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PubMed1979

On the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and its relation to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in neurosecretory nuclei of rats under normal and thirsting conditions (application of karyometry).

Histochemical studies on the distribution of TPPase and G6PD in SON and PVN of rats have been conducted by using the new TPPase method, karyometry, and statistics under normal and thirsting conditions. All differences in nuclear volume among the 4 groups classified by the TPPase and G6PD reactions were significant after thirsting for 2 and 4 days, respectively. The intimate parallel relationship was found statistically between the GA shape and G6PD activity in neurons of both nuclei. These results may substantiate the usefulness of classification of neurons of both nuclei. These results may substantiate the usefulness of classification of neurons by the TPPase method on the LM level. They also suggest strongly that the GA shape may directly indicate its synthesizing activity, and that the complicate GA shape may correspond to the phase of vigorous synthesizing activity in the neuron. Both nuclei included some neurons whose GA appeared intact under activation. This suggests that secretory cycles of individual cells may proceed asynchromously under thirsting as well as normal conditions. The unique peak revealed by the curves of mean nuclear volumes of GA Type IV and G6PD. strongly positive groups only in PVN must be representative of phenomenon of exhaustion of PVN.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of thirsting on the biological half-life and organ-distribution of 3H-lysin vasopressin.

The biological half-life and organ-distribution of radiochemically pure, biologically active 3H-lysin vasopressin were determined in normally hydrated and in thirsting rats. Three-day thirsting did not vary the biological half-life of the 3H-LVP. The highest 3H-LVP uptake was observed in the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis of the normally hydrated rats. As a result of thirsting, the accumulation of labelled vasopressin was increased in the neurohypophysis. The results permit the conclusion that the uptake of vasopressin by the neurohypophysis of rat is enhanced at the time of exocytosis and microvesicle formation induced by dehydration.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Control of extracellular sodium concentration by antidiuretic hormone-thirst feedback mechanism.

The effectiveness of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-thirst feedback mechanism to control extracellular sodium concentration was studied in dogs. The design consisted of increasing daily sodium intake from 10 to 200 meq in a group of dogs, first in the normal condition and second with a continuous 24 h/day infusion of an amount of ADH sufficient to maintain urine osmolarity at a maximal level and with fixed water intake. We were therefore able to compare the effectiveness of sodium concentration control in the same dogs with and without feedback control of the ADH-thirst mechanism, the difference in effectiveness being a quantitative measure of the control capability of the system. In the normal condition the increase in sodium intake resulted in a steady-state 2.3% elevation in sodium concentration. With the feedback control of ADH secretion and water intake blocked, the same sodium forcing produced an 11.9% increase in extracellular sodium concentration. The minimum feedback gain for the system calculated from the data is -4.2. We conclude that control of sodium concentration in the intact state is accomplished mainly by the ADH-thirst feedback mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Opiatergic participation in the thirst-inhibiting effect of acute third ventricle injections of cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+).

We have previously demonstrated that acute third ventricle injections of both lead and cadmium prevent the dipsogenic response elicited by dehydration or by central injections of dipsogenic agents such as angiotensin II, carbachol and isoproterenol in rats. We have also shown that the antidipsogenic action of cadmium may be due, at least in part, to activation of thirst-inhibitory central serotonergic pathways. In the present paper we show that in Wistar male rats the antidipsogenic effect of both lead acetate (3.0 nmol/rat) and cadmium chloride (3.0 nmol/rat) may be partially dependent on the activation of brain opiatergic pathways since central injections of naloxone (82.5 nmol/rat), a non-selective opioid antagonist, blunt the thirst-inhibiting effect of these metals. One hundred and twenty minutes after the second third ventricle injections, dehydrated animals (14 h overnight) receiving saline + sodium acetate displayed a high water intake (7.90 +/- 0.47 ml/100 g body weight) whereas animals receiving saline + lead acetate drank 3.24 +/- 0.47 ml/100 g body weight. Animals receiving naloxone + lead acetate drank 6.94 +/- 0.60 ml/100 g body weight. Animals receiving saline + saline drank 8.16 +/- 0.66 ml/100 g body weight whilst animals receiving saline + cadmium chloride drank 1.63 +/- 0.37 ml/100 g body weight. Animals receiving naloxone + cadmium chloride drank 8.01 +/- 0.94 ml/100 g body weight. It is suggested that acute third ventricle injections of both lead and cadmium exert their antidipsogenic effect by activating thirst-inhibiting opioid pathways in the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Thirst, resetting of the osmostat, and water intoxication following encephalitis.

