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PubMed2001

Isolated hemoperfused heart model of slaughterhouse pigs.

A model of hemoperfused slaughterhouse pighearts is described providing a wide range of applications which leads to a reduction in animal experiments. The size of a pigheart, heart rate, coronary perfusion, metabolism, etc. are more comparable to conditions in patients than those in hearts of small laboratory animals. Global heart function can be assessed either by measuring stroke volume, ejection fraction, Emax etc. in the working model or by measuring intraventricular pressure with balloon catheters in the isovolumetric model. Regional cardiac function can be measured by sonomicrometry and ischemic and non-ischemic areas can be compared. Local metabolic changes are measurable as well with microdialysis. Cardiac function can be kept on any given functional level by infusion of norepinephrine in spite of the fact that functional parameters are lower without adrenergic drive in vitro than in vivo. Stable heart function can be maintained for several hours with only 500 to 1000 ml of blood because the blood is permanently regenerated by a special dialysis system. This model can be applied in many research projects dealing with reperfusion injuries, inotropic, antiarrhythmic or arrhythmogenic effects of certain drugs, immunological rejection, evaluation of imaging systems (NMR, echocardiography etc.) or cardiac assist devices.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of an anaerobic/aerobic system for carbon and nitrogen removal in slaughterhouse wastewater.

In this work the performance of an anaerobic UASB reactor coupled with an activated sludge reactor for carbon and nitrogen removal in slaughterhouse wastewater is investigated. Periods with and without recirculation of aerobic effluent over 165 days are analysed. Working with a recirculation ratio of 2, removal efficiencies up to 90% and 65% are obtained for DQO and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. Higher recirculation ratios caused severe washout of active biomass in both reactors due to the high hydraulic loading rates applied. Denitrification in the UASB reactor was complete, with no nitrite accumulation and mainly to nitrogen gas. Significant decreases in COD removal efficiencies in the UASB reactor were observed at recirculation ratio of 2. Sudden decreases in total nitrogen efficiencies were related to inhibition process of nitrifying microorganisms, especially at high recirculation ratios.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

[Study on the behavioral risk of toxoplasma infection in population working in the slaughterhouse].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the behavioral risk of toxoplasma infection in special population. METHODS: Serum samples from workers in slaughterhouse were collected and tested for the detection of cAg, toxo-IgG, toxo-IgM antibody to toxoplasma, using ELISA. Behavioral measurements were conducted through questionnaire, which was developed according to theory of reasoned action which consists of a measurement model that specifies the relation of measured to behavioral variables and a behavioral variable model to show the influence of behavior variables on each other. Factor analysis methods were used for estimating the parameter of the former and path analyses method for the latter. RESULTS: With data from 302 research subjects, the responding rate was 95.87%. The overall infection rate was of 19.20% including 15.89% having cAg, 5.63% with toxo-IgG, 2.32% with toxo-IgM, 1.32% with the third of cAg, toxo-IgG and toxo-IgM, 2.65% with the both cAg and toxo-IgG, 1.99% with the both cAg and IgM respectively. There was significant association between toxoplasma infections and contact with dystocia or live pigs, body fluid or harslet. There was no relation between toxoplasma infections and abortion. RESULTS: from miscarriage factor analyses showed that except evaluation of behavioral outcomes and behavioral attitudes, internal consistence reliability of others behavioral variables was good (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7). These behavior variables could be explained by their measure items. Path analyses suggested that two components had provided significant independent contributions to those preventive behaviors which significantly correlated to toxoplama infections. Half of the contribution leading to toxoplasma infections had come from behavioral factors. Belief was relatively more important in predicting the preventive behavior than subjective norm. CONCLUSION: Our findings supported the application of reasoned action theory in understanding the role of behavioral factors in toxoplasma infection.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Start-up of a pilot-scale anaerobic fixed film reactor at low temperature treating slaughterhouse wastewater.

