ranged from 1 and 8 days (mean: 5). Nine patients had the ulceroganglionar form, two the pharyngeal form, one the oculoganglionar form and one the typhoidal form. In three patients only cutaneous lesion or lesions were observed. The antibiotic treatment administered included streptomycin for five patients, tobramycin for 2 patients, and ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and amoxicillin (plus doxycycline) for other three patients. Three patients received initially antitermic drugs (with poor response) and later two of them, doxycycline. The administered antibiotic in the remaining three patients was unknown. The clinical course was satisfactory in all of them and so far no relapses have been detected. CONCLUSIONS: The ulceroglandular form, as it appears in literature, was the most common form in this series of patients with tularemia. Neither severe diseases nor complications were observed. Although streptomycin is considered the drug of choice, other antibiotics are likely equally effective, at least for the non complicated forms of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity to microbial vaccines: effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to tularemia vaccine.

Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide before immunization with killed tularemia vaccine in Freund incomplete adjuvant produced a prolongation and intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation reactions to tularemia antigen. Such reactions resemble those ordinarily associated with the administration of live tularemia vaccine, killed vaccine in Freund complete adjuvant, or recovery from natural infection. The immunopotentiation lasted longer than that seen previously in other antigenic systems with this drug and was dependent on the dose of vaccine used. More intense delayed skin reactivity could be transferred into normal controls by cells from immunized donors pretreated with cyclophosphamide than by cells from immunized donors that were not pretreated.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Geographical race typing of the causative agent of tularemia using antibiotics].

Reaction of the strains of the tularemia causative agent to erythromycin (100 gamma/ml) or oleandomycin (400 gamma/ml) is one of the taxonomic tests. The study of 82 strains of the holarctic race and 63 strains of the Central Asiatic race according to this test showed that the strains of the holarctic race were divided with respect to these macrolides into sensitive (biotype I) and resistant (biotype II). The strains of the both races were isolated at the territory of the Kazakh SSR. Such a reaction of the strains of the holarctic race is a stable feature and is not connected with virulence, the isolation source and the biochemical properties of the strains. Division of the holarctic race into the biotypes (I and II) with respect to erythromycin and oleandomycin may be of definite significance in epidemiological and epizootological examination for tularemia with a purpose of determining the source of the infection, as well as in defining the borders of the infection focus area with circulation of this or that biotype of the holarctic race of the tularemia causative agent.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of infection with Francisella tularensis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents from an endemic focus of tularemia in Bulgaria.

The prevalence of Francisella tularensis, Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodents is a determinant for their role in maintaining pathogens in the environment. A total of 169 rodents, trapped in an endemic focus of tularemia, were examined by PCR to asses the frequency of infection with the etiological agents of tularemia, Lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. The overall prevalence of F. tularensis was 22 %. In 6 % of the black rats, F. tularensis was identified in coinfection with B. burgdorferi and in 3 % in coinfection with A. phagocytophilum. B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum were detected in 26 % and 8 % of the trapped rodents. Results obtained show the existence of an active natural focus of tularemia. The high level of coinfections indicated that the endemic focus is mixed and generates risk for multiple infections in humans. Further investigations are needed to reveal interactions between the pathogens in the infected animals.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed1991

[The use of microdot immunoenzyme analysis with visual detection for the determination of tularemia antibodies].

The possibility of using the micropoint enzyme immunoassay (EIA) on a nitrocellulose membrane with the visual evaluation of results for the detection of tularemia IgG antibodies in hamadryas baboons at the postvaccinal period has been studied. The sensitivity of this assay has been compared with that of the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test, the microagglutination (MA) test and EIA with the spectrophotometric evaluation of results in plates. As shown in this study, EIA in the above-mentioned modification can be successfully used for the detection of tularemia antibodies in the blood serum. The sensitivity of micropoint EIA has proved to be not inferior to that of EIA in plates, while exceeding the sensitivity of the PHA test 10- to 20-fold and the sensitivity of the MA test 10- to 1,000-fold. This method is simple, reliable, highly sensitive, economic and requires no special equipment, which makes it highly promising for the diagnosis of tularemia and the evaluation of humoral immunity at the postvaccinal period.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Cytopathic effect of the tularemia microbe on a culture of peritoneal macrophages].

Morphological analysis of the process of interaction of tularemia microbe strains differing by virulence with macrophages demonstrated that all these strains produced a lethal effect on macrophages obtained from the animales sensitive to the infection. The macrophages obtained from the animals were but little sensitive to tularemia and were resistant to the action of the causative agent of this infection. The data obtained led to a supposition on the presence in the tularemia causative agent of a factor responsible for its lethal action on the macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Determination of tularemia antibodies by an immunoenzyme method on a solid-phase carrier (ELISA)].

ELISA "sandwich" techniques have been developed and the optimum assay conditions for detecting specific antibodies in human serum samples have been determined. The possibility of using these techniques for the determination of the level of antibodies to tularemia antigens in the sera of persons immunized with live tularemia vaccine has been shown. Statistically significant differences in the level of antibodies to tularemia antigen in the sera of immunized and nonimmunized persons have been established. The comparative study of five serological methods - ELISA, the agglutination test, the passive hemagglutination test, the immunofluorescence test and the defined antigen substrate sera ( DASS ) techniques - has revealed the advantage of ELISA, whose sensitivity has proved to be considerably higher than that of all other methods used in our work.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

[Sensitivity of the causative agent of tularemia to antibiotics].

