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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Weaning in rats: II. Pup behavior patterns.

In this study, litters of rat pups and their mothers were continuously video-monitored from Day 14 to Day 35 postpartum in order to describe the behavioral changes that occur during that period. Prior to the onset of solid food intake (Day 18), pups spent most of their active time suckling. During Days 18 to 26, feeding, drinking, grooming, and play-fighting rapidly became frequent daily activities, while suckling gradually began to decline. By Day 28, pups' food and water intake relative to body weight and time allocated to the new behaviors reached asymptote. Pups nevertheless continued to suckle until Day 34. These results suggest that (1) the transition from milk to solid food is embedded in a multitude of behavioral changes; (2) these behavioral changes have distinct temporal characteristics; and (3) the developmental period between Days 14 and 34 can be divided into three phases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Compensatory responses of goat mothers to their impaired young.

The behaviour of a mother goat towards her young normally compensates for differences between them in their vigour at birth. Weakening the first-born with drugs still does not prevent its getting equal access to the udder, though weakening the second-born may render it so much less vigorous that maternal compensation does fail. When the mother is unable to distinguish her kids by sight or smell, she is unable to modulate her responses to the kids and then the more vigorous kid always establishes priority of access to the bladder. We conjecture that this is what normally occurs under harsh environmental conditions where the mother's milk supply is occasionally inadequate for two kids.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2006

Maternal behavior of primiparous females in inbred strains of mice: a detailed descriptive analysis.

In the present study, we compared the maternal and non-maternal behaviors of primiparous females in both the light and dark phases during 3 weeks postpartum in five inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, CBA/Ca, C3H/He, C57BL/6, and DBA/2) to examine the strain differences in the behaviors in detail. Generally, nursing postures (arched-back, blanket, and supine) and pup lickings (anogenital and body) occurred more frequently in the light phase, whereas nest building occurred more frequently in the dark phase. As pups grew, arched-back and blanket nursing, anogenital and body licking, and nest building decreased, but supine nursing slightly increased. The present results revealed strain-specific variations in maternal behavior. In general, BALB did not engage in maternal behavior very vigorously, but the other four strains actively did. The patterns of strain differences were not parallel between the subcomponents of nursing posture or pup licking. CBA showed more arched-back and supine nursing, and DBA showed more blanket nursing. C57 and CBA showed more anogenital licking, while C3H and DBA showed more body licking. Strain differences were also found for the changes across postpartum days in almost all behaviors. These findings provide information to examine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the development of maternal behavior in mice.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1975

Common sexual problems of children and adolescents.

The pediatrician is often expected by families to deal with sexual problems of children and adolescents. The physician should be able to identify problems and to guide parents in more meaningful communication and education of their children. Hopefully, he will be able to identify family conflicts and make the appropriate intervention or referral. He should be aware of his own sexual attitudes so as to avoid having his bias interfere with treatment. The childs behavior should not be isolated, but considered in the context of his family, his peers, and his own growth and development. Often, it is more useful to advise the family than to work with a young child. Adolescents present particular problems because of their conflicts over sexual identity, their reluctance to admit to problems, and frequently a mistrust of adults. They often feel a need for a trusting relationship with an adult, however, and are able to relate to a sensitive, non-judgmental professional.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Learning as adaptation of the infant.

The present report advocates an adaptive, ecological approach to the study of learning in infants. Concepts of developmental niche and ontogenetic adaptation are applied to early mammalian development. Within this conceptual framework, it is asserted that learning cannot be fully understood separately from a behaving body; that learning is a dimension of behavior and physiology. The role of learning in the development of ingestive behavior, especially suckling and the transition to solid food, is used to illustrate the potential of studying learning in development. These considerations are offered as examples of an alternative approach to the empirical study of learning by infants. The approach advocated herein can be applied to clinical issues: developmental adaptations evolved in contexts that differ from our modern environments. Exposure to contexts or contingencies that are evolutionarily unexpected may inadvertently create pathology.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1975

Weaning and growth of artificially reared rats.

The importance of suckling experience for later feeding in the rat was tested by means of an isolate rearing technique that eliminated oral feeding. Pups reared in the nearly complete absence of suckling and feeding ate and drank at weaning and then grew normally. Furthermore, the characteristics of apparently normal ingestion and growth make the artificially reared rat a useful preparation for other developmental investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Spatial and temporal patterns of water flow generated by suction-feeding bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus resolved by Particle Image Velocimetry.

