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PubMedDate not supplied

Adverse reactions to permanent eyeliner tattoo.

PURPOSE: To report the potential for serious adverse reactions associated with permanent eyeliner tattoos. METHODS: An observational case series was conducted on 4 patients who presented with inflammatory eyelid reactions after receiving permanent eyeliner tattoo. RESULTS: Clinically, the tattoo-associated lesions were typically firm, raised masses underlying the areas of pigmentation. Histopathologic analysis of tissue from all 4 patients demonstrated a granulomatous inflammatory response with negative cultures for any organisms. Treatment approaches varied between a combination of topical steroid creams, local steroid injections, local resection, intramuscular steroid injection, and systemic oral steroids. These treatments were successful in all 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS: An allergic granulomatous reaction is one of the adverse reactions seen after permanent eyeliner tattoo. Treatment can be challenging and may ultimately require excision of tattoo pigment to remove the inciting factor. Systemic steroids may aid in controlling the inflammation associated with reaction to the tattoo pigment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Tattoo removal: tannic acid method of Variot.

BACKGROUND: There are many methods for tattoo removal (e.g., surgery, cryosurgery, laser, dermabrasion), but none can restore the skin to its original state. METHODS: Tattoo removal was obtained with a combination of tattoo machine, tannic acid, and silver nitrate. RESULTS: This technique proved to be effective for the removal of amateur tattoos of any size. The results with professional tattoos were much less satisfactory. The estimation of the depth of pigment in pretreatment biopsies showed no correlation with the success rate of treatment. No indication of systemic side effects on the liver from tannic acid was found in the concentration and amount used in this study. CONCLUSIONS: This technique is effective for the removal of amateur tattoos of any size and is comparable with cryotherapy, infrared coagulation, and focal salabrasion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Successful treatment of a cosmetic tattoo using a combination of lasers.

BACKGROUND: Cosmetic tattoos are becoming more popular and are often composed of several colors. Tattoo pigments containing ferric oxide and titanium dioxide can change to a blue-black color after exposure to Q-switched lasers that can be permanent. OBJECTIVE: Using a patient who presented with rouge tattoos on the cheeks as an example, we describe a useful approach to laser treatment of cosmetic tattoos. METHODS: Test areas were done with the Q-switched Nd:YAG at both 532 and 1064 nm and with the pulsed-dye laser at 595 nm. RESULTS: Although an immediate blue-black color change occurred after treatment with the Nd:YAG at 532 and 1064 nm, sequential treatments at 1064 nm produced a near complete clearance of the tattoos. The pulsed-dye laser was used to remove subtle pink tones. CONCLUSION: Performing small test areas before complete treatment and using several laser wavelengths throughout the course of therapy are essential to the successful treatment of cosmetic tattoos.

Cheek↗
PubMed1999

Long-term ultrastructural changes in human corneas after tattooing with non-metallic substances.

AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural appearance and the deposition pattern of dye particles in long term non-metallic corneal tattooing. METHODS: Two tattooed human corneas were obtained by keratoplasty. One corneal button was fixed in Karnovsky's solution and the other in Trumps' solution. Both corneas were divided and processed for conventional light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Five additional formalin fixed corneas with tattoos were retrieved from paraffin for TEM. The time between tattoo and removal of the corneal button/enucleation ranged from 7 to 61 years. All seven corneas were examined using a Jeol JCXA733 microprobe for wave length dispersive analysis in order to exclude any presence of metallic salts in the tattooed area. RESULTS: Histologically, clumps of brown-blackish granules were present mainly in the mid stroma, but also in anterior and partially in the posterior half of the stroma. On TEM, numerous round and oval electron dense particles were seen in the cytoplasm of keratocytes arranged as clusters or large islands. The larger particles appeared black, while the smaller particles were grey. In well fixed tissue a unit membrane was observed around these clusters. No granules were detected in the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS: Keratocytes can actively ingest and retain tattooing particles of non-metallic dyes within their cell membrane for very long periods of time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Psychopathology and tattooing among prisoners.

