Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Stereotyping”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Stereotypes.

The stereotyping literature within psychology has grown considerably over the past decade. In large part, this growth can be attributed to progress in understanding the individual mechanisms that give rise to stereotypic thinking. In the current review, the recent psychological literature on stereotypes is reviewed, with particular emphasis given to the cognitive and motivational factors that contribute to stereotype formation, maintenance, application, and change. In addition, the context-dependent function of stereotypes is highlighted, as are the representational issues that various models of stereotypes imply.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. XIth note. Biological evolution of the emunctory subsystem and stereotype in vertebrates.

This note completes in vertebrates the study of the emunctory subsystem and stereotype in invertebrates (Xth note). The theory of systems (and of open biological systems) of Bertalanffy, the theory of internal laws and limits of each organizational level (Needham) and the theory of biological stereotypes and of their morphofunctional expression (Mârza, Repciuc and Eskenasy) are also corroborated. In this light there were studied: the characters of the emunctory stereotype in vertebrates, its similar formation mode by three links (extracting, conveying and excretory links) as in the coelomatous invertebrates, and the passage of the emunctory stereotype from invertebrates to vertebrates. The present-day Acraniata and their offsprings, the Protocraniata, Agnatha and aquatic Gnathostoma, have an emunctory stereotype identical in its essential characters, without discrepancies between its links. The passage does not occur, however, from the metanephridia to the pronephros, but to the mesonephros. This latter reaches its highest functional limits in Dipnoi and Amphibia. The author indicates the mechanisms which, in its opinion, play a role in the activation of organo-genetic capacities of the metanephros in the caudal nephrogenic area. The importance of the three nephrogenic areas of the vertebrates, their succession and interdependence are also discussed. The problem of the archi(holo)nephros is critically reviewed, and the author's hypothesis that the glomerular ultrafiltrate and the coelomic liquid of invertebrates with metanephridia had the same composition and underwent the same processes of reabsorption-secretion is dwelt upon. A conclusion is drawn from these two notes, according to which stability--directed by the stabilizing selection--plays a directional role in the evolution of the new organizational levels, in the maintenance and development of the characters of the emunctory stereotype within the emunctory subsystem (EMSS). Between variability and stability strong relations are established and hereditarily transmitted.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1978

Sex-role stereotyping in mental health standards in Israel.

Investigated sex-role stereotyping in mental health standards in Israel in a sample of 60 nonclients, 60 clients and 60 psychotherapists. Recent studies of sex-role stereotypes in America have shown that males still maintain traditional stereotypes and perceive the healthy adult female as more stereotypically feminine than either the healthy male or adult. Women, however, have changed their traditional perceptions toward female mental health and now rate the healthy adult female as similar to the healthy adult male and the healthy adult. In contrast to the recent American findings, female therapists in the Israeli study viewed the healthy female as significantly more stereotypically feminine than the healthy male. Male therapists were more equalitarian in their ratings and surprisingly rated the healthy male as significantly more feminine than did female therapists. These findings are discussed in terms of cross-cultural differences. Congruency of client-therapist sex-linked mental health standards also are examined and the implications for the therapeutic process discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the "beauty is good" stereotype on children's information processing.

The authors tested schematic information processing as a function of attractiveness stereotyping in two studies. An adult experimenter read children (ages 3 to 7 years) eight different stories in which a child narrator encountered two characters who varied in level of attractiveness and displayed positive or negative traits that were either consistent or inconsistent with the "beauty is good" stereotype. Following the story, the experimenter showed each child a photograph of the two characters' faces and asked the child to point to the character who displayed the positive trait. In Experiment 1, children made more errors in identifying female characters with stereotype inconsistent traits but did just the opposite with male characters. Experiment 2 replicated the findings with female characters but found no difference in errors with male characters. The findings have implications for how attractiveness and gender stereotypes affect children's information processing, how attractiveness schemata may be organized, and why physical attractiveness stereotypes are maintained.

Beauty↗
PubMed1981

Effects of ovariectomy, castration, and chronic lithium chloride treatment on stereotyped behavior in rats.

The effects of ovariectomy, castration, and chronic lithium chloride treatment on stereotyped behavior (SB) induced by apomorphine (APO) (0.3--0.6 mg/kg) were investigated in rats. Duration of stereotyped behavior (interval between APO injection and termination of SB) increased in ovariectomized rats compared to female control rats. Castration had no effect on the duration of stereotyped behavior. On the other hand, ovariectomized rats that were treated chronically with LiCl (2mEq/kg daily) showed no difference in duration of stereotyped behavior compared to female controls chronically treated with LiCl. Neither treatment group showed a significantly altered intensity of stereotyped behavior compared with the appropriate control. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that estrogen deficit contributes to a greater incidence of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia in postmenopausal women than in men of comparable age. Furthermore, LiCl may attenuate the symptoms associated with increased postsynaptic dopamine receptor sensitivity following ovariectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence and situational causes of stereotyped behaviors in blind infants and preschoolers.

