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PubMed2001

In vitro comparison of the antimycotic activity of a miconazole-HP-beta-cyclodextrin solution with a miconazole surfactant solution.

The antimycotic activity of a new parenteral solution containing miconazole was compared with that of a marketed solution (Daktarin IV solution). This solution has been withdrawn from the Belgian market, probably because of toxic effects related to the presence of polyoxyl 35 castor oil. We propose a new formulation containing miconazole (10 mg/mL) (like the marketed solution), in combination with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and lactic acid. The MICs of these two solutions were determined by a broth microdilution method (based on NCCLS guidelines) for 67 yeasts and 50 filamentous fungi isolates. This study shows that the MICs obtained with these two solutions are not significantly different.

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Approximate solution for solute transport during spherical-flow push-pull tests.

An approximate analytical solution to the advection-dispersion equation was derived to describe solute transport during spherical-flow conditions in single-well push-pull tests. The spherical-flow case may be applicable to aquifer tests conducted in packed intervals or partially penetrating wells. Using results of two-dimensional numerical simulations, we briefly illustrate the applicability of the derived spherical-flow solution and provide a comparison with its cylindrical-flow counterpart. Good agreement between simulated extraction-phase breakthrough curves and the spherical-flow solution was found when the length of the injection/extraction region was small compared to both aquifer thickness and maximum solute frontal position at the end of the injection phase. On the other hand, discrepancies between simulated breakthrough curves and the spherical-flow solution increased with increasing anisotropy in hydraulic conductivities. Several inherent limitations embedded in its derivation such as assumptions of isotropy and homogeneity warrant the cautious use of the spherical-flow solution.

Geological Phenomena↗

PubMed1992

Oral salt supplements to compensate for jejunostomy losses: comparison of sodium chloride capsules, glucose electrolyte solution, and glucose polymer electrolyte solution.

Six patients with jejunostomies and residual jejunal lengths of 105 to 250 cm took the same food and water each day for eight study days. In random order, three methods of salt replacement were tested, each over 48 hours, against a period without added salt. During the three test periods the patients took 120 mmol of sodium chloride daily, as salt in gelatine capsules, as an isotonic glucose electrolyte (280 mOsmol/kg; 30 kcal) solution, and as a glucose polymer (Maxijul) solution (280 mOsmol/kg; 200 kcal). The daily stomal output remained constant for each patient during the four test periods but varied between patients from 0.60 to 2.84 kg (daily intestinal fluid balance 0.74-2.61 kg). Without a salt supplement, three patients lost more sodium from the stoma than they took in by mouth (-25, -94, and -101 mmol/day) and the mean sodium balance for all six subjects was -16 mmol (range -101 to 79) daily. Extra salt was absorbed with each form of supplement (p less than 0.05); no patient with the glucose electrolyte solution (mean 96, range 0 to 226 mmol), but one patient with the glucose-polymer solution (mean 96, range -25 to 164 mmol) and two with the salt capsules (mean 66, range -8 to 145 mmol) were in negative balance. Two patients vomited with the salt capsules. There was only a small increase in energy absorption (mean 115 kcal) with the glucose polymer solution compared with the glucose electrolyte solution. A sipped glucose electrolyte solution seems to be the optimal mode of sodium replacement in patients with a high output jejunostomy.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Effect of bicarbonate or base precursor on water and solute absorption from a glucose-electrolyte solution in the human jejunum.

A modified perfusion technique was used to examine the effect on water and solute absorption in the healthy human jejunum of replacing bicarbonate (18 mmol/l) by equivalent amounts of different base precursors in a glucose-electrolyte solution. Acetate, citrate and lactate were absorbed from the perfusion solutions. Absorption of these base precursors appeared to have no effect on water uptake, but greater sodium (p less than 0.05) absorption occurred from solutions containing either acetate or lactate compared with the bicarbonate-containing solution. These data suggest that oral rehydration solutions with base precursors other than bicarbonate are as effective as bicarbonate-containing solutions in promoting absorption of water and electrolytes.

