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PubMedDate not supplied

Social perceptions and preferences of youth with asthma.

Peers are a primary source of psychosocial support in youth. Chronic disease such as asthma can make youth feel different and impinge on their adherence to treatment. We investigated factors that make the asthmatic adolescent feel different from peers, and explore their willingness to belong to a peer social-group such as an asthma club. Sixty-six youth (ages 8-18 years) with asthma completed an anonymous questionnaire that included both multiple-choice and open-ended questions designed to explore the feelings of the respondents. Almost one-third of our sample reported negative feelings regarding their asthma. Nearly 27% reported that their diagnosis made them feel different from their healthy peers, while over 25% admitted feeling uncomfortable using their inhaler in front of their friends. Almost one-half of adolescents felt restricted or excluded from school activities, athletics, or social clubs. While most respondents (93.9%)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Social perceptions of failures in memory monitoring.

Can repetitious verbal behavior elicit negative stereotypes about age, memory, and competence? Young adults (n = 102, M age = 19.3 years) and community-dwelling older adults (n = 98, M age = 67.3 years) read a script containing a hypothetical conversation between 2 female targets. In the experimental condition, 1 of the targets repeated several statements during the conversation. Significant Target x Condition interactions were obtained on measures of perceived age, competence, and memory ability. The results demonstrate that conversational behavior may contribute to negative age-related perceptions in the same way as other external markers of age (e.g., vocal and facial features).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Emotional valence modulates activity in the posterior fusiform gyrus and inferior medial prefrontal cortex in social perception.

Previous studies have shown that during the presentation of emotionally loaded visual stimuli, activity increases in the visual and limbic cortices. This study focuses on empathic reactions induced by presenting pictures of situations and facial expressions from a "third party" point of view only. We measured regional changes in blood flow (rCBF) in nine healthy subjects while they were looking at neutral, positive, or negative emotional pictures of low (facial expressions) and high (persons in real-life situations) social complexity. A significant rCBF increase occurred in the right posterior fusiform gyrus during presentation of emotional pictures of both low and high social complexity. We also observed an interaction between emotionality and social complexity in the left inferior occipital gyrus for situations, where emotionality produced a significantly larger rCBF increase for situations than faces. No significant rCBF changes were observed in the amygdala or other parts of the limbic system. A significant rCBF decrease was found in the right inferior medial prefrontal cortex during presentation of the emotional pictures. This is discussed with respect to the "default mode of the brain" theory. We suggest that there is a neural network in the posterior fusiform and inferior occipital gyrus specialized in identifying emotionally important visual clues. Messages from this and other areas converge to the medial prefrontal cortex, to be evaluated in terms of relevance for attention. We believe that this is a crucial part of a network used in normal empathic reactions and social interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Social perceptions of male and female extreme mesomorphs.

In this study, male and female university students in the United States were exposed to mesomorphic or nonmesomorphic stimuli as reflected by photographs of either male body builders and non-body builders or female body builders and non-body builders. Then they were asked to attribute various personality traits and sex-role behaviors to them. Subjects, irrespective of their sex, perceived male and female body builders as possessing more traditionally masculine and less traditionally feminine personality characteristics than male and female non-body builders. Also, male and female body builders were seen as possessing less socially desirable traits than non-body builders. As predicted, female body builders were perceived generally as being more likely to engage in traditionally masculine sex-role behaviors in their dating and marriage relationships than female non-body builders. Contrary to expectation, however, male body builders were not perceived as more likely to engage in higher levels of masculine sex-role behaviors than male non-body builders.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social perception of rape: how rape myth acceptance modulates the influence of situational factors.

This study assessed the role of rape myth acceptance (RMA) and situational factors in the perception of three different rape scenarios (date rape, marital rape, and stranger rape). One hundred and eighty-two psychology undergraduates were asked to emit four judgements about each rape situation: victim responsibility, perpetrator responsibility, intensity of trauma, and likelihood to report the crime to the police. It was hypothesized that neither RMA nor situational factors alone can explain how rape is perceived; it is the interaction between these two factors that best account for social reactions to sexual aggression. The results generally supported the authors' hypothesis: Victim blame, estimation of trauma, and the likelihood of reporting the crime to the police were best explained by the interaction between observer characteristics, such as RMA, and situational clues. That is, the less stereotypic the rape situation was, the greater was the influence of attitudes toward rape on attributions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception.