Parents of 85 blind children aged from 10 months to the 6th year of life were asked regarding the frequency, duration and typical situations of the occurrence of various stereotypic behaviors in their children. The Bielefeld Parents' Questionnaire for Blind and Sighted Infants and Preschoolers was used as the instrument of measurement. All of the children displayed at least one stereotypic behavior; most displayed several stereotypic behaviors according to the parents' reports. Eye poking and body rocking dominated within the prevalence hierarchy. Four typical situations could be identified in which stereotypic behaviors were shown: monotony, arousal, demand, and during feeding or eating. The results suggested that repetitive hand and finger movements, stereotypic manipulation of objects, and making a face(s) mainly occur within arousal situations whereas eye poking, whimpering, and sucking thumbs or fingers especially are linked to monotony.

Arousal↗
PubMed1985

Stereotypic behavior as a reinforcer: effects and side effects.

This study assessed the effects and side effects of using stereotypic behavior as a consequence for correct responding with two autistic children. The children were cued through a model to engage in stereotypic behavior contingent upon correct responses in task-training sessions. This instructional arrangement produced increases in the percent of correct responses. Measures of the stereotypic behavior used as a reinforcer, other stereotypic behaviors, and appropriate behaviors were collected during daily 5-minute free operant settings before and after the task-training sessions. No replicable, systematic changes in the percent of intervals in which subjects engaged in those side effect measures were noted. Thus, a new method for delivering stereotypic behavior as a reinforcer was investigated and produced reinforcing effects; the rate of that behavior in free operant settings was not adversely affected.

Child↗
PubMed1984

The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors.

A major problem encountered in many autistic children is their high rate of stereotypic behavior, which has been shown to interfere with on-task responding and other appropriate behaviors. Since the experimental literature indicates that physical exercise can positively influence both appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, including the children's stereotypic behaviors, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the specific type of exercise (i.e., mild vs. vigorous) would differentially affect subsequent stereotyped behaviors. The results demonstrated that (1) 15 minutes of mild exercise (ball playing) had little or no influence on the children's subsequent stereotyped responding, and (2) 15 minutes of continuous and vigorous exercise (jogging) was always followed by reductions in stereotyped behaviors. These results are discussed in relation to cognitive, physiological, and educational implications.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1998

Dextrorotatory opioids induce stereotyped behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Dark Agouti rats.

Dextromethorphan and dextrorphan elicited a stereotyped behavioral syndrome in rats indistinguishable from that produced by PCP and other non-competitive NMDA antagonists. The rank order of potency for the induction of stereotyped behavior in male Sprague-Dawley rats was: MK-801>PCP>(+/-)cyclazocine>dextrorphan>(+/-)ketamine>dextromethorphan. These behavioral potencies were significantly correlated (0.91; P<0.05) with their respective affinities for high affinity [3H]dextrorphan-labelled NMDA receptors in rat forebrain membranes. To address the propensity of dextromethorphan to induce stereotyped behavior, dextrorotatory-opioid induced stereotypies were investigated in female Dark Agouti and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The female Dark Agouti lacks CYP2D1, the cytochrome P450 enzyme which catalyses the oxidative O-demethylation of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan. No differences were observed in either potency or time to peak effect for dextromethorphan to induce stereotyped behavior in the rat strains, suggesting that the affinity of dextromethorphan for NMDA receptors adequately accounts for its ability to induce stereotyped behavior. Female Dark Agouti rats were, however, more sensitive to the effects of dextrorphan, which may reflect differences in the ability of this strain to metabolize dextrorphan. We find no evidence to suggest that dextromethorphan produces a behavioral syndrome in rats that is distinct from that induced by dextrorphan. The commonality between the pharmacologic profiles of these compounds suggests that the abuse potential of dextromethorphan containing antitussive preparations is related to the non-competitive NMDA antagonist activity of dextromethorphan and its metabolites.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1986

Involvement of the midbrain reticular formation in self-injurious behavior, stereotyped behavior, and analgesia induced by intranigral microinjection of muscimol.

Bilateral microinjection of muscimol (60 ng), a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, into the central region of the substantia nigra (pars reticulata) produced self-injurious behavior (SIB), stereotyped behavior and analgesic-like effects in rats. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the midbrain reticular formation ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray matter completely blocked the SIB but had little effect on stereotyped behavior produced by intranigral muscimol. Lesions of the midbrain reticular formation reduced the antinociceptive effect of intranigral muscimol on the tail-flick but not on the hot-plate test. Bilateral microinjection of muscimol (10-100 ng) into the midbrain reticular formation produced intense stereotyped behavior and had an analgesic-like effect on the hot-plate test but not on the tail-flick test. Stereotyped behavior appeared to interfere with the paw-lick response on the hot-plate test. These data suggest that the antinociceptive effect of intranigral muscimol on the tail-flick test is mediated by fibers that project to or pass through the midbrain reticular formation and that analgesia may play an important role in muscimol-induced SIB. The midbrain reticular formation does not appear to be involved in the stereotyped behavior produced by intranigral muscimol.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Early postnatal antidepressant treatment and juvenile stereotyped behaviour in rats.