Tattooing has always been associated with criminals. Indeed, it is both an administrative and clinical problem in prisons. This article looks at the relationship between psychopathology and tattooing infractions within prison. Using a sample of 8,574 male inmates in the Colorado Department of Corrections, initial admission personality testing was compared to tattooing infractions within the next 2 years. Personality types more likely to engage in tattooing included Antisocial, Sadistic, Negativistic, and Borderline. Compulsive personality types engaged in relatively less tattooing. Clinical syndromes associated with more tattooing included Mania, Drug Abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress disorder, and Thought Disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Photodecomposition of Pigment Yellow 74, a pigment used in tattoo inks.

Tattooing has become a popular recreational practice among younger adults over the past decade. Although some of the pigments used in tattooing have been described, very little is known concerning the toxicology, phototoxicology or photochemistry of these pigments. Seven yellow tattoo inks were obtained from commercial sources and their pigments extracted, identified and quantitatively analyzed. The monoazo compound Pigment Yellow 74 (PY74; CI 11741) was found to be the major pigment in several of the tattoo inks. Solutions of commercial PY74 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were deoxygenated using argon gas, and the photochemical reaction products were determined after exposure to simulated solar light generated by a filtered 6.5 kW xenon arc lamp. Spectrophotometric and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses indicated that PY74 photodecomposed to multiple products that were isolated using a combination of silica chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. Three of the major photodecomposition products were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry as N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide (o-acetoacetanisidide), 2-(hydroxyimine)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide and N,N''-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)urea. These results demonstrate that PY74 is not photostable in THF and that photochemical lysis occurs at several sites in PY74 including the hydrazone and amide groups. The data also suggest that the use of PY74 in tattoo inks could potentially result in the formation of photolysis products, resulting in toxicity at the tattoo site after irradiation with sunlight or more intense light sources.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed2002

Removal of traumatic and decorative tattoos by dermabrasion.

Dermabrasion generally produces excellent results in the removal of congenital or acquired nonesthetic skin changes. Results obtained by use of dermabrasion in the removal of foreign bodies penetrating the skin by accident (undesired tattoo) and variously motivated voluntary tattoos (decorative skin ornaments) are presented. Unless surgically removed, such tattoos remain in the skin for life. Superficial traumatic tattoos can be removed immediately after the accident, whereas decorative tattoos can be successfully removed by repeat surface dermabrasion. In case of granuloma formation in traumatic tattoos, dermabrasion will not produce satisfactory results.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

An experimental study of powder tattooing of the skin.

Test firings were conducted on specially prepared live rabbits to determine the approximate maximum ranges at which powder tattooing occurs for different forms of gunpowder. For .38 caliber, powder tattooing from cartridges loaded with flake powder disappears at a range of 18 to 24 in. (0.4 to 0.6 m). Powder tattooing with flattened ball powder extends to 36 in. (0.9 m), while that due to ball powder extends to 48 in. (1.2m) of range. In .22 caliber, powder tattooing was observed out to 24 in. (0.6 m) with flake powder and 18 in. (0.4 m) with flattened ball. Attempts to reproduce the animal powder tattoo patterns on paper revealed that the paper patterns are consistent with skin tattoo patterns only up to 18 in (0.4 m) of range.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Localization of colonic tumor in laparoscopic surgery. Intraoperative colonoscopy or preoperative tattoo].

INTRODUCTION: Tumor localization may be critical in laparoscopic surgery because manual palpation may not be possible. This study focused on the need for intraoperative colonoscopy to identify the tumor site. We also present our preliminary experiences with preoperative tattoo of the resection site. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, consecutive, consecutive study of 61 patients operated on laparoscopically for colonic tumor together with 9 patients with preoperative tattoo of the resection site (5 laparoscopic and 4 open operations) was done. RESULTS: Intraoperative colonoscopy was necessary to identify the tumor site in 23% of the 61 patients without preoperative tattoo. Tumor grading and localization in this group did not differ from that in the group where colonoscopy was not needed (p>0.05). The median operation time was significantly longer in the group in which intraoperative endoscopy was performed (p<0.05). The preoperative tattoo caused no complications, and the tattoo was visible in all 9 patients intraoperatively. DISCUSSION: Almost one fourth of the patients operated on laparoscopically for colonic tumor needed intraoperative colonoscopy to identify the tumor site. This impeded the laparoscopic operation, prolonged the operation time and increased the potential risk for infectious complications. Preoperative tattoo, which renders intraoperative colonoscopy superfluous, should therefore be considered for all patients operated on laparoscopically for colonic tumor, as it is difficult to determine in advance the patients in whom the tumor site will be hard to identify intraoperatively.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

The use of lasers for decorative tattoo removal.