The suction-feeding fish generates a flow field external to its head in order to draw prey into the mouth. To date there are very few empirical measurements that characterize the fluid mechanics of suction feeding, particularly the temporal and spatial patterns of water velocity in front of the fish. To characterize the flow in front of suction-feeding bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus, measurements with high spatial (<1 mm) and temporal (500 Hz) resolution were taken using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). In an analysis separate from the PIV, high-speed video sequences were used for a novel method of visually tracking every seed particle for the duration of each feeding in order to determine directly the total parcel of water that the fish ingests. PIV measurements and particle tracking show that water is drawn from all around the mouth. Fluid velocity decreases rapidly with distance from the mouth and is only significant (>5% of speed at the mouth) within roughly 1 mouth diameter of the fish. Suction feeders gain little in terms of extending this flow field by even substantial increases in the fluid speed at the mouth opening. Instead, the chief advantage of increased flow speed at the mouth may be the increased magnitude of generated forces within the space very close to the mouth. After scaling of the velocity field based on size of the mouth opening and the measured fluid speed at a fixed position, the measured velocity profiles for all feedings are very similar to one another, so that a functional relationship for the magnitude of fluid speed as a function of distance from the predator mouth is presented and shown to be accurate over the range of kinematic variables tested. This relationship describes the velocity field both along the centerline of the fish and along transects lying at an angle to the centerline within both the mid-sagittal and frontal planes. Comparison of the time-resolved fluid velocity measurements to gape kinematics demonstrate that peak fluid speed occurs simultaneously with 95% of peak gape, showing that the bluegill maximizes nearly simultaneously both the generated forces and size of the region over which these forces act. The magnitude of peak fluid speed during each strike decreases as a function of increasing time to peak gape (r2 = 0.87), demonstrating a strong relationship between the rate of buccal cavity expansion and maximum generated flow speed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Reproduction in feral horses.

A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

[Behavior of the African chevrotain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Its ecological and phylogenetic significance].

The behaviour of the African chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus) was examined in 70 animals living in an enclosure. As far as possible every element of behaviour was seen in relationship to the animal's way of life in the field, and compared with the known behaviour of other Artiodactyla. It was attempted to ascertain the evolutionary stage of every behavioural element. Activity corresponds exactly to the dark period from 18.00 to 6.00. The males are by far more active than the females. An activity period during the night seems to be typical for the more primitive species. The sleeping position is reminiscent of the Suidae, the comfort behaviour of the smaller Artiodactyla. There is no mutual grooming. Hyemoschus aquaticus searches for food with its snout as do the Suidae, and can not rise on its hind legs as can most Artiodactyla. The alarm behavior is the same as in other forest-dwelling ruminants, behaviours of mainly visual importance are missing. Feces and urine are deposited anywhere. Both sexes announce their presence with these excrements, which are mixed with an excrete of the anal (male and female) and preputial glands (male). The interramal gland is occasionally used for marking twigs. Hyemoschus aquaticus does not have a single gland of the ruminant type. Fighting between females is seldom, between males more frequent, but of short duration. No demonstrations of rank order or territorial behaviour were observed. The male finds the female olfactorially. Precopulatory behaviour and copulation are similar to that of the Suidae. Early development and mother-infant behavior can be devided into 5 stages, which are described. Play behaviour of the young is very simple, there is no contact with peers. In its whole behaviour Hyemoschus aquaticus is the prototype of the solitary forest-dweller, more pig than ruminant. The Asian genus Tragulus of the same family is already more a ruminant than Hyemoschus aquaticus; the primitive Cervidae, with the genus Muntiacus, indicate the next level.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[Observations of the birth and suckling behavior of goats].

50 goats of several breeds and crossbreeds as well as their kids were observed. The experiment involved 388 hours of observation over 62 days. The average duration of pregnancy was 151.2 days. In addition to physical characteristics and labored mobility, a tendency toward isolation and characteristic vocalization were noted. The period from onset of birth to the first delivery averaged less than 20 min. Subsequent to delivery the doe arose immediately, followed by the kid in an average of 21 min. Initial suckling by the kids occurred on average 42 min after birth. After an initially high frequency of suckling cycles, the cycle in the following weeks was reduced to 1 to 2 times an hour in the case of a single kid birth, while twins suckled more often. Out of 5,562 observations, only 1% were true cases of suckling from another doe.

Animals↗