The effect of antidepressants on stereotyped behaviour in rats during development was examined. Rats were injected s.c. once a day from the 6th to the 22th day after birth with 0.9% sodium chloride, with desipramine 5 mg/kg body weight, with nomifensine 10 mg/kg, or with zimelidine 25 mg/kg. Stereotyped behaviour was assessed when the rats were 1 month and 2 months of age. Desipramine intensified and prolonged apomorphine 0.5 mg/kg induced stereotyped behaviour at 1 month but not at 2 months of age. Nomifensine and zimelidine did not affect stereotyped behaviour at either 1 month or 2 months of age. Thus, 2-week treatment with desipramine during early development was shown to increase stereotyped behaviour at a juvenile age.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour by acute treatment with dopamine depleting agents: a potential role for an increased stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors.

Treatment of mice with reserpine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and alpha-methylparatyrosine (400 mg/kg) led to the potentiation of stereotyped behaviour, induced by apomorphine (0.37-1.5 mg/kg, s.c.), i.e. to the appearance of licking and gnawing in addition to climbing and sniffing occurring in control mice. Similar results were obtained by combined treatment with SK&F 38393 (30 mg/kg, s.c.) and RU 24926 (15 mg/kg, i.p.). In mice treated with dopamine depleting agents, SCH 23390 (1.25-20 micrograms/kg, s.c.) and metoclopramide (0.62-20 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized gnawing induced by 0.75 mg/kg (s.c.) apomorphine, at doses significantly larger than those required for the antagonism of climbing and sniffing. The same treatment with reserpine and alpha-methylparatyrosine produced an increased formation of cyclic AMP, induced by SK&F 38393 (10(-8)-10(-4) M), from homogenates of the striatum of the rat. Potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour and increased SK&F 38393-induced formation of cyclic AMP had similar time-courses with a maximum 18 hr after treatment. These data suggest that the potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour produced by acute treatment with dopamine depleting agents is at least partly due to an increased activity of the adenylate cyclase linked to D1 dopamine receptors. Finally, a small dose of amisulpride (a discriminant benzamide derivative) potentiated the stereotyped behaviour induced by the combined treatment with SK&F 38393 and RU 24926 in naive mice and, in a more marked manner, in mice treated with dopamine depleting agents; amisulpride did not produce stereotyped behaviour when combined with SK&F 38393 or RU 24926 administered alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1981

Amphetamine and apomorphine induced stereotyped behavior in adult pigeons.

Induced pecking by apomorphine has been reported in the past in pigeons. Research has supported the view that its mechanisms are, at least in part, dopaminergic in nature. This study tested the ability of amphetamine to induce stereotyped pecking. Amphetamine was found effective within a narrow dose range, displaying a relatively low potency for stereotyped pecking and high toxicity compared with apomorphine. The latter drug produced appreciable pecking rates that were proportional to dose over a wide range. The description of other stereotyped responses of the head and mouth, including swallowing, mandibulating and head shaking, which are produced by both of these drugs, supports the idea that common neural mechanisms are involved. It was suggested that the qualitative and quantitative measures afforded by pecking and non-pecking stereotyped behavior in the pigeon make this a useful animal model for the study of the mechanisms of stereotyped behavior.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1983

Sex-stereotyping and sex-congruency: components in the sex role definition of medical specialties in India.

This paper draws a distinction between sex-stereotyping and sex-congruency by analyzing medical students' specialty preferences and choices and faculty views on the sex-suitability of various specialties at a medical college in India. Sex-stereotyping is seen as being rooted in and stemming from the nature of a society, particularly its normative structure. Thus the female stereotyping of obstetrics and gynecology in India is rooted in the widely accepted norm of sex segregation. Sex-congruency refers to the perceived compatibility between sex role expectations and the demands of a specialty. In addition, there was a growing realization among S.M.S. female medical students and among most of the faculty at the college that specialties such as ophthalmology, pathology and anesthesiology involving delicate surgery, less competition, infrequent emergencies and regular hours are better suited for females than are the more demanding specialties. The rationalization of sex-congruency seems to be much more logically consistent than stereotyping. Yet it is the latter that constitutes the most widely shared, and highly consensual rationalization within a given cultural context. These two forms of rationalization may overlap, but they basically differ from each other in many ways: stereotyping has a much longer past, is passed on from generation to generation, is culturally specific, highly crystallized, rigid, and resistant to change. Congruency, by contrast, is based on cross-culturally accepted standards, yet is less structured, more flexible and subject to local variations and finally to individual interpretation.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sex role stereotypes and clinical judgement: how therapists view their alcoholic patients.