As the incidence of tattoo placement continues to increase, so does the demand for tattoo removal, with more than 10 million people in the US alone with a tattoo. Used in an appropriate clinical setting, Q-switched lasers provide relatively efficacious clearance of decorative tattoo pigment with minimal side-effects. We present our clinical experience along with literature findings on decorative tattoo removal and the important issues practitioners should consider in the management of tattoos.

Dermatology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence and characteristics of body piercing and tattooing among high school students.

BACKGROUND: Although body piercing and tattooing seem to be gaining popularity among a diversity of social and age groups, studies of these practices in general adolescent populations are scarce. This study establishes the prevalence of body modification (tattooing and body piercing) among high school students in grades 7-11 (aged 12 to 18). METHODS: Data come from a 2002 in-school survey conducted among a representative sample of 2,180 students (81% response rate) enrolled in the 23 high schools of the Outaouais region in Quebec. Systematic sampling was performed. Specific data on tattooing and body piercing are available for 2,145 students (1% non-response rate). RESULTS: A prevalence of 27% for body piercing and 8% for tattooing is observed among high school students. Differences between girls and boys are observed in many ways: i.e., frequency and number of tattoos or piercings; aftercare practices. While most teens say that a "professional" in a studio performed their body modification and that they received aftercare instruction, a high percentage of students report health complications following the procedure. CONCLUSION: Results show that tattooing and body piercing are common among adolescents and may involve health risks. Consequently, appropriate preventive measures should be adopted by professionals such as school counsellors, nurses, physicians and others who are in contact with teenagers to help them make informed choices.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are body piercing and tattooing safe fashions?

The trend to ornamenting the human body by piercings and tattoos which is observed all over the world is becoming more and more popular. The aim of this research was to compare the frequency of complications occurring after piercing and tattooing and to analyze the conditions under which the procedures were performed. The research was based on the results of questionnaire studies performed in a group of 824 people (57.8% women and 42.2% men) aged 14-52. The data were compared by the fraction difference statistic test. The procedure was performed in professional establishments for 93.1% of people with piercings and 78.8% with tattoos. The difference between these fractions is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Complications were noted in 45.6% of people with piercings and 31.25% with tattoos. This difference is also statistically significant (p < 0.05). The people questioned with piercings noted mainly local infections, bleeding and tissue tearing, while subjects with tattoos mentioned pruritus and/or bleeding. We conclude that body piercing is connected with a higher risk of more serious complications than tattooing. There is a social awareness of this so piercing procedures are more often done in professional establishments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Clinicopathological aspects of liver diseases associated with early history of tattooing.

No matter whether it is the B type or non-A, non-B type, chronic infection with the hepatitis virus often causes chronic hepatitis, which may ultimately lead to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. From an epidemiological point of view, it was considered that tattooing might be an important mode of transmission of hepatitis virus through tattoo needles even at the time when hepatitis-B-virus related antigens and antibodies were not yet utilized as clinical markers in practice. Since HBV related antigens and antibodies in serum came into routine use as clinical markers, several articles on the outbreak of hepatitis B from tattooing have appeared in consideration of the correlation between the appearance and disappearance of the clinical markers and the clinical course of liver diseases. Nevertheless, a perusal of the literature to date failed to reveal any mention of clinical, pathological and prognostic aspects of liver disease with tattooing. These aspects are certainly ready for clarification. On the basis of clinicopathological observations of 26 patients with tattooing and liver diseases, it can be concluded that tattooing might be an important route of infection for hepatitis viruses including both the B type and non-A, non-B type, which can lead to chronic inflammatory liver diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Tattoo darkening and nonresponse after laser treatment: a possible role for titanium dioxide.

OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between chemical composition, biopsy findings, and clinical outcome in laser-treated tattoos. DESIGN: Observational nonblinded retrospective study. SETTINGS: University-based dermatology clinic and private practice. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients who underwent biopsy of laser-treated tattoos. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Biopsy specimens were analyzed after laser treatment, and the depths of changed particles were recorded. Ultrastructure of the changed particles was examined by electron microscopy. Presence of inorganic chemicals was determined by x-ray diffraction. Correlation between x-ray diffraction, microscopy, and clinical response was attempted. RESULTS: Of the 20 tattoos, 7 lightened, 9 failed to change, and 4 darkened after laser treatment. There was a significant association between presence of titanium dioxide and poor response to laser therapy. Microscopic studies showed variable changes in the ink particles, but there was a trend toward residual deep green pigment in the resistant tattoos. Also, round dark stippling was observed superficially in the darkened specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Titanium is overrepresented in tattoos that respond poorly to laser treatment. Further studies are necessary to show whether this metal is the primary cause of this poor response.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed1998

Effective treatment of traumatic tattoos with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is well known that the Q-switched Nd:Yag (QSNd:YAG) laser works well in the treatment of blue-black tattoos and benign pigmented lesions. It is less well known that this laser can also treat traumatic tattoos after accidents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with traumatic tattoos were treated with a QSNd:YAG laser, 1064 nm. RESULTS: Gravel, mascara, high explosives, and older tattoos responded best with total clearance after 2-5 treatments. Hard materials such as asphalt, amalgam, and metal needed 6-11 treatments, and there was not always complete clearance. Transcient hypopigmentation but no scarring was seen. CONCLUSION: QSNd:YAG laser treatment of traumatic tattoos is effective, atraumatic, and a good alternative to mechanical dermabrasion or other conventional therapies.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed1985

Experience using the carbon dioxide laser in the removal of cutaneous tattoos.

A preliminary study was undertaken to determine if the carbon dioxide laser was a suitable technique for the removal of tattoos. Twenty-eight patients with 47 tattoos had their tattoos removed by the carbon dioxide laser. The results were assessed by an independent observer 1 year after completion of treatment. The most satisfactory results were obtained in patients with discrete linear tattoos of amateur origin. In those with polychromatic blocked-in tattoos of professional origin, hypertrophic scars occurred and the overall result was unsatisfactory.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2005

Temporary dermal scatter reduction: quantitative assessment and implications for improved laser tattoo removal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Temporary dermal clearing, i.e., reduction in the attenuation coefficient of the dermis and epidermis, may lead to improved laser tattoo removal by providing increased efficiency of laser delivery to embedded ink particles and enabling the use of shorter wavelength visible lasers more effective on certain inks. STUDY DESIGNS/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a hairless guinea pig model of human tattoo, we tested both intradermal and transdermal application of glycerol, using visual inspection, spectral analysis, and optical coherence tomography techniques to assess effectiveness. In controlled experiments, we compared the outcomes of single laser treatment sessions for both cleared and uncleared tattoo sites using Q-switched 755 and 532 nm lasers on three different inks. RESULTS: Intradermal injection of clearing agents induced dermal clearing but resulted in necrosis and scar. Transdermal application of clearing agents resulted in moderate reversible clearing, which was localized to the superficial layers of the skin and did not result in complications. Statistically significant differences in laser treatment outcome were observed relative to a number of treatment parameters including the treatment of certain tattoos by short wavelength lasers. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary clearing of superficial skin layers may be performed in an apparently safe and reliable manner. Clearing should lead to increased penetration of laser light to tattoos and should, therefore, increase treatment efficiency. Further study is needed to determine the degree to which this change is of clinical value.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Experimental and numerical study of the colour appearance of tattoo models.

The colour of tattooed skin has been predicted by a Monte Carlo method based on the optical coefficient spectra of the skin and tattoo dyes. Slices of pig skin, a tattoo phantom and skin phantoms with different thickness were prepared, and their reflectance and transmittance spectra were measured using an integrating sphere at wavelengths varying from 400nm to 700nm. The absorption and scattering coefficient spectra of skin phantoms, pig skins and the tattoo phantom were each calculated using the inverse Monte Carlo method. The skin phantoms and pig skins were overlaid on the tattoo phantom, and the reflectance spectra of the two-layered structures were measured. The reflectance spectra of the two-layered structures were calculated from the optical coefficient spectra using the Monte Carlo method. They agreed well with the measured spectra. The colour differences between the calculated and measured spectra were also evaluated by the L*a*b* colour space distances and showed good agreement, with 3.49 for the skin phantoms and 8.27 for the pig skins.

Animals↗