Single parent in the workplace. Health care needs.
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Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS), we found that teenagers who live in nonmarried families are less likely to graduate from high school or to attend college, more likely to smoke or drink, and more likely to initiate sexual activity. Not all nonmarried families are alike, however. In particular, teenagers living with their single mothers and with at least one grandparent in multigenerational households have developmental outcomes that are at least as good and often better than the outcomes of teenagers in married families. These findings obtain when a wide array of economic resources, parenting behavior, and home and school characteristics are controlled for.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Relationships between gene change and virulence for hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus remain inconclusive. In this study, sequences of these nearly identical virus strains were obtained in order to elucidate the relationship between molecular determinants and virulence. METHODS: Two strains, with different virulence, of an H6N1 avian influenza virus were isolated from an infected chicken flock. Complete 8-gene fragments from the 2 strains were cloned and sequenced. Putative amino acid sequences were compared. RESULTS: Comparisons of the sequences from the 2 strains showed 0.65%, 0.79%, 0.28%, 1.23%, 0.80%, 0.20%, 0.43%, and 0.83% differences in PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, neuraminidase (NA), NS1 and NS2 proteins, respectively. The M1, M2, and PB1-F2 protein sequences from the strains were identical. The HA cleavage site of both strains contained a single R, despite their difference in virulence. Thus, the difference in virulence might be due to sequences other than the HA cleavage site. Most of the changes were in the HA2 part. The sequence immediately after the HA cleavage site was GILG in the non-virulent strain and GIFG in the virulent strain. The change from E to G at position 106 in the HA, near the receptor binding site, might influence the virulence. Other sequence changes likely to influence virulence were from K to R at position 291 (K291R) in NP protein and from P to T at position 101 (P101T) in NA protein. CONCLUSION: The amino acid changes identified in this study may be important in the virulence of influenza viruses.
This editorial review comments the development of the field of the matrix metalloproteinases that was initiated by the demonstration of the tadpole collagenase in 1962.
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This article is an analysis aimed at the underlying process of the aggressive behavior observed with boys from mother-centered families. The form of expression, the goals as well as the sources of these aggressive behaviors are examined. From that examination, we proposed two different tendencies to the underlying process of these behaviours. These tendencies, linked to the relationship between mother and son, result in either reactionnal or relationnal aggressiveness.
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The mitochondrial mutation of the resistance to tetracycline (Tr) is shown to have one-parent inheritance. The polarity of recombination between the gene Tr and other mitochondrial mutations also depends on the alleles controlling the mating type as well as in another nuclear gene i, suppressing Tr-resistance. The "arrest" of Tr-transmission in alpha-haploid or in a haploid with gene-suppressor induces the process of mitochondrial recombination.
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International research shows that the standard of health among children adopted from abroad, especially those adopted by single parents, is not as good as that of other children. Danish studies indicate similar problems. The causes could be several, such as poor development in the embryonic and fetal stages, low birth weight, starvation, neglect, infections, and the lack of the natural bonds between mother and child. Surveys indicate that many adoptive parents, single parents in particular, receive children with health problems. There is no Danish research available, but it is important to be aware of these issues in order for both adoptees and adoptants to receive the most support.