A young man developed pathological thirst and hyperdipsia, hyperphagia, disordered temperature regulation, a lowered threshold for aggressive behavior, apathy, impaired memory, and seizures following encephalitis. He had marked hyponatremia. Bouts of water drinking produced water intoxication and precipitated status epilepticus. Studies of water handling with measurements of plasma osmolality and arginine vasopressin (AVP) revealed a very low thirst threshold (below 242 mOsm/kg) with resetting of the osmostat to a new level (255 mOsm/kg) but normal control of plasma osmolality at that level with adequate AVP release.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Role of cold receptors and menthol in thirst, the drive to breathe and arousal.

Menthol is widely used in candy, chewing gum, toothpastes, cigarettes and common cold medications. Menthol has been shown to stimulate cold receptors in the mouth and nose. The present paper puts forward the hypothesis that menthol, by its effects on oral and nasal cold receptors, may influence thirst, the drive to breathe, and arousal. The satisfying effects of menthol on thirst and breathing, together with an effect on arousal, may explain the popularity of menthol and account for the very large amount of menthol-containing products that are consumed each day.

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

The distribution of LHRH in the hypothalamus of the thirsting rat. A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study.

Prolonged thirst provokes an activation of the LHRH system which enables the visualization of fiber connections not seen in untreated control animals. This type of experimental stress situation increases the number of LHRH-containing fibers in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the median eminence. The number of LHRH-producing cells in the preoptic nucleus is increased and the fiber connection between this area and the median eminence can be observed. The tanycytes and the perikarya of the arcuate nucleus do not react with the antibody against LHRH. Moreover, during thirst, a network of LHRH-containing fibers is observed in the medial mammillary nucleus. The results obtained at the light microscopic level have been confirmed and supplemented by electron microscopic immunocytochemical observations.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of specific dopamine lesions and dopamine receptor sensitivity on angiotensin II- and carbachol-induced thirst in rats.

A study was made of the effects of manipulating brain dopaminergic activity upon drinking induced by intracerebroventricular administration of angiotensin II or carbachol. Non-specific lesions induced by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the cerebroventricles caused a significant reduction in angiotensin-induced thirst without affecting carbachol drinking. specific 6-OHDA-induced lesions of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway also attenuated the angiotensin-induced response, while unilateral lesions reduced and bilateral lesions almost completely abolished the effect. Again, the response to carbachol was unaffected. Chronic haloperidol treatment increased behavioural responses to the dopamine agonist apomorphine and significantly stimulated angiotensin-induced drinking without affecting response to carbachol. These studies provide support for the hypothesis that a dopaminergic event is involved in the angiotensin-induced thirst response and point to the need for a functioning dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway for the full expression of this response.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1975

Osmotic thirst suppression during 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) hyperthermiain the dog.

The effect of generalized body hyperthermia elicited by intravenous infusion of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was examined in conscious dogs. DNP increased deep body temperature by 1.53 +/- 0.18 degrees C in 18 out of 20 experiments. Impairement of thrist sensation was observed at the same time. The animals did not drink enough water to compensat for its total and evaporative loss. In cosequence water deficit developed, reaching maximum value of 2.7 plus 0.6% of body weight. The deficit was accompanied by an increase in plasma osmolarity, plasma protein concentration and hematocrit. A significant correlation between evaporative water loss and water deficit as well as between increase in deep body temperature and water deficit was found. The cellular dehydration developed in the course of DNP hyperthermia was higher by 3.3 +/- 0.6% of intracellular water (P less than 0.001) than that which was necessary to elicit drinking under conditions of normothermia. It is concluded that DNP hyperthermia changes the osmotic reactivity of the thirst mechanism so that the body fluids osmolarity is regulated at a higher level. This finding is discussed with regard to voluntary dehydration.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Antagonistic effects of vasopressin and hypervolemia on osmotic reactivity of the thirst mechanism in dogs.