Acetates↗

PubMed2002

[Clinical evaluation of the ocular safety of Amukine 0.06% solution for local application versus povidone iodine (Bétadine) 5% solution for ocular irrigation) in preoperative antisepsis].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this monocentric, randomized, comparative, open study was to evaluate the safety of Amukine 0.06% solution (an isotonic hypochloride sodium solution) versus a 5% povidone iodine solution (Bétadine 5% solution for ocular irrigation) in antisepsis before cataract surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and thirteen patients, aged between 49 and 90 years, were included and split, after randomization, into two groups: one testing Amukine 0.06%, the other testing a 5% povidone iodine solution. For each group, after local anesthesia, the antiseptic procedure consisted of an antisepsis of periocular teguments followed by an eye antisepsis through the instillation of two drops of the tested product in the conjunctival fornices. The safety evaluation was performed by grading superficial punctate keratitis 24 hours after surgery (slit lamp examination after fluorescein instillation). Conjunctival hyperemia scores by examination of the bulbar conjunctiva before the first instillation, immediately before surgery, and 24 hours after surgery were also compared. RESULTS: One hundred and seven reports were analyzed. Concerning the presence of corneal superficial punctate keratitis 24 hours after surgery, mean scores were not different (0.27 for the Amukine 0.06% group and 0.38 for the povidone iodine group; p=0.27 Mann Whitney test). The observations did not show a different progression of conjunctival hyperemia depending on the treatment group (p=0.65 (immediately after application) and p=0.52 (after 24 hours); Mann Whitney test). CONCLUSION: In this study, the ocular safety of Amukine 0.06% solution was not different from a 5% povidone iodine solution. Therefore, Amukine 0.06% is a new interesting approach to surgical antisepsis in ophthalmology and an alternative in case of iodine allergy.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

[Comparative study of organ storage solutions for rat liver preservation: effects of HX and Collins I solution on sinusoidal lining cells and hepatic functions].

The liver sinusoidal lining cell injury and biochemical function changes were studied with isolated perfusion after rat livers had been preserved in HX solution or in Collins II solution. Seventy inbred Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n = 10), group H (preserved with HX solution, n = 30), and group C (preserved with Collins II solution, n = 30). The effects of the storage solutions were assessed by measuring the sinusoidal lining cell mortality (SLCM), Krebs-Henseleit perfusate ketone body ratio (PKBR), the hepatic sugar release (SL), and the number of livers secreting bile during isolated perfusion. The results suggest that the HX solution be much superior to Collins II solution in preventing sinusoidal lining cell injury and maintaining normal hepatic functions.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children.

BACKGROUND: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) has reduced childhood deaths from diarrhoea in many countries. Recent studies suggest that the currently recommended formulation of ORS recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) may not be optimal, and solutions that contain lower concentrations of sodium and glucose may be more effective. OBJECTIVES: In children with acute diarrhoea, to compare reduced osmolarity glucose-based oral rehydration salt solution with international WHO formulation. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Collaboration Trials Register, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched. Additional trials were identified by hand searching. Content experts were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing reduced osmolarity ORS solution with the WHO formulation. Outcomes sought were unscheduled intravenous fluid infusion therapy and measures of clinical illness. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by two reviewers. We tested for heterogeneity using the chi-square statistic, conducted sensitivity analysis by allocation concealment, and the regression approach to assess funnel plot asymmetry from selective trial publication. MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was reported in 12 trials. In a meta-analysis of nine trials, reduced osmolarity ORS was associated with fewer unscheduled infusions compared with standard WHO ORS (Mantel Haenzel odds ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.81) with no evidence for heterogeneity between trials. No unscheduled intravenous fluid infusion therapy was required in any participant in three trials. Thirteen trials reported stool output, and data suggested less stool output in the reduced osmolarity ORS group. Vomiting was less frequent in the reduced osmolarity group in the six trials reporting this. Six trials sought hyponatraemia, with events in three studies, but no obvious difference between the two arms. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: In children admitted to hospital with diarrhoea, reduced osmolarity ORS when compared to WHO ORS is associated with fewer unscheduled intravenous infusions, smaller stool volume post randomisation, and less vomiting. No additional risk of developing hyponatraemia when compared with WHO ORS was detected.

Bicarbonates↗

PubMed1985

Osmolality and solute concentration--their relationship with oral hydration solution effectiveness: an experimental assessment.

