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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

[Segregated or mixed sex treatment in the psychiatric clinic--what do patients prefer?].

OBJECTIVE: Preference on separate or mixed sex treatment should be evaluated from the viewpoint of patients of a psychiatric hospital. METHODS: The preference of patients were surveyed by questionnaire before and after mixing four single sex wards. The adjusted response rate was 74.5%. RESULTS: About 75% of psychiatric patients prefer a mixed sex ward, about 25% prefer a single sex ward. Females more frequently confirm the type of ward to whom they were actually allocated. By contrast, males are in favour for mixed sex wards independently of the presently experienced type of ward. Younger patients, voluntarily admitted patients, and patients with substance addiction prefer mixed sex wards. After mixing the sexes of formerly single sex wards a significant increase in preference of mixed sex wards was found, due to increased affirmation by female patients. CONCLUSION: If single sex wards can be established in a psychiatric hospital considering their size, specialisation of wards, and sector of care, patients are enabled to choose between a single and mixed sex ward at admission.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dissociation of food and opiate preference by a genetic mutation in zebrafish.

Both natural rewards and addictive substances have the ability to reinforce behaviors. It has been unclear whether identical neural pathways mediate the actions of both. In addition, little is known about these behaviors and the underlying neural mechanisms in a genetically tractable vertebrate, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Using a conditioned place preference paradigm, we demonstrate that wildtype zebrafish exhibit a robust preference for food as well as the opiate drug morphine that can be blocked by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Moreover, we show that the too few mutant, which disrupts a conserved zinc finger-containing gene and exhibits a reduction of selective groups of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the basal diencephalon, displays normal food preference but shows no preference for morphine. Pretreatment with dopamine receptor antagonists abolishes morphine preference in the wildtype. These studies demonstrate that zebrafish display measurable preference behavior for reward and show that the preference for natural reward and addictive drug is dissociable by a single-gene mutation that alters subregions of brain monoamine neurotransmitter systems. Future genetic analysis in zebrafish shall uncover further molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the formation and function of neural circuitry that regulate opiate and food preference behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

[Psychotherapy in the psychiatric clinic--an empirical study of the expectations of patients].

Before admission to in-patient psychotherapeutic treatment 202 patients with schizophrenic or neurotic orders, partly with secondary alcohol or substance addiction, were investigated with a questionnaire concerning patients' expectations of psychotherapy: targets, expectations of therapeutic attitude and technique as well as therapeutic procedure (individuals or group therapy). The results are correlated with sociodemographic data and psychiatric disorders and compared with the patients who were not admitted to therapy and the results after discharge. Conclusions are made with regard to indication and adaptive patient-centered therapeutic proceeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Involuntary Hospitalisations in 2000 According to German "PsychKG" in the City of Hannover].

OBJECTIVE: To examine for one year which psychiatric services are involved in involuntary hospitalisations according to PsychKG (German law concerning psychiatric practice) in the City of Hannover. METHOD: All available data within the health administration of the former city and former county of Hannover of compulsory admissions in the year 2000 were evaluated. RESULTS: In 2000, 524 patients were involuntary admitted to psychiatric hospitals according to the data of the health administration of the city of Hannover. The two major diagnoses were schizophrenia or substance addiction of involuntarily admitted patients, most hospitalisation were documented for Fridays, the most frequent time was between 9 and 1 hour p. m. The services in Hannover which dealt most with involuntary admissions were the either physicians of "KV" (Kassenarztliche Vereinigung, the German physicians organisation who is in charge of the treatment of all patients for non-private health insurances) or the physicians of the psychiatric departments of the Hannover Medical School. CONCLUSIONS: The major provider of psychiatric assistence for compulsory admissions within the City of Hannover are the physicians of the KV and the psychiatric departments of the Hannover Medical School.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2002

Brain metabolic changes during cigarette craving.

BACKGROUND: In functional brain imaging studies, exposure to cues related to cocaine, opiates, and alcohol in dependent individuals is associated with activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Craving for these substances positively correlates with activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior insula. The objective of this study was to determine changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolism and correlations between craving and regional metabolism in heavy cigarette smokers exposed to cigarette-related cues. METHODS: Twenty heavy smokers (who smoked > or =20 cigarettes per day) and 20 nonsmoking control subjects underwent 2 fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans 10 days apart in randomized order: one while watching a videotape that presented cigarette-related cues and handling a cigarette, and the other while watching an educational (nature) videotape and handling a neutral object (pen). RESULTS: From the neutral to the cigarette cue scan, heavy smokers had greater increases than nonsmoking controls in relative glucose metabolism in the perigenual anterior cingulate gyrus spanning the midline. Significant positive correlations were found between intensity of craving and metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior insula bilaterally. An unexpected positive association was found between craving and metabolism in the right sensorimotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Brain regions associated with arousal, compulsive repetitive behaviors, sensory integration, and episodic memory are activated during exposure to cigarette-related cues and cigarette craving. These regional brain activations and associations with craving are similar to findings with other addictive substances.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Sex differences in social support and self-efficacy within a recovery community.

