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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Long-lasting parasitism of Strongyloides venezuelensis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were infected with 100, 1,000 and 10,000 Strongyloides venezuelensis infective larvae (L3) to determine the duration of fecal egg output. Eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were counted chronologically, and adult worms in the small intestine were recovered on 100 days after infection. Changes of EPG in Mongolian gerbils infected with 10,000 L3 also were observed for 450 days. EPG was stable for each dose after the peak value noted 9 or 10 days after the infection. The EPG and number of worms recovered were dependent on the dose. The high EPG value continued for 450 days. These results demonstrate that Mongolian gerbils allowed a long-lasting parasitism of S. venezuelensis. Strongyloides venezuelensis-Mongolian gerbil systems may be useful for parasitological study of S. venezuelensis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Strongyloides infection in Hawaii: an imported case.

Tropical diseases may present anywhere in the world. A case of strongyloidiasis in Hawaii, identified by a characteristic manifestation, larva currens, is described. Strongyloides infection may persist long after leaving an endemic area through the mechanism of autoinfection and, especially under circumstances of immunosuppression, may become overwhelming (the hyperinfection syndrome), with a likelihood of being fatal. Each case of Strongyloides infection should be treated aggressively in order to prevent this dangerous outcome; in addition, the parasite should be eliminated before immunosuppressive therapy is begun.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reactive arthritis induced by Strongyloides stercoralis.

Reactive arthritis induced by Strongyloides is exceedingly rare. A case in a 53-year-old man from the Guadeloupe (French Antilles) is reported. The outcome was rapidly favorable under thiabendazole therapy. The cycle of Strongyloides is reviewed, and the contribution of parasites to reactive arthritis in patients with genetic risk factors is discussed. Establishing the correct diagnosis is sometimes difficult but is essential in order to avoid inappropriate administration of corticosteroids that can lead to fatal, multivisceral dissemination of the parasite, particularly in patients with strongyloidiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Morphology, homogonic development, and lack of a free-living generation in Strongyloides robustus (Nematoda, Rhabditoidea), a parasite of North American sciurids.

Adult females of Strongyloides robustus Chandler, 1942, a parasite of sciurids in North America, were found in the duodenal mucosa of 30 of 32 red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben)) collected in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. The parasitic female is illustrated and redescribed; characteristics include: body 3.8-8.0 mm long, cephalic extremity with X-shaped mouth and 8 circumoral lobes, ovaries spiralling around intestine, and tail bluntly rounded. Eggs in fresh feces contained tadpole-stage larvae. In fecal cultures, eggs hatched and larvae invariably developed to the filariform infective third stage; i.e. a free-living generation did not occur and is probably absent in S. robustus in Cape Breton and possibly other parts of North America. It is hypothesized that homogonically developing S. robustus might be more fecund or more efficiently transmitted than species of Strongyloides that exhibit both homogonic and heterogonic development. Larvae of S. robustus in fecal cultures, i.e. homogonic larvae, are described in detail. Intestinal walls of second- and third-stage larvae, as well as the lateral chords of young third-stage larvae, contained numerous round bodies, likely nutrient stores. Third-stage larvae were present within 2 days in cultures maintained at 30 degrees C, 4 days at 20 degrees C, and 7 days at 15 degrees C. They lived for at least 33 and 30 days at 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively. Third-stage larvae probably die when their nutrient stores are exhausted.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Aseptic purulent meningitis in two patients co-infected by HTLV-1 and Strongyloides stercoralis].

Occurrence of anguilluliasis always progresses to hyperinfestation or disseminated anguilluliasis with severe clinical manifestations in carriers of HTLV-1. This prognosis is further illustrated by two new cases of non-septic purulent meningitis observed in two male patients from Guadalope. Ages were 61 and 64 years. In both cases examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated pleiocytosis with more than 3000 cells (mostly polynuclear neutrophils) per mm3, protein content greater than 3 g/l, and low sugar level. No soluble germs or antigens were found in the CSF. In both patients Strongyloides stercoralis larvae were detected in stools but not in CSF. Meningitis responded to antibiotic treatment but follow-up tests showed the persistence of larvae in stools despite treatment using thiabendazole. While similar cases of meningitis have been reported in carriers of HTLV-1, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Co-infection with Strongyloides stercoralis appears to be a predisposing factor. This association may warrant preventive anti-parasitic treatment in patients infected by HTLV-1.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[A case of pleuritis caused by strongyloides in a carrier of T-cell lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I)].