The reactivity of the thirst mechanism to osmotic stimuli was examined in conscious dogs 1. under control conditions, 2. after raising the plasma vasopressin (PADH) level to about 30 muU/ml by intravenous infusion of the hormone, 3. after expansion of the blood volume by 15% by an intravenous infusion of dextran solution, and 4. after a simultaneous increase of PADH and blood-volume expansion. The osmotic thirst threshold was significantly lowered by the elevation of PADH and augmented by an expansion of blood volume, whereas no significant changes were observed when the increase in PADH and expansion of blood volume were applied simultaneously. The interactions between body-fluid osmolarity, blood volume, and vasopressin in regulation of water intake are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Recurrent hypertonic dehydration due to selective defect in the osmoregulation of thirst.

A 6-year-old girl with recurrent episodes of hypertonic dehydration was studied. She denied thirst even with a plasma osmolality as high as 421 mosmol/kg. The hypernatremia was associated with an ability to concentrate urine (854 mosmol/kg). Volume expansion with water corrected hypernatremia (162 to 148 mEq/l) and resulted in an increased urine flow and urinary dilution (137 mosmol/kg) because of suppression of endogenous vasopressin (AVP) release (5.1 pg/ml). Hypertonic saline infusion raised the plasma AVP level (25.6 pg/ml) in response to changes in plasma osmolality (305 to 330 mosmol/kg) and led to a maximal urine osmolality of 818 mosmol/kg. With chronic forced fluid intake, the patient maintained a normal serum sodium concentration (range, 135-145 mEq/l) with a urine osmolality as low as 65 mosmol/kg. These findings are consistent with an isolated defect in the osmoregulation of thirst as the cause of the chronic hypertonic dehydration without deficiency in AVP secretion.

Arginine Vasopressin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrophysiological analysis of the conditioned reflex activity of cats during thirst.

The EEG of the cerebral cortex and the electrohypothalamogram (EHG) was recorded in cats with a salt load and water deprivation during the performance of runs conditioned to non-salty and salty food signals. The non-salty food signal against the background of thirst was accompanied only by the activation of the cerebral cortex, whereas the hypothalamus in addition to the cortex was involved in the activation in relation to the salty food signal. In those cases in which the non-salty signal was reinforced by salty food and the animal has eaten it (although it had rejected it in the presence of thirst), a strong activation of the cortex was observed, with involvement of the paraventricular divisions of the hypothalamus. The remodeling of the signal role of the conditional signals was achieved in accordance with the new quality of the food reinforcement. The hypothalamo-cortical mechanisms of the dominant motivation and its conditioned reflex effectuation are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Convergence of signals in the zona incerta for angiotensin-mediated and osmotic thirst.

Extracellular single-unit activity was recorded from 109 neurons in the diencephalon of urethane-anesthetized rats. Injections of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the subfornical organ (SFO) increased the activity of 15 zona incerta (ZI) neurons and decreased the activity of 9. Injections of ANG II into the SFO increased the activity of 8 lateral hypothalamic neurons and decreased the activity of 7. Of the units which responded to the injection of ANG II into the SFO, 9 neurons in the ZI and 5 in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) also responded to injections of hyperosmotic saline into the medial preoptic area. The SFO and preoptic area are possible sites of receptors for ANG II-mediated and osmotic thirst, respectively, and the present results suggest that signals important for the initiation of these thirst mechanisms converge on neurons in the ZI and LH. These findings are discussed in relation to other neural structures that have been implicated in the regulation of water intake.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1990

The effect of lithium therapy on arginine vasopressin secretion and thirst in man.

Lithium therapy is known to reduce the renal responsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP: the antidiuretic hormone in man) and a proportion of treated patients develop polyuria and polydipsia. In this study seven nonpolyuric female patients receiving lithium treatment for an affective disorder (lithium group) were age-matched with seven healthy females (control group). The mean response of plasma AVP to osmotic stimulation was significantly enhanced in the lithium group but the mean osmotic threshold for AVP release was unchanged. Thirst appreciation in the lithium group commenced and increased overall at an osmotic stimulus 5 mmol/kg less than the control group. It is suggested that primary thirst does play a role in the expression of lithium-induced polyuria.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of thirst among severely demented patients in the terminal phase of life. Exploratory interviews with ward sisters and enrolled nurses.