This study examined similarities and differences in social support and self-efficacy for abstinence between women and men recovering from substance addiction. The sample consisted of 87 residents of Oxford House (OH) self-run, community-based recovery homes. Analyses revealed similarities between women and men in terms of the composition and utilization of support networks and abstinence self-efficacy. Also, for both sexes, length of residency in OH was significantly related to decreased social support for alcohol and drug use and increased self-efficacy for abstinence. However, multiple-group SEM analyses demonstrated that social support for alcohol/drug use fully mediated the link between length of residency and abstinence self-efficacy for women, but not for men. Findings suggest that the process of gaining self-efficacy to remain abstinent is distinct for women and men, and that social support plays a different role in women's recovery than it does in men's.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Stress-induced cigarette craving: effects of the DRD2 TaqI RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR polymorphisms.

Animal models have long implicated dopamine in stress-induced craving for a variety of addictive substances. However, translational studies of dopamine, stress and craving in humans are lacking. Based on the animal literature, this study's objective was to test the hypothesis that cigarette smokers carrying specific variants in dopamine-related genes would have heightened levels of cigarette craving following exposure to a laboratory stressor. Cigarette craving induced by controlled exposure to a laboratory stressor was assessed in healthy adult smokers (n=108) recruited by advertisement. Significantly stronger stress-induced cigarette craving was found for individuals carrying either the DRD2 (D2 dopamine receptor gene) A1, or the SLC6A3 (dopamine transporter gene) nine-repeat allelic variants. Stress-induced craving was markedly higher for those carrying both alleles, compared to those with neither, consistent with the separate biological pathways involved (receptor, transporter). Findings provide strong support for the possibility that dopamine involvement in stress-induced craving well established in animal models also applies to humans, and suggest a potential genetic risk factor for persistent smoking behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Tobacco control: reducing cancer incidence and saving lives. American Society of Clinical Oncology.

INTRODUCTION: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) supports the elimination of tobacco products. Toward that goal, ASCO urges the adoption of national policy that strengthens regulation of the sale, promotion, and distribution of such products. To reduce cancer mortality, our regulatory policies must recognize that the nicotine within tobacco is an addictive substance, the use of which leads to 30% of all cancer deaths and a total of 419,000 deaths each year. RESTRICTING ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION: Tobacco-related advertising and promotion should be banned. At a minimum, national policies should: ban billboards; limit advertising to black and white text only; prohibit the sale or giveaway of products that contain tobacco brand names or logos; prohibit brand name sponsorship of sporting or entertainment events; and require stronger and more prominent warning labels on all tobacco products. RESTRICTING ACCESS BY CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS: Despite existing state laws prohibiting sale of tobacco products to minors, children are able to buy such products easily. National regulation of the sale and distribution of tobacco products is necessary to eliminate children's access to tobacco. Where sales are permitted, they should be limited to face-to-face purchases by individuals 18 and older. Vending machines and other means of distributing tobacco without a face-to-face purchase should be outlawed. ENHANCING PUBLIC EDUCATION: To the extent tobacco sales are allowed to continue, the federal government should mandate that the tobacco industry contribute substantial funds for a national public education campaign to prevent young people from smoking and other tobacco use. RAISING TOBACCO EXCISE TAXES: ASCO has long advocated a substantial increase (in the range of $2) in the federal excise tax on cigarettes and other tobacco products- a measure known to decrease consumption, particularly among children. Revenue from a tax on tobacco products should be used to support retraining for tobacco farmers, biomedical research, health care delivery, and antitobacco education. CONTROLLING TOBACCO EXPORTS: United State trade policies should discourage the export of tobacco products and manufacturing to foreign markets. At a minimum, United States tobacco companies selling or manufacturing tobacco products in foreign markets that have not developed comparable health warning labels should be required to retain United States warning labels. TAKING RESPONSIBILITY AS HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS: Physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals-especially those in primary care disciplines-have the opportunity and responsibility to assist patients' efforts to quit tobacco use and to ensure that nonsmokers continue to avoid the addiction. Oncology specialists should discuss the causal relationship between tobacco use and cancer as well as a variety of other chronic diseases and assist, as required, the patient and family members to end tobacco dependency. In addition, health care professionals must advocate that public and private insurers be required to provide health care coverage for medically necessary interventions, such as counseling and nicotine transdermal systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: the DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study.