A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of dyspnea, fever and general edema. Chest roentgenogram showed bilateral pleural effusion and cardiomegaly. Cardiovascular examination demonstrated atrial tachycardia and left ventricle dysfunction, suggesting congestive heart failure. She was sero-positive for human T-cell lymphoma virus I (HTLV-I). The dyspnea and general edema improved after therapy for heart failure. Because the pleural effusion persisted after therapy, thoracentesis was performed. The pleural effusion was an exudate, and Strongyloides sterocoralis was detected by microscopy. Two courses of thiabendazole (1,500 mg/day, 3 days) were given orally. After this therapy, the pleural effusion improved markedly. This case suggests that Strongyloides stercoralis may be a causative agent of pleuritis in HTLV-I endemic areas.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Persistent Strongyloides stercoralis in a blind loop of the bowel. Successful treatment with mebendazole.

Three courses of thiabendazole therapy, including one course given directly into a blind loop of the bowel, failed to eradicate Strongyloides stercoralis from a 55-year-old man who had undergone a Roux-en-Y operation. The patient responded to 1.5 g/day of mebendazole for 14 days, and the infection did not recur. Our case illustrates the difficulty of eliminating S stercoralis from a blind loop of the bowel and indicates that mebendazole therapy used in adequate doses is effective treatment for strongyloidiasis. The lack of toxicity of mebendazole makes it a desirable drug for Strongyloides infestation resistant to thiabendazole therapy.

Benzimidazoles↗
PubMed1984

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection masquerading as cerebral vasculitis.

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection is a unique opportunistic infection in which the nematode disseminates widely to cause a multisystem illness. We treated a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus in whom ileus and fever developed and who later lapsed into coma. A xenon Xe 133 cerebral blood flow study showed a global reduction in flow, compatible with CNS vasculitis. The patient's condition failed to improve with high-dose steroid therapy, but he recovered rapidly after Strongyloides larvae were found in stool and sputum and treatment with thiabendazole was begun. We believe that hyperinfection explained the patient's symptoms and should be considered as a cause of diminished cerebral perfusion and mentation in immunosuppressed patients.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Strongyloides hyperinfection in two patients with lymphoma, purulent meningitis, and sepsis.

Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome is a rare complication of strongyloidiasis that occurs in immunosuppressed patients. It is caused by increasing autoinfection of the host by the nematode, leading to serious superimposed enterobacterial sepsis. Once established, it has a high fatality rate. Two cases are reported of Strongyloides hyperinfection in patients with lymphoma who presented with purulent meningitis. Both were receiving combination chemotherapy that included high-dose corticosteroids, and neither was granulocytopenic at infectious onset. The patients had respiratory insufficiency that required mechanical ventilation and serious septic episodes. Both were treated with thiabendazole, and one survived with clearance of the larvae. These cases illustrate the possibility of strongyloidiasis hyperinfection as an underlying diagnosis of purulent meningitis and serious septic episodes in lymphomatous patients. It may occur even without granulocytopenia.

Escherichia coli Infections↗
PubMed1988

Effect of Strongyloides ratti on small bowel function in normal and immunosuppressed host rats.

Although Strongyloides stercoralis is a common parasite, little is known about its effect on intestinal function. Published clinical studies are difficult to evaluate and compare because of the inability to differentiate the effects of the parasite load from that of various other coexisting features such as bacterial overgrowth, multiparasitism, malnutrition, or tropical sprue. Using a rat model where these problems do not occur, we found that Strongyloides ratti did not inhibit intestinal function in the healthy rat. In fact, in normal rats S. ratti appeared to increase ileal sucrase activity. In contrast, in the methylprednisolone-treated rat, S. ratti produced a decrease in lactase and sucrase activity and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. S. ratti had no effect on 3-O-methylglucose uptake or D-xylose absorption in either group. These results suggest that S. ratti has little effect on small bowel function in a healthy rat but can cause minor alterations in intestinal function in an immunosuppressed, methylprednisolone-treated, malnourished host. These results are also consistent with clinical observations seen with S. stercoralis in humans and with another nematode, Ascaris suus, in the pig model.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

Appendiceal infection by Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis presenting like acute appendicitis.

