The social dimensions of AIDS.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
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Filarial elephantiasis among Haitian women: social context and behavioural factors in treatment.
Few studies have addressed the social and behavioural aspects of lymphatic filariasis. The research reported here investigated the ethnographic context of filarial elephantiasis among women in Léogane, Haiti, and focused on explanatory models of the illness, the impact of the disease on women's lives, and the difficulties patients experienced in following a therapeutic regimen provided at a local hospital. Qualitative data were collected through focus group and individual interviews and direct observation of patients enrolled in the treatment programme. Results indicate that traditional understanding and treatment for the disease are prevalent in the community, although biomedical explanations are gaining credence as a consequence of long-term filariasis control activities in this area. Women's lives are substantially burdened both socially and economically by the physical impairment of elephantiasis, most notably in the loss of income due to restrictions on mobility. The degree of social discrimination encountered varies by the timing of onset of symptoms in the life course. Difficulties encountered with the physical therapy regimen included maintenance of the compressive bandage and availability of suitable foot wear. Similarities between these findings and those reported for other parts of the world are noted. Recommendations from the study cite the need for community education and peer support activities to provide a knowledge base and support structure for current and future intervention programmes.
Female↗
[Personal experiences with the MAGPI technic in the correction of distal hypospadias].
Between 1 January 1983 and 31 January 1986, 18 patients with distal hypospadias underwent corrective surgery using the MAGPI technique. The age of the young patients varied from 2 months to 12 years. Indication for an operation was mandatory by the presence of meatal stenosis (3 patients), which included the correction of the glans as well as the resection of the foreskin at the same time, or in case of the other children at the request of the parents who wished to prevent social discrimination. 12 patients were operated on using the simple MAGPI technique, whereas 6 underwent an operation extended by the rotation flap technique according to Byars. 16 of the 18 small patients showed excellent results regarding function (miction) as well as cosmetics. In 2 patients the cosmetic results were not entirely satisfactory although their parents were content with the outcome of the operation.
Child↗
Ideological roots of population transfer.
"A discussion of historic cases of ethnocentric state ideology and population transfer is presented here, followed by consideration of the development of state ideologies that underlie examples of three contemporary states in which population transfer has emerged as policy. These cases then lead to an assessment of population transfer under existing international law, and conclude with a call for further inquiry into specific cases with a view to further developing international law to prevent and redress population transfers and their destructive consequences."
Culture↗
"White aliens": the control of European immigration to Australia 1920-30.
The author reviews Australian and British policies restricting non-British immigration to Australia after World War I. "The intense desire in many quarters to maintain a 'white Australia' led not only to the active encouragement of British immigrants but to the restrictions and regulations upon European immigration in the period under review. These restrictions took two forms. Statutory powers of exclusion and restriction were conferred through...legislation.... At the same time...administrative techniques were used to limit further and control 'white alien' immigration. These techniques, such as quotas and the discretionary power of the Minister to limit visas and landing permits, changing in response to economic conditions and public opinion, were perhaps more important in the government's policy of ensuring Australia's racial purity."
Attitude↗
Herpes: a dilemma for client and clinician.
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Attitude to Health↗
Complacency, risk perception and the problem of HIV education.
Many public surveys on the issue of HIV and AIDS have concentrated on the relationship between attitudes and knowledge. Often this relationship has been found wanting or at most tenuous. A recent survey of 1,002 people in Wales has supported these earlier findings, but found additionally that discriminatory and complacent attitudes on AIDS or towards people with the 'AIDS virus' are held by a significant proportion of the population. The survey also discovered that people correctly perceive the risk of HIV infection as being minimal. Depending on the question 17%-65% of the sample expressed discriminatory attitudes towards people that have the 'AIDS virus'. There was also no marked change over previous surveys in the degree of complacency surrounding AIDS. Younger people (aged (15-34) considered themselves to be more at risk of infection with the 'AIDS virus' but overall the perceived risk of infection was low. A sustained low key education programme in a variety of settings and independent of perceived risk is necessary to combat prejudice and complacency.
Adolescent↗
AIDS-related illness trajectories in Mexico: findings from a qualitative study in two marginalized communities.
This paper describes findings from a recent study examining how people affected directly and indirectly by the HIV/AIDS epidemic cope with HIV-related illness in Mexico. One-hundred-and-thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants in two contrasting communities: Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl (an economically marginalized community) and the gay community in Mexico City (a sexually marginalized community). This paper describes the AIDS-related wellness/illness careers or trajectories followed by individuals in both communities, and identifies critical points for material and emotional intervention. This career comprises four stages: (1) life before infection; (2) life surrounding the discovery of seropositivity; (3) living as an HIV-positive person; and (4) facing death. Comparisons are drawn between the processes of adjustment and coping found in both communities. In Ciudad Netzahualcóyotl, wellness/illness careers are closely linked to prevailing poverty and oppression, as well as the sense of urgency in which local people live their lives. In the case of the gay community, wellness/illness careers are associated with the intolerance and social repression faced by homosexual men. The paper concludes by suggesting possible interventions to improve the lives of people with HIV/AIDS in Mexico today.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Immigration to Greece: a critical evaluation of Greek policy.