CONTEXT: There is no validated, theory-based tool for assessing the onset of nicotine dependence. However, the use of all addictive substances can result in a loss of autonomy. We propose that nicotine dependence begins when autonomy is lost, ie, when the sequelae of tobacco use, either physical or psychological, present a barrier to quitting. OBJECTIVES: To test the autonomy theory of nicotine dependence, and to evaluate the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) as a measure of the loss of autonomy over tobacco use. DESIGN: The psychometric performance and concept validity of the HONC were evaluated in a 30-month prospective longitudinal study of the natural history of tobacco use in a cohort of 679 seventh-grade students. RESULTS: As hypothesized, endorsement of a single item on the HONC was associated with a failed attempt at smoking cessation (odds ratio [OR], 29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13-65), continued smoking until the end of follow-up (OR, 44; 95% CI, 17-114), and daily smoking (OR, 58; 95% CI, 24-142). Scores on the HONC correlated with the maximum amount smoked (r = 0.65; P<.001) and the maximum frequency of smoking (r = 0.79; P<.001). Internal reliability was 0.94. A 1-factor solution explained 66% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the autonomy theory that dependence begins with the loss of autonomy. The autonomy theory represents a potentially useful alternative to current concepts of nicotine dependence for adolescents, and the HONC appears to measure lost autonomy in adolescents. Construct validity was demonstrated by its utility in predicting failed cessation and the progression of tobacco use. In addition, the psychometric properties were excellent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse. The D2 dopamine receptor Taq I B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism appears more frequently in polysubstance abusers.

Alcoholics are more likely than nonalcoholics to display the Taq I A1 restriction fragment length polymorphism of the D2 dopamine receptor gene, according to four of six studies that examined alcoholics and controls. The current study examines whether the association observed in alcoholism might extend to other addictive substances by examining D2 dopamine receptor Taq I A and B restriction fragment length polymorphisms in polysubstance users and controls free of significant substance use. We hypothesized a stronger association for the B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism since it lies closer to dopamine receptor protein coding and 5' regulatory regions. Heavy polysubstance users and subjects with DSM-III-R psychoactive substance use diagnoses displayed significantly higher Taq I B1 frequencies than control subjects; Taq I A1 results for these comparisons were less robust. These results are consistent with a role for a D2 dopamine receptor gene variant marked by these restriction fragment length polymorphisms in enhanced substance abuse vulnerability.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2006

Betel quid: Its tremor-producing effects in residents of Araihazar, Bangladesh.

Betel quid consists of a betel nut (Areca catechu) and other additives. It is chewed throughout Asia and is the fourth most commonly used addictive substance in the world. Its stimulant properties are mediated by arecoline and other toxins. The neurological effects of betel quid use have not been studied extensively. To assess tremor, 100 residents of Araihazar, Bangladesh, were asked to draw spirals, which were rated by a blinded neurologist. The average tremor rating was 50% higher in exposed versus unexposed individuals. Betel quid use can produce clinically evident tremor. Population-based epidemiological studies of tremor in Asia should begin to take the effect of this stimulant into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

High resolution spatial mapping of nicotine action using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging.

Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known. To better understand the mechanisms of action, we mapped the regional brain response to nicotine administration using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) in rats. We measured the regional response of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in rats to a challenge of 0.07 mg/kg (0.43 micromol/kg) of nicotine. The areas of the brain with significant and reproducible changes in the rCBV response were (in descending order of magnitude) infralimbic cortex, hippocampus (subiculum), agranular insular/pyriform cortex, visual cortex, interpeduncular area, nucleus accumbens, cingulate cortex, thalamus, and septum. This pattern of response is consistent with stimulation of both cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal pathways and is consistent with the known behavioral properties of nicotine. The peak CBV response to nicotine occurred between 9 and 13 min depending upon brain region, and the average full width half-maximum of the rCBV response was 27 min. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the phMRI technique lends itself well to further, more detailed, studies of nicotine dynamics.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1993

The USA experience with the clonidine transdermal therapeutic system.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the United States, with hypertension being amongst the most prevalent of the cardiovascular risk factors. Improvement of hypertension management has, in consequence, received much attention. Extensive pre- and post-marketing experience with the transdermal formulation of clonidine marketed in the USA in the mid-1980s has now been accumulated. Transdermal clonidine is effective as monotherapy in mild-moderate hypertension, and in combination with diuretics, calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitors in more resistant cases. It controls blood pressure throughout the 24-h circadian cycle. It is effective and generally well-tolerated in adolescents, the elderly, blacks, diabetics, and subjects with chronic renal insufficiency. It has been used perioperatively and for suppression of adrenergic symptoms in subjects withdrawing from addicting substances. In comparison with oral clonidine, transdermal clonidine reduces the incidence and severity of such symptomatic side-effects as dry mouth, drowsiness, and sexual dysfunction. Minor skin reactions occur at the site of application of the transdermal patch with moderate frequency. Adherence to transdermal clonidine therapy is high, and patients commonly prefer it to oral therapy. Transdermal administration of clonidine is a useful therapeutic advance in the long-term management of hypertension.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

A possible physiological role for cerebral tetrahydroisoquinolines.