Sensitivity of the tularemia causative agent of different geographical races to antibiotics such as streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, rifampicin (20 strains), ampicillin, polymyxin M, erythromycin, oleandomycin (361 strains) and lincomycin (294 strains) was studied. High sensitivity of the tularemi a microbe to streptomycin, tetracycline, rifampicin (MIC of 10 gamma/ml), gentamicin (MIC of 1 gamma/ml) and resistance to 50 gamma of ampicillin and 1000 gamma/ml of polymyxin M were found. Combined use of 50 gamma of ampicillin and 100 gamma/ml of polymyxin M added to the nutrient medium for growth inhibition of the foreign flora on isolation of the tularemia causative agent from the infected material including stable laboratory animal carcases was recommended. Marked differences in sensitivity of the strains of different geographical races to the macrolides and lincomycin were observed. The strains of the non-Arctic and Central Asiatic races were of low resistance to the above drugs (the MIC of erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin were 10--50, 50--400 and 25--100 gamma/ml respectively. Within the holarctic race 40 per cent were low resistant and 60 per cent were highly resistant to these drugs. The above drugs should not be used for treatment of tularemia cases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Infraspecific taxonomy of tularemia agent Francisella tularensis McCoy et Chapin.

The authors investigated 286 strains of the tularemia microbe isolated in a number of countries of the Old and the New World from humans, hares, rodents, ticks, water and other objects, including 217 strains from the USSR and 69 strains from other countries. As a result, the earlier observed subspecific differences in the biological properties of the tularemia strains isolated in different regions were reconfirmed on an extensive material. It is proposed to designate the three subspecies distinguished within the species as follows: Francisella tularensis holarctica Ols., occurring in the Old World as well as in the New World; F. t. nearctica Ols., known only in North America, and F. t. media-asiatica Aikimb., occurring in Central Asia. Three biological varieties are distinguished in the holarctic subspecies: biovar japonica Rod., occurring on the Japanese islands, biovar I eryS (erythromycin-sensitive) distributed in Old and New World and biovar II eryR (erythromycin-resistant) known only in a few localities in Europe and Asia. Subspecific taxons differ from each other in several stable signs including biochemical-fermentation of glycerol and citrulline, and others, in the degree of pathogenicity for man and domestic rabbits, in the ecology and also in the area of distribution while the biovars differ in one sign and partly in the area of distribution. No differences were found between the North-American strains of the holarctic subspecies and the Eurasian holarctic strains of biovar I. The absence of serological differences between the individual taxons is no obstacle to infraspecific taxonomy of the tularemia microbe.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tick-borne tularemia. An outbreak of lymphadenopathy in children.

Between June 1 and July 15, 1984, twenty persons with glandular tularemia were identified on the Lower Brule and Crow Creek Indian reservations in South Dakota. The median age of the patients was 6 years (range, 2 to 20 years). The clinical illness was mild, consisting of fever, headache, and lymphadenopathy. All lymphadenopathy was in the head and neck area. Dermacentor variabilis ticks were identified as the vector. Although the mild clinical illness suggested Francisella tularensis, type B, was the agent, both type A and type B strains of F tularensis were isolated from ticks collected from dogs in the area. Tularemia is generally thought to be a severe systemic illness in North America. This outbreak illustrates that it can be a mild disease and that both type A and type B strains can be tick-borne and coexist in the same ecosystem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of anti-Francisella tularensis LVS antibody response in murine model of tularemia.

Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain infection of mice has been established as an experimental model of tularemia that is suitable for studies of immune mechanisms against the intracellular pathogen. In this study, the model was used to explore immunogenic repertoire of F. tularensis with the aim of identifying new molecules able to activate the host immune system, potential bacterial markers with vaccine, and diagnostic applications. Immunoproteomic approach based on the combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry was applied. Globally, 36 different proteins were identified, which strongly reacted with sera from experimentally infected mice, including several putative virulence markers of intracellular pathogens as nucleoside diphosphate kinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, RNA-binding protein Hfq, and molecular chaperone ClpB. Of them, 27 proteins are described for the first time as immunorelevant Francisella proteins. When comparing murine immunoproteome of F. tularensis with our previous data from human patients, 25 of the total of 50 identified murine sera immunoreactive spots were recognized by human sera collected from patients suffering from tularemia, as well. Immune sera from two Lps gene congenic strains of mice, C3H/HeN (Lpsn) and C3H/HeJ (Lpsd), represented murine immunoproteome in this study. The spectrum of immunoreactive spots detected by two-dimensional immunoblotting varied throughout the course of infection depending on murine strain. Nevertheless, the antibody patterns of the two strains showed significant homogeneity in being directed against almost identical subset of antigens.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A family outbreak of tularemia.

A family cluster of tularemia is described. In a family of three members different clinical type of the disease occurred after having been exposed to a sick wild hare. From the hare kidney Francisella tularensis type 1 was isolated. Pneumonic, typhoid-like tularemia occurred in the father who inhaled hare skin hairs and an ulceroglandular form in the mother and in the child who had direct contact with the animal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of tularemia with ciprofloxacin.

A case of tularemia which occurred after close contact with a cat is presented. After unsuccessful amoxicillin treatment, a two-week course of doxycycline was given whereupon the patient responded well. However, the patient relapsed shortly after and was then given ciprofloxacin for two weeks. The patient then recovered completely. Clinical trials are needed in order to establish whether a quinolone could be the drug of choice for treatment of tularemia.

Adult↗