The dying patients' experience of thirst is an important aspect of his quality of life. The ward sister and an experienced enrolled nurse at 30 geriatric wards in the Southern Health Care Region of Sweden were interviewed about their methods of assessing thirst among severely demented patients in the terminal stage of life. The answers could be classified into six categories: a priori opinion; intuition; identification with the patient; amounts of fluids received; the patient's behaviour; and state of hydration. All the reported methods are problematic. There is a need of development of more valid methods.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Thirst and fluid intake following graded hypohydration levels in humans.

The relationship among changes in thirst sensations, blood variables, and differential fluid intake in hypohydrated humans was examined. Seven subjects were hypohydrated by 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of their body weight on four separate trials which were systematically randomized between subjects. Hypohydration levels were achieved with a regimen of restricted food and fluid intake and moderate heat-exercise stress. Statistically significant linear and quadratic trends were found for the intensity of several sensations with progressive hypohydration levels. In general, plasma osmolality and renin activity increased and plasma volume decreased with increasing hypohydration levels. During a one hour period of ad lib drinking, all subjects consumed insufficient fluid to rehydrate back to baseline body weights. Using regression analyses, fluid intake was predicted by the magnitude of subjective and physiological indices of hypohydration. Results demonstrate that both hypovolemia and plasma osmolality contribute significantly to fluid intake in hypohydrated humans. The results also indicate that thirst sensations make a substantial contribution to differential fluid intake in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men.

Forty-two nondieting adult males were given 8 or 16 oz of lemonade, sweetened to equal intensity with either aspartame or sucrose, or the same volumes of water, or no drink. Subjects were separated into three groups receiving the drinks at different times: with a self-selection lunch, or 30, or 60 min before lunch. Food intakes did not differ when subjects received the drinks with lunch; however, when the calories from the drinks were included, intake was significantly greater with the sucrose-sweetened lemonades than in the other conditions. When subjects received the drinks 30 or 60 min before lunch, food intakes were not significantly different. Appetite ratings were not different among the conditions. When the drinks were consumed with the meal, the 8-oz sucrose-sweetened lemonade differed from the other drinks in that it did not significantly reduce thirst. The results indicate that in nondieting males, aspartame in concentrations similar to those in commercially available drinks did not increase hunger ratings or food intake. However, caloric drinks taken with lunch increased total energy intake in that meal. Also, sucrose-sweetened drinks may decrease thirst less than water or aspartame-sweetened drinks when taken with a meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of thirst-inducing stimuli on consumption of ethanol solutions by golden hamsters.

Two experiments were performed to examine the acute effects of thirst-inducing stimuli upon the intake of tap water and ethanol solutions by golden hamsters, a species which avidly consumes ethanol solutions. In Experiment 1, three groups of adult male hamsters (n = 6/group) were maintained on Purina chow and tap water; hamsters in two of the groups also had access to one of two ethanol solutions (15% or 30%, v/v). Animals were deprived at various times of either one or both fluids for 24 hr, and then either one or both fluids were presented during a 2-hr drinking test. Total water intake increased substantially following both selective water deprivation and total fluid deprivation whenever tap water was available during the drinking test, but no significant changes occurred when only the ethanol solution was available. Both total fluid deprivation and selective ethanol deprivation produced similar increases in ethanol consumption, but selective water deprivation did not, suggesting that the temporary removal of tap water has little direct effect upon ethanol intake in hamsters, at least at the ethanol concentration levels studied here. In Experiment 2, thirst was induced by a subcutaneous injection of 10% saline (1 ml/100 g). This procedure produced large increases in total water intake whenever tap water was available during the drinking test, but ethanol intake did not change under any circumstances. These results suggest that factors that acutely enhance water intake have little or no effect upon the ethanol consumption of golden hamsters.

Alcohol Drinking↗