The role of electrolyte, carbohydrate, and base composition, as well as osmolality, of oral hydration solutions (OHS), was investigated using a nonabsorbable marker and tritiated water in an in vivo intestinal perfusion system in rats. The OHS tested were the World Health Organization recommended formula, containing 90 mEq/liter sodium and 111 mM glucose, which was taken as the reference solution; five variants of this solution with different sodium and glucose concentrations; and two solutions without sodium, i.e. isotonic glucose and deionized water. Also tested were one solution with acetate in lieu of bicarbonate, and two commercial preparations where citrate substituted for bicarbonate. The best water absorption rates were obtained with World Health Organization-type OHS characterized by a combination of low osmolality and moderate sodium and glucose content. Hypotonic OHS (190, 220, and 155 mosmol/kg) in which the sodium:glucose ratios were 60:30, 60:60, and 30:55, respectively, produced mean jejunal water transport rates of 3.46, 3.20, and 2.91 microliter/min/cm, respectively, whereas the standard World Health Organization OHS (330 mosmol/kg) resulted in a rate of 1.36 microliter/min/cm (p less than 0.001). Similar good water absorption was achieved when Ac was the base (270 mosmol/kg and 60:111 sodium:glucose ratio) and with one of the commercial solutions (245 mosmol/kg and 50:111 sodium:glucose ratio). The reference World Health Organization OHS allowed for sodium absorption, as did the OHS with sodium:glucose ratios of 90:45, 60:30, 60:60, and acetate-containing 60:111. Sodium at a concentration of 30 mEq/liter or less resulted in the efflux of this electrolyte. High glucose concentration and lower osmolality exacerbated this effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The myocardial recovery mode after cold storage for transplantation with Collins' solution and cardioplegic solution. A functional and metabolic study in the rat heart.

Mechanisms and kinetics of the effects of the ionic composition of two different storage solutions, an intracellular type and an extracellular type, were analyzed by examining the myocardial functional and metabolic recovery processes during the early reperfusion periods after 3 hours of cold storage using an isolated perfused working rat heart model. The hearts were stored either in our own cardioplegic solution (group 1) or in Collins' solution (group 2) for 3 hours at 4 degrees C and were then reperfused. The electromechanical activity in group 1 was elevated, as indicated by a higher incidence of ventricular fibrillation at 5 minutes of reperfusion (group 1: 5/6; group 2: 0/5; p < 0.05). The coronary flow rate in group 2 was significantly lower, at least for the first 15 minutes after reperfusion, than that of group 1, suggesting the possible existence of vasoconstriction in group 2. Although myocardial oxygen uptake during this period was smaller in group 2, the recovery of myocardial high-energy phosphate levels was better and creatine kinase leakage was less in group 2. The recovery of aortic flow after 30 minutes of reperfusion was significantly better in group 2 (group 1, 59.1 +/- 5.8%; group 2, 71.7 +/- 6.0%; p < 0.01), although the early recovery was somewhat worse in group 2. These data suggest that the heart stored in an intracellular-type solution, compared with one stored in an extracellular-type solution, recovers in an electromechanically suppressed fashion during the early reperfusion phase, associated with a better metabolic recovery and a slower but larger functional recovery. The disadvantage of the intracellular-type solution, however, may be its effect on the increase of coronary vascular resistance during the early reperfusion period.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Influence of preinduction methoxamine, lactated Ringer solution, or hypertonic saline solution infusion or postinduction dobutamine infusion on anesthetic-induced hypotension in horses.

A controlled study of the cardiovascular responses in horses anesthetized with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg of body weight, IV), guaifenesin (100 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal (5.0 mg/kg, IV), and halothane in O2 (1.2 to 1.4% end-expired concentration) was performed to determine whether hypotension could be prevented by use of various treatments. Six horses were given 5 treatments in a randomized sequence: no treatment (control), methoxamine (0.04 mg/kg, IV), lactated Ringer solution (20.0 ml/kg, IV), 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4.0 ml/kg, IV), or constant infusion of dobutamine (5.0 mg/kg/min, IV) during anesthesia. Heart rate, ECG, blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, blood gas analysis, PVC, and plasma total protein concentration were measured during the study. Compared with the control value, an increase in blood pressure during halothane administration was observed after administration of lactated Ringer solution, hypertonic saline solution, or dobutamine (P less than 0.05). The improved blood pressure response to hypertonic saline solution and dobutamine was related to an increase in cardiac output, which was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Other statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary responses among treatments were not observed during anesthesia. The PCV was increased in response to dobutamine infusion, and plasma total protein concentration was reduced in response to administration of hypertonic saline or lactated Ringer solution.

Acepromazine↗

PubMed1995

Ultrastructural damage of the pulmonary endothelial cell after storage in lung preservation solutions. Comparison between Belzer and Euro-Collins solutions.