A pilot-scale anaerobic fixed film reactor (AFFR) with vertically arranged PVC tubes as biomass carrier, treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was started-up in 74 days at temperatures between 20-24 degrees C. The start-up process consisted of a long acclimatization phase followed by a low loaded growth phase, a gradual increase of OLR upto 9.2 kg COD/m3d, and a final maturation phase at moderated loads of 2.7 kg COD/m3d at which total COD removal efficiencies of 57% were achieved. Alkalinity ratio IA:PA was found to be the best control parameter to avoid VFA accumulation. OLR increase based on pH control was not satisfactory because changes in CO2 solubility caused daily by temperature and flow variations led to pH oscillations of 0.2 units. The low wastewater alkalinity, 260 mg/l CaCO3 was insufficient to buffer the pH system, therefore the pH decrease associated with the VFA accumulation was not easily detected and could not be used as a way of OLR control. Organic matter removal took place by accumulation and biodegradation processes. Limitation in the reactor hydrodynamics and particulate fraction hydrolysis was detected at high flow rates.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2005

Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste with UF-membrane separation and recycling of permeate after free ammonia stripping.

Anaerobic digestion can adapt to free ammonia to a certain extent. During the anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste, however, an ammonia concentration of up to 15 g Nl(-1) can be reached in the sludge liquid and this will even inhibit adapted sludge. To lower this concentration, a fraction of the digester liquid must therefore be continuously separated from the digested sludge and the free ammonia stripped before the liquid is recycled to the digester. A mesophilic laboratory digester was successfully operated with an ammonium concentration of 4-5g l(-1) and a pH of 8.0-8.4. After free ammonia stripping, the excess liquid was treated in a laboratory SBR for nitrogen and phosphorus removal before being added to the receiving water. The effluent had no toxic effect on daphnia and algae.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1991

[Occupational accidents among slaughterhouse workers. A review from a casualty department].

A total of 110 accidents in slaughterhouse workers treated in the casualty department of Sønderborg Hospital during a period of one year was analysed as regards the nature of the injury, the mechanism of injury, employment of prophylactic measures, employment and the loss of income in connection with the sick leave involved. Cuts and stab lesions caused by ordinary knives constituted 72.7% and 93.7% of these were situated on the hands and forearms. Employment of prophylactic measures was not identical in the various working processes. Thus, all of the persons employed with filleting employed prophylactic equipment. In this group, the majority of injuries were on knife-hand but there were also many injuries to the protected hand. In the remainder of the production, employment of prophylactic measures was much less and the injuries here were localized electively to the hand not holding the knife. It is concluded that employment of safety knives in filleting is capable of reducing the number of injuries to the knife-hand while increased employment of five-fingered metal-net gloves and arm protectors is recommended in the remainder of the production.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

Serological studies on toxoplasmosis in Zagazig slaughterhouse.

This study intended to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies among farm animals in Zagazig slaughterhouses using indirect haemagglutination test (I.H.A.T.) and to evaluate the occupational exposure to infected animals and meat among abattoir workers. 25% of the tested animals were seropositive 19.2% of the exposed persons showed positive reactions while in a control group it was 12% with statistically insignificant difference.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

Synergistic hemolysis-inhibition titers associated with caseous lymphadenitis in a slaughterhouse survey of goats and sheep in Northeastern Brazil.

A survey of caseous lymphadenitis was conducted at a goat and sheep slaughterhouse in Northeastern Brazil One hundred and fifty-eight goats and 43 sheep were examined for the presence of abscesses, with bacterial culturing of purulent material to define the etiological agent. Blood was collected simultaneously for determination of serological titer via the synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test which measures antibodies to an exotoxin of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Thirteen and nine-tenths percent of the goats had abscesses, with a high proportion having mediastinal or pulmonary lesions (9.5%). Two sheep had abscesses, both with internal organ involvement. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was the most frequently isolated organism. Of 22 goats with abscesses, 20 were positive via the synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test. Both of the sheep with abscesses had positive synergistic hemolysis-inhibition titers. The proportion of serological reactors was greater than the proportion of animals with abscesses. The synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test may be detecting subclinically infected animals.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of slaughterhouse capacity on the hygienic production of beef].

Studied was the effect of the capacity of a meat producing enterprise on the hygiene in the production of beef. It was found that beef produced at the small regional slaughterhouses remained 1.29 to 3.5 times more strongly contaminated with organisms than the meat obtained at export meat combines. The distribution of the total number of organisms, mesophiles, psychrophiles, coli forms, proteolytic ones, staphylococci, yeasts, and moulds on the surface of carcasses was not following a definite pattern. The region of the thigh was shown to be most contaminated. First among the surface microflora of the slaughtered cattle ranked mesophiles (up to 74.79 per cent), followed by psychrophiles (up to 55.69 per cent).