Tetrahydroisoquinolines present in the mammalian brain, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) and salsolinol, suspected to cause neurodegeneration leading to Parkinson's disease, were investigated to find their possible physiological role. To this aim their behavioral and receptor effects induced after a single dose were tested in mice and rats. Both compounds do not affect significantly the basal locomotor activity, very effectively block hyperactivity induced by apomorphine (rats) and amphetamine (mice), only partially block hyperactivity induced by scopolamine, do not affect locomotor stimulation induced by cocaine, and strongly augment the running fit induced by morphine (mice). They do not produce extrapyramidal symptoms and do not potentiate haloperidol-induced catalepsy (rats). TIQ and salsolinol do not displace antagonists of several receptors (including D(1) and D(2)) from their binding sites, but displace the agonists of Alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, [(3)H]clonidine and of dopamine receptors, [(3)H]apomorphine. The results indicate that salsolinol and TIQ act as specific antagonists of agonistic conformation of dopamine receptors, and owing to that may play a role of endogenous feed-back regulators of the dopaminergic system. Those properties make tetrahydroisoquinolines potential antidopaminergic drugs devoid of extrapyramidal effects, with possible application in substance addiction disorder as anti-craving agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Single sex or mixed sex treatment in the psychiatric clinic from the viewpoint of patients].

Patients in a psychiatric hospital were surveyed by questionnaire to evaluate their preferences on separate or mixed-sex treatment. The adjusted response rate was 74.5%. About 75% of the responders preferred a mixed ward and about 25% preferred a single-sex ward. Females more frequently chose the type of ward to which they had been allocated. By contrast, males were in favour of mixed wards, independently of their present type of ward. Younger patients, voluntarily admitted patients, and those with substance addiction preferred mixed-sex wards. After mixing the sexes in formerly single-sex wards, a significant increase in preference of mixed-sex wards was found, due to increased affirmation by female patients. However, about 9% of women and men preferred single-sex treatment. Two open general psychiatric wards, each with 20 beds and separating females and males, could be established in psychiatric hospitals to satisfy this preference.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Neuron activity in the anterolateral motor cortex in operant food-acquiring and alcohol-acquiring behavior.

The interactions of the neuronal mechanisms of food-acquiring behavior and newly formed operant alcohol-acquiring behavior were studied by recording the activity of individual neurons in the anterolateral area of the motor cortex in chronically alcoholized rabbits. Adult animals learned food-acquiring behavior in a cage with two feeders and two pedals, in the comers (the food in the feeders was presented after pressing the corresponding pedal). After nine months of chronic alcoholization, the same rabbits learned an alcohol-acquiring behavior in the same experimental cage (gelatin capsules filled with 15% ethanol solution were placed in the feeders instead of food). Analysis of neuron activity showed that the set of neurons involved in supporting food-acquiring and alcohol-acquiring behaviors overlapped, though not completely. These experiments not only help us understand the neuronal mechanisms of the newly formed and the previously formed behaviors, but also facilitate the development of concepts of the similarity of the neuronal mechanisms of long-term memory and long-term modifications of the nervous system, occurring in conditions of repeated intake of addictive substances.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1986

Nitrous oxide, an opioid addictive agent. Review of the evidence.

Pharmacologic evidence that nitrous oxide is addictive through direct interaction with the endogenous opioid system includes the possibility that it is a partial agonist and acts at the mu, kappa, and sigma opioid receptors. The medical and psychiatric complications of its abuse are discussed with special reference to the 32 cases of myeloneuropathy so far reported; other dangers are also mentioned. Notwithstanding the extremely low incidence of reported cases of nitrous oxide addiction compared with all other addictive substances, greater controls should be placed on its commercial availability to at least maintain its low level of abuse.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol and coronary heart disease: consistent relationship and public health implications.

The relationship between alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) in various epidemiologic study designs is consistent, showing protection at < or = 2 drinks per day, with an increase in risk of CHD in several studies at higher alcohol consumption levels. Studies of potential mediators of the effects of alcohol on CHD show beneficial effects on HDL cholesterol and some coagulation factors, but, at higher levels of consumption, adverse effects on blood pressure, arrhythmias, and the myocardium. Statistical modeling of pathways for alcohol's effect on coronary disease is consistent with a protective pathway via elevated HDL cholesterol and an adverse pathway through elevated blood pressure. Maximum benefit for CHD appears to be reached at only one drink daily. Given that alcohol is an intoxicating and potentially addictive substance with a high abuse potential, and given the high morbidity and mortality associated with heavier drinking, public health recommendations to consume alcohol are contraindicated.

Alcohol Drinking↗