UNLABELLED: The preservation of the lung for transplantation for a long period is still a problem not solved. Euro-Collins (EC) and Belzer (UW) solution are the most widely used. The aim of this work is to analyse the direct influence of both EC and UW solutions on endothelial cells of human pulmonary artery by means of an ultrastructural analysis. The arteries were obtained from 3 patients that underwent pneumonectomy and prepared with the no touch technique. The arteries were divided in 15 specimens and preserved in EC and UW solution at 4 degrees C for 6 and 10 hours. The specimens were fixed in osmic acid veronal buffer 1% and embedded in Durcupan. Ultrastructural examination was done with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the influence of the solutions was evaluated using a grading scale with scores ranging from 0 to 4 that express the damages of the cellular wall, mitochondria and nuclei. The data are expressed as mean +/- standard deviation (n = 5). Student's t-test was used for statistical comparison between the solutions. RESULTS: after 6 hours of preservation in EC and UW the scores were 5.2 +/- 0.45 and 4.8 +/- 0.84 (p = 0.373) while after 10 hours were respectively 8.2 +/- 0.84 and 6.8 +/- 0.84 (p = 0.029). In conclusion our experimental model suggests that there are no significant differences between EC and UW after hypothermic 6 hours preservation while endothelial cells are better preserved after 10 hours in UW solution.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1982

Viscosity change after dilution with solutions of water--oil--water emulsions and solute permeability through the oil layer.

A water-in-oil-water (W/O/W) multiple phase emulsion was prepared by a two-step emulsification procedure. The oil phase consisted of paraffin oil and sorbitan monooleate. The inner aqueous phase and the outer aqueous phase were 0.5% glucose solution and 3% polysorbate 80 solution, respectively. Viscosity measurements were carried out on the W/O/W emulsion after diluting it with a number of solutions. A given sequence for the solutes that would increase the emulsion viscosity after dilution was determined. This sequence was identical with that obtained with the solutes in an independent permeability experiment using a planar membrane composed of sorbitan monooleate alone. As a result, it was suggested that solutes as well as water can permeate the oil layer of vesicles of the emulsion to change the vesicle volume, thereby causing a change in the emulsion viscosity.

Emulsions↗

PubMed1991

Effects of order of mixing and solute interactions on the "water activity" of concentrated solutions.

Experimental results indicate that order-of-mixing effects in concentrated sugar-salt solutions are functions of salt:sugar concentrations, types of sugars and salts, time after mixing of clear solutions, and solute interactions. Visual clarity of the solutions after preparation and at least 16 hours of storage may not be a sufficient indicator of complete solvation. The order of mixing solutes may cause differences in their rates of hydration, resulting in differences in "Aw" at non-equilibrium conditions, whereas Aw is only meaningful at thermodynamic equilibrium. Determining a thermodynamic equilibrium Aw in diffusion-resistant foods may take much more time and be more difficult to measure than in the solutions reported in this paper.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1985

Preparation of concentrated solutions of some common solutes by means of calculated molalities.

The preparation of high molar concentrations of many solutes can often be very time-consuming owing to the substantial volume, and sometimes temperature, changes which occur as the solute dissolves. By contrast, the preparation of solutions of a given molality is much simpler since all that is required is to mix known weights of the solute and solvent. This paper describes a simple method and a computer program (MOLAL) for preparing known volumes of a given molarity for twenty commonly-used solutes, by means of calculated molalities; the density of the resulting solutions is also given.

Computers↗

PubMed1990

Sonochemistry of volatile and non-volatile solutes in aqueous solutions: e.p.r. and spin trapping studies.

Recent spin trapping studies of the free radical intermediates generated by the sonolysis of aqueous solutions are reviewed. Studies of rare gas saturated solutions of volatile solutes (e.g., methanol and ethanol) and of non-volatile solutes (acetate, amino acids, sugars, pyrimidines, nucleotides and surfactants) are consistent with the theory of three reaction zones in aqueous sonochemistry. The very high temperatures and pressures induced by acoustic cavitation in collapsing gas bubbles in aqueous solutions lead to the thermal dissociation of water vapour into hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals. Reactions take place in the gas phase (pyrolysis reactions), in the region of the gas-liquid interface, and in the bulk of the solution at ambient temperature (similar to radiation chemistry reactions). By use of the rare gases with different thermal conductivities, the contributions of individual reaction steps with widely different energies of activation can be evaluated.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1978

Activity coefficients of salts in highly concentrated protein solutions. I. Alkali chlorides in isoionic bovine serum albumin solutions.