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurofibrosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma in slaughterhouse broilers.

Two uncommon neoplastic lesions--a neurofibrosarcoma and a leiomyosarcoma--were found in 7-week-old slaughterhouse chickens. Grossly, the neoplasms both appeared as locally extensive, nodular lesions that displaced the mesentery and abdominal viscera. Histologically, these tumors were anaplastic and invasive into the surrounding tissues.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1985

[Sarcocystosis in slaughterhouse sheep].

The occurrence of sarcocystosis was studied in the sheep produced in the vicinity of Brno and killed in the slaughterhouse. Adspection, the homogenization method and the digestion method were used for the detection of muscular cysts. Antibodies to sarcocystosis were determined in the blood serum by the indirect fluorescence method. The total number of sheep examined was 157; sarcocysts were detected in the muscle of 102 sheep (64.9%). The highest incidence was recorded in ewes: 60 ewes (80%) out of 75 were positive. Out of the 157 blood serum samples examined by the indirect fluorescence method, antibodies were found in 105 samples (66.9%). The antibody response was 77.3% in ewes, 63.4% in lambs and 46.6% in rams. The highest titres (640-10 240) were obtained in 16 lambs and 26 ewes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Season-related incidence of Yersinia enterocolitica in fecal material of healthy slaughterhouse pigs (author's transl)].

In the period July 1976 to June 1977 a total of 1358 fecal specimens and 165 mesenteric lymphnodes of healthy slaughterhouse pigs were examined for Yersinia enterocolitica (Y.e.). The animals originated from 215 farms in 86 localities of Northern Bavaria. Y.e. was found in fecal specimens of 371 pigs (27.3%). A total of 408 strains was isolated including 35 double and one triple infections. Most cultures belonged to serogroups O:6...(186 strains), O:7...(78 strains), and O:5...(71 strains, Table 3). The serogroups O:3 and O:9 which in Europe are most frequently associated with human disease were isolated from 26 animals (1.9%). Lymphnodes were positive in two instances only (1.2%). Besides aerobic subculture on SS-agar after cold enrichment in phosphate buffered saline anaerobic incubation was performed simultaneously during the last 8 months of the study. This method rendered more than twice as many isolations due to an effective inhibition of environmental bacteria with oxidative metabolism (mainly Pseudomonas spp.; Tables 3 and 4). The incidence of asymptomatic infections was markedly related to season. The lowest incidence was observed during the summer months (August 1976:0%) but increased steadily to a maximum in April 1977 (71.2%; Table 4). With one exception the serogroups O:3 and O:9 were only isolated during October to December (Fig. 1). Despite the frequent occurrence of Y.e. in healthy pigs the significance of these animals for human yersiniosis remains to be clarified. Especially the frequency of disease in infants and young children would not suggest porc meat as an important vehicle of transmission. It is imaginable that the human pathogenic serogroups O:3 and O:9 might be simultaneously adapted to several hosts with independent cycles of infection. Future investigations will mainly have to consider the elucidation of the hitherto unknown mode of transmission of human yersiniosis.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1980

[Hygienic problems of slaughterhouse wastewaters (author's transl)].

Physical, chemical and bacterial qualities of total wastewaters from slaughterhouse and meat processing plants and individual departments has been followed. Obtained results are indicating the significance of wastewaters in contamination of living environment and stressing the importance of their treatment.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Porcine hepatocytes from slaughterhouse organs. An unlimited resource for bioartificial liver devices.