In keeping with cognitive appraisal models of emotion, it was hypothesized that sadness and anger would exert different influences on causal judgments. Two experiments provided initial support for this hypothesis. Sad Ss perceived situationally caused events as more likely (Experiment 1) and situational forces more responsible for an ambiguous event (Experiment 2) than angry Ss, who, in contrast, perceived events caused by humans as more likely and other people as more responsible. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 showed that the experience of these emotions, rather than their cognitive constituents, mediates these effects. The nonemotional exposure to situational or human agency information did not influence causal judgments (Experiment 3), whereas the induction of sadness and anger without explicit agency information did (Experiments 4 and 5). Discussion is focused on the influence of emotion on social judgment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Gender stereotypes, ascribed gender and social perception.

This study studied the effects of gender labeling on the descriptions made by naive observers (43 males and 104 females) of filmed presentations of five individuals. For several of the five individuals the chromosomal and anatomic gender was discrepant with the apparent gender assumed from dress or physical appearance. The observers were informed after the first rating of the biological gender of the five persons and were asked to repeat their descriptions. Merely changing the label, i.e., male/female, significantly altered the descriptions. The label appeared to invoke the observers' stereotypic model of male/female qualities and overrode "objective" assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of communication, information overlap, and behavioral consistency on consensus in social perception.

Three experiments (N = 69, 162, and 201, respectively) were conducted to test the mathematically derived predictions of the Weighted Average Model (D. A. Kenny, 1991) of consensus in interpersonal perception. Study 1 estimated the effect of perceiver communication. Study 2 estimated the effects of communication and stimulus overlap, and Study 3 estimated the effects of communication, overlap, and target consistency on consensus. The strongest consensus was found when perceivers communicated about highly overlapping information about targets who were cross-situationally consistent. Conversely, the lowest level of consensus was observed when perceivers did not communicate and had nonoverlapping information about targets who were cross-situationally inconsistent. Both stimulus variables (overlap and consistency) and an interpersonal variable (communication) affected consensus as predicted by the Weighted Average Model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The relationship between physical disability, social perception and psychological stress.

It was hypothesized that the prevailing attitudes towards the disabled would affect their self-concept and thus the impact of the disability as a stress stimulus. This hypothesis was examined in two separate studies. The first study evaluated the impact of disability context on the evaluations of disabled individuals by the non-disabled. It was found that disabled veterans were evaluated significantly higher than individuals disabled in traffic, work accidents, or as a result of polio. In the second study, the self-concept of disabled veterans was compared to the self-concept of work accident disabled. The disabled veterans had significantly higher self-concept than those of the people disabled in work accidents. The results would appear to demonstrate the relationship between the variables presented in the hypothesis.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

Differences in social perceptions between male and female first-year dental students.

Male and female first-year dental students generally possess the same attitudes and the same perceptions about themselves, dentists they observe, and about their ideals for dentists and patients. The null-hypothesis, that is, assuming no difference between the two groups on the basis of these data, is accepted. In general, one must assume that those women who choose dentistry as a career are not significantly different from their men counterparts, although indirect evidence shows a possible exception of a more compassionate identification with the patient by female students. The findings suggest that it would not be appropriate or accurate to either admit or exclude male or female students based on what may well be "sexist" assumptions regarding women's perceptions of themselves as dentists or their perception of their relationships to patients. The findings should be generalized very cautiously beyond the UCLA School of Dentistry. However, at the time this study was conducted, this dental school had both the largest number of female students and the highest percentage of female students in the United States. The study is limited to perceptual differences of freshmen and does not attempt to deal with issues such as productivity or longevity of professional involvement. These issues may have some bearing on the formation of attitudes toward women entering the profession, but additional longitudinal studies following the careers of the current cohort of female dental students will be necessary to allay criticisms of women in dentistry.

Attitude↗