In order to understand the thermodynamic state of simple salts in living cells, the mean activity coefficients of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl were determined in concentrated isoionic bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions by use of the EMF method with ion exchange membrane electrodes. The protein concentration range extended up to 22 wt%, whereas the salt concentration was kept constant at 0.1 mole per kilogram water. These solutions may be regarded as crude but appropriate model systems for the cytoplasm of cells as far as type and magnitude of the macromolecular component influence on the chemical potential of the salts is concerned. The mean stoichiometric activity coefficients of the alkali chlorides in the isoionic BSA solutions decreased linearly with the protein molality; this decrease, however, did not exceed ca. 10% compared with the pure 0.1 molal salt solutions. Only very small differences in the behavior of the different alkali chlorides were observed. The results may be interpreted by the superposition of the effects of specific Cl- ion binding to BSA and BSA bound "non-solvent" water with probably electrostatic long range interactions of the BSA(Cl-)nu polyions with the salt ions in solution. The resulting mean activity coefficients, corrected for ion binding and non-solvent water, showed a very slight linear dependence on the protein concentration. The departure from the value in the pure 0.1 molal salt solutions did not exceed +/- 2%.

Biological Transport↗

PubMed1999

Topical indomethacin solution versus dexamethasone solution for treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula: a prospective randomized clinical study.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of topical indomethacin 0.1% solution with the effect of topical dexamethasone 0.1% phosphate solution on signs and symptoms of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula. METHODS: Of 50 consecutive patients who had inflamed pterygia (n = 17) or pingueculae (n = 33), met the study criteria, and signed an informed consent, one eye of each patient was evaluated in a comparative, prospective, randomized, double-masked, controlled study. Objective signs (conjunctival congestion, redness and edema, and staining of cornea) and subjective complaints (photophobia, pain, foreign-body sensation, discomfort, and tearing) were evaluated and scored. We also evaluated "total signs," "total symptoms," and "total score." Group 1 (n = 25) received topical indomethacin 0.1% solution, and group 2 (n = 25) received a topical dexamethasone phosphate 0.1% solution six times daily for 3 days, then four times daily over the following 11 days. Patients were examined before treatment, on days 3, 7, and 14 after the treatment was initiated, and 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment was discontinued. RESULTS: In both groups, the scores for "total signs," "total symptoms," and "total score" were significantly lower (P = .001) by day 14. There were no differences between groups 1 and 2 for "total signs," "total symptoms," and "total score" at days 3, 7, and 14 (P = .07 to P = .88). After treatment was discontinued, the dexamethasone-treated group experienced a significantly greater recurrence of "total signs" (P = .023 at day 30, P = .02 at day 45), but there was no statistically significant difference in "total symptoms" and "total score." Patients in group 2 reported more stinging after drops were administered than patients in group 1 (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that topical indomethacin 0.1% solution is as effective as topical dexamethasone phosphate 0.1% solution for the treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula and, therefore, is suggested as an effective treatment for these conditions.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1999

Patient preference, efficacy, and compliance with timolol maleate ophthalmic gel-forming solution versus timolol maleate ophthalmic solution in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma.

This study was designed to compare timolol maleate ophthalmic gel-forming solution 0.5% (timolol gel) once daily with timolol maleate ophthalmic solution 0.5% (timolol solution) twice daily with respect to patient preference, intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect, and tolerability. A total of 202 patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma and an IOP > or = 22 mm Hg were enrolled in this 12-week, randomized, observer-masked, two-period crossover study. Significantly more patients preferred timolol gel to timolol solution (P < 0.001). Ninety-two percent of patients preferring timolol gel strongly agreed or agreed that once-daily dosing was a reason for their preference. Those who preferred timolol solution did so because of fewer side effects. The mean IOP-lowering effects of the 2 treatments were similar at both morning trough and peak time points. The incidence of drug-related adverse experiences was similar (timolol gel 11.4% vs timolol solution 10.9%). Because both treatments were well tolerated and effective in lowering IOP, timolol gel, with its once-daily dosing regimen, should be considered in patients who are candidates for therapy with an ophthalmic beta-blocking agent.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