In the course of a selection procedure for inpatient treatment in an addiction clinic, it was repeatedly noticed that the attitude of staff-members towards male alcoholics was more confronting and critical as compared to a more empathic and supportive attitude towards female alcoholics. Two different processes may account for this phenomenon. Firstly, male and female alcoholics may differ in their interpersonal behaviour towards therapists, and subsequently these different behaviours evoke different attitudes and behaviours in therapists (interaction-hypothesis). Secondly, these different attitudes towards male and female patients may emerge from preconceived ideas among therapists about male and female alcoholics (stereotype-hypothesis). This study describes the stereotypes held by therapists regarding the interpersonal behaviour of male and female alcoholics. Furthermore, it explores the influence of self perceived interpersonal behaviour of therapists on these stereotypes. The results suggest, that the differences in attitude and behaviour towards alcoholics are--at least partly--the result of different male and female alcoholic stereotypes held by therapists. These stereotypes were related to the self perceived interpersonal behaviour of the therapist. Pretreatment matching of patients and therapists should be based on interpersonal attitude rather than on sex.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Methylphenidate: diurnal effects on locomotor and stereotypic behavior in the rat.

The dose-response relationship and time course of effect on motor activity after a single dose of methylphenidate given at different times of the light/dark cycle was investigated using a computerized infrared activity analysis system. After 5 to 7 days of acclimation and 2 days of baseline activity recording, rats received a single subcutaneous injection of vehicle (saline) or of 0.6, 2.5, 10 or 40 mg/kg methylphenidate at 08:00, 14:00, 20:00, or 02:00. Recording was then resumed for an additional 36 to 48 hours. The locomotor indices analyzed were horizontal activity, total distance, vertical activity, stereotypic activity, and number of stereotypic movements. Saline and 0.6 mg/kg did not alter motor activity, but 2.5, 10 and 40 mg/kg significantly increased (P < 0.01) motor activity. The time to the maximum effect and the duration of effect increased with dose. Ten mg/kg had the most robust effect on locomotor activity, while the largest dose, 40 mg/kg, elicited a more focused stereotyped activity that limited the amount of forward ambulation. A single injection of methylphenidate had only transient effects. The locomotor stimulating effects of the lower doses were similar whether given during the light or dark phase, despite the large diurnal variations in baseline activity between the activity phases. The stereotypic effects of the highest dose of methylphenidate, however, varied between the light and dark phase, with a smaller stereotypic effect during the dark phase when compared to administration during the light phase.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Stereotypes of childbearing women: a look at some evidence.

We all use stereotypes to help us to behave in what we hope will be appropriate ways towards people that we have not met before. On the labour ward midwives are likely to use such stereotypes to make assumptions about what a particular woman is likely to want during labour and delivery. Two commonly encountered stereotypes are those of the 'well educated, middle-class NCT type' and the 'uneducated working class woman'. This paper explores evidence for these two stereotypes drawing on data from a large scale prospective survey of women's expectations of childbirth. The stereotypes were not supported in a number of important respects. In particular: women of different levels of education were equally likely to subscribe to the ideal of avoiding drugs during labour; the less educated women did not want to hand over all control to the staff; it was less educated women who had the highest expectations that birth would be a fulfilling experience.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Cultural stereotypes of women from South Asian communities: mental health care professionals' explanations for patterns of suicide and depression.

Low rates of treated depression and high rates of suicide in women from some South Asian communities are evident in epidemiological studies in the UK. It is argued here that explanations for these apparent differences are likely to be located in stereotypes of repressive South Asian cultures. This small scale study, utilising focus groups and individual interviews, sought to explore the construction of cultural stereotypes within mental health discourse with specific reference to stereotypes of women from South Asian communities. Mental health carers from a UK inner city area of relatively high social deprivation were targeted. Focus groups were conducted with a range of mental health care professionals who worked in both inpatient and outpatient mental health care services. In addition, individual interviews were conducted with consultant psychiatrists and General Practitioners. Extensive reference is made in this paper to the content of focus groups and interviews and how health carer's knowledge about and experience of South Asian cultures and caring for women from these communities was contextualised. Mental health care professionals constructed cultural difference in terms of fixed and immutable categories which operated to inferiorise Britain's South Asian communities. It is argued that their knowledge is constructed upon stereotypes of western culture as superior to a construction of eastern cultures as repressive, patriarchal and inferior to a western cultural ideal. Ultimately, it is argued that these stereotypes become incorporated as 'fact' and have the potential to misdirect diagnosis and therefore, also misdirect treatment pathways.

Adult↗