"In the light of the EU's interest in the movement of labour within the Union, the first part of this article looks at the character of Greek migrant labour with the aim of providing an overview of changes in the flow of migrant labour into Greece and of the policies adopted in relation to immigrant labour. It discusses the failure of the Greek government to formulate strategic measures to combat illegal immigration...and the limited (if any) efforts being made to aid the integration of Albanians. The second part of the article concentrates on [the experiences of] Albanian migrant labourers in Greece....[It] also assesses the similarities and differences in the employment positions of Albanian men and women in Greece and the way in which mechanisms of marginalisation differently affect these two categories."
Acculturation↗
Albanians in the Greek informal economy.
"This article addresses the issue of Albanian immigration to Greece, underlines its special character and discusses the problems arising from the Greek immigration policy which, so far, has focused on short-term, inefficient and sometimes conflicting solutions. This article also delineates the current situation of Albanian immigrants, who constitute the largest group amongst all immigrants in Greece and who are largely undocumented. It examines the controversial issue of Albanian criminality, and the social construction of negative stereotypes through prejudicial representations of Albanians by the Greek media."
Albania↗
Lessons for the control of AIDS.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Perceptions of children and community members concerning the circumstances of orphans in rural Zimbabwe.
Focus group discussions and interviews were held with 40 orphans, 25 caretakers and 33 other community workers from a rural area near Mutare, Zimbabwe. Orphan concerns included feeling different from other children, stress, stigmatization, exploitation, schooling, lack of visits and neglect of support responsibilities by relatives. Many community members, while recognizing their limitations due to poverty, were already actively helping orphans and caretakers. Extended family networks are the primary resource for orphans, though some relatives exploit orphans or fail to fulfil their responsibilities. Interventions are suggested which support community coping mechanisms by strengthening the capacities of families to care for orphans. Outside organizations can develop partnerships with community groups, helping them to respond to the impact of AIDS, by building upon existing concern for orphan families. They can help affected communities to develop orphan support activities which encourage caring responses by community leaders and relatives and which discourage property-grabbing and orphan neglect. Material support channelled through community groups to destitute families at critical times can strengthen family coping mechanisms. Income-generating activities should build upon communities' existing capabilities and benefit the most vulnerable orphan households. Some communities are responding to the AIDS disaster by adaptations to cope with devastating changes taking place in their communities.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Implications of pandemic influenza for bioterrorism response.
The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu) had catastrophic effects upon urban populations in the United States. Large numbers of frightened, critically ill people overwhelmed health care providers. Mortuaries and cemeteries were severely strained by rapid accumulation of corpses of flu victims. Understanding of the outbreak's extent and effectiveness of containment measures was obscured by the swiftness of the disease and an inadequate health reporting system. Epidemic controls such as closing public gathering places elicited both community support and resistance, and fear of contagion incited social and ethnic tensions. Review of this infamous outbreak is intended to advance discussions among health professionals and policymakers about an effective medical and public health response to bioterrorism, an infectious disease crisis of increasing likelihood. Elements of an adequate response include building capacity to care for mass casualties, providing emergency burials that respect social mores, properly characterizing the outbreak, earning public confidence in epidemic containment measures, protecting against social discrimination, and fairly allocating health resources.
Bioterrorism↗
"You're awfully old to have this disease": experiences of stigma and ageism in adults 50 years and older living with HIV/AIDS.
PURPOSE: Older adults living with HIV infection may be doubly stigmatized, as they are branded by both age as well as HIV status. Through semistructured interviews, this study sought to examine whether older adults with HIV/AIDS experience both ageism and HIV stigma and how those experiences manifest in their lives. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study in which 25 in-depth interviews were completed with adults aged 50 years and older who were living with HIV or AIDS. Purposive sampling was used to recruit these individuals who shared their experiences. Open coding and axial coding of interview transcripts were completed on all interviews, resulting in the development of a framework of these experiences. RESULTS: The majority (68%) of the respondents experienced both ageism and HIV-associated stigma. The experiences were often separate, although some interrelated stigma did occur. Nine themes emerged from the interviews, including rejection, stereotyping, fear of contagion, violations of confidentiality, and internalized ageism. All themes fell into four categories: social discrimination, institutional discrimination, anticipatory stigma, and other. IMPLICATIONS: The research identified themes that may be sources of felt as well as enacted stigma and discrimination related to both aging and HIV. This concept of double jeopardy exists in the lives of the majority of people interviewed and has relevance to the creation of appropriate intervention strategies.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Frequency of marriage and live birth among survivors prenatally exposed to the atomic bomb.
Frequency of marriage and birth as of January 1973 was determined for persons exposed in utero to the atomic bombs in 1945 and for controls. The marriage rate was lower in persons heavily exposed in utero than in the non-exposed or lightly exposed. This difference is attributed partly to the lesser marriageability of persons with mental retardation who are significantly more numerous among the heavily exposed, and partly to unmeasured variables, possibly including social discrimination against survivors of the atomic bomb. No consistent relation was observed between radiation exposure and three reproductive indices: childless marriages, number of births, and interval between marriage and first birth.
Adult↗
AIDS--legal issues.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Social impacts of the HIV epidemic.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