A 58-year-old male from Puerto Rico who was taking orally administered cortisone analogs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented with fever, absolute eosinophilia, right lower quadrant pain, and rebound tenderness associated with Strongyloides stercoralis infection of the appendix. A 37-year-old alcoholic male developed fever, right lower quadrant abdominal pain, and rebound tenderness because of infection of the appendix with Entamoeba histolytica. These are the seventh reported case of isolated amebic appendicitis and the ninth reported case of appendiceal involvement with Strongyloides. In all these cases the diagnosis was made only after surgery. Patients with unexplained right lower quadrant pain, particularly if immunosuppressed or with an appropriate travel history, should have stool examinations for ova and parasites. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent life-threatening complications such as perforation and peritonitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Goblet cell hyperplasia induced by Strongyloides venezuelensis-infection in Syrian golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus.

The goblet cell response was examined in the jejunum of the Syrian golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, following infection with an intestinal helminth, Strongyloides venezuelensis. After subcutaneous inoculation with 3000 infective larvae (L3), the number of adult worms in the small intestine remained stable up to day 20 and then decreased. Before infection, the number of goblet cells in the jejunum was about 70/10 villi. The number of goblet cells slowly increased, though not significantly, until day 20 post-infection, and then rapidly increased with an inverse relationship to the worm burden. By day 43, when adult worms were almost completely expelled, the number of goblet cells was about 3-fold higher than that of control animals. Similar vigorous goblet cell hyperplasia has not been reported in Strongyloides spp. infection in other experimental animals. Histochemical study revealed that goblet cells in the jejunum of Syrian golden hamsters, unlike those of other experimental animals, produced and released highly sulfated mucins.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A fatal case of strongyloidiasis with Strongyloides larvae in the meninges.

A case of fatal strongyloidiasis associated with pyogenic meningitis in an adult male African is reported. Strongyloides larvae were present in the purulent exudate in the the meninges, an observation not, to the authors knowledge, hitherto reported in man. Fatal strongyloidiasis due to autoinfection has been reported by several authors and De Paula (1962) reviewed the literature in 40 cases and added 10 others which he had studied. In Uganda fatal cases have been reported by Craven et al. (1971) and Poltera (1974). Although in some cases of fatal strongyloidiasis there was associated pyogenic meningitis (BROWN & PERNA, 1958; WILSON & THOMPSON, 1964; BASSAN-TREMINGER & EL-LANSHAR, 1968) we have not found in the literature any case in which Strongyloides stercoralis larvae or adult worms were found in the brain or meninges. We are, therefore, now reporting a case of fatal strongyloidiasis with pyogenic meningitis in which S. stercoralis larvae were present in the subarachnoid space.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Strongyloides stercoralis: parasitological, immunological and pathological observations in immunosuppressed dogs.

Four specific pathogen-free, two to three-month-old, laboratory-raised beagles were infected with Strongyloides stercoralis and monitored by thrice-weekly faecal examinations. Larvae were not detected in the faeces after the 11th week. During the 14th week, daily oral prednisolone (2.2 mg/kg) was given. This led to weak recrudescence of the infection. During the 21st week, the daily dose of prednisolone was doubled and thereafter two of the four dogs developed severe hyperinfective strongyloidiasis with their adult worm populations markedly exceeding the number of larvae inoculated, as did one dog which remained asymptomatic. One dog died during the 15th week, i.e., before there was time for a marked increase in the parasite population. Three of the four dogs provided evidence of disseminated infection with adult worms occurring in ectopic sites. Parasite-specific cellular and humoral immune responses were monitored weekly. All dogs developed a significant rise in specific IgM titres lasting until the fifth week. From the fourth week, all dogs had detectable parasite-specific IgG antibody levels that persisted throughout the experiment in spite of the immunosuppression. Strongyloides-induced lymphocytic responses in vitro were demonstrated in three dogs from the second to the fifth week of infection, but returned to pre-infection levels thereafter. All animals were necropsied. Relevant pathological lesions were found in the small intestine, the colon and the lungs. Larvae were seen in such ectopic sites as mesenteric nodes and prostate. The observations provide further