Most recent strategies for the development of hybrid artificial liver devices focus on the use of parenchymal liver cells (hepatocytes). For clinical application of these devices, a sufficient cell supply is mandatory. Because human liver tissue is rarely available, isolated porcine hepatocytes from laboratory animals have been suggested for use in bioartificial livers. The authors introduce a modified isolation protocol to yield large scale numbers of viable porcine hepatocytes from slaughterhouse organs. Perfusion and enzymatic digestion of the left medial liver lobe (n = 74) resulted in 1.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) viable hepatocytes per gram of tissue, and an overall yield of 1.92 +/- 0.5 x 10(9) viable cells per isolation (viability: 93 +/- 2%). Collagen gel immobilization maintained morphologic integrity and functional activity of hepatocyte cultures over long-term periods. Cell morphology, as assessed by light microscopic evaluation, was maintained for 2 weeks. Stable DNA content (51 +/- 5 micrograms) and low values of alanine aminotransferase release (8 microU/hr/micrograms DNA) indicated structural stability of cultures after a short period of post isolational adaptation. Albumin secretion (4.5 micrograms/hr/micrograms DNA) and persistent Cytochrome P450 IA1 dependent deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin (4.5 nmol/hr/micrograms DNA) indicated long-term metabolic activity of cultured hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from livers of slaughtered pigs represent an unlimited resource of viable material for cell culture, and their usefulness as functional units of bioartificial liver support devices should be tested.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Slaughterhouse waste waters and their influence on epidemiology (author's transl)].

A survey was carried out in 1972 and 1973 on the microbial composition of town, hospital and slaughterhouse waste waters. The investigation concerned concentration of heterotrophic bacteria, germ tests, of faecal contamination, and of the following pathogenic bacteria: Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1993

Factors associated with dysmenorrhea among workers in French poultry slaughterhouses and canneries.

The food and agriculture industry employs 15% of the female industrial work force in France. Workers in this industry are exposed to a variety of environmental and organizational constraints: cold, uncomfortable postures, assembly-line work, irregular schedules. In 1987 to 1988, a medical examination and questionnaire were administered to 726 menstruating women who had not been pregnant during the 2 previous years, as part of a study of French workers in 17 poultry slaughterhouses and 6 canning factories. Dysmenorrhea during the previous year was more prevalent among younger women and smokers, and less prevalent among users of oral contraceptives. After adjustment for nonoccupational variables, dysmenorrhea was significantly related to several parameters expressing cold exposure and physical work load. Other parameters such as job satisfaction and hours of domestic work were not associated with dysmenorrhea.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Observations on genital abnormalities in dairy cows using slaughterhouse material.

The investigated material consisted of the sexual organs of 2010 cows, collected at a slaughterhouse during the years of 1971--74. The organs were examined macroscopically, with special regard to the ovaries, ovarian bursae, oviducts, and the uterus. The genital tract was cut open and examined for anomalies and other pathological changes. The results are presented in Tables I--IV. The total frequency of abnormalities within the investigated material was 18.2%. The most common disease condition was cystic degeneration of the ovary (8.6%). Bursal adhesions, parovarian cysts, and various forms of cervical anomalies constituted respectively 2.7, 2.3, and 1.7 per cent of the cases. The percentage of genital abnormalities as a cause of infertility was estimated to 1.5. The results have been compared with those of similar investigations.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of a disease outbreak of brucellosis in slaughterhouse workers].

BACKGROUND: The appearance of an exceptional number of cases of Brucellosis at the end of 1996 in workers at a slaughterhouse led us to suspect an epidemic outbreak among this group. This study shows the methodology followed in the analysis of this outbreak as well as the results obtained. METHODS: 1.-Epidemiological description of the outbreak: number of animals with brucellosis slaughtered, collection of information from different sources on the number of those affected: from the mutual insurance company, the record of working days lost, an epidemiological monitoring system and a survey amongst the workers. 2.-A case and control study was designed in order to determine, firstly, non-occupational risks--ingestion of fresh cheese or milk and care of animals--and secondly, occupational risks, depending on the job normally undertaken. 3.-To verify this a retrospective cohort study was designed. The exposed group was made up by workers in the slaughter area and the unexposed group comprised the remainder: any worker giving a positive result to the Rose of Bengal test and IgM brucellosis antibodies in serum was considered as a case. RESULTS: The description of the outbreak enabled us to establish that the cases occurred at the moment when most animals were slaughtered, that only occupational risks were relevant, that there were more symptomatic cases than notified ones, and that the slaughter line operators showed higher rates of attack than the remainder of the workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study analyses the possible causal relationship between analyzed exposure and the appearance of cases of brucellosis in workers--a fact which backs the existing scientific evidence on the importance of the respiratory tract as a mechanism of transmission of this disease in the workplace.

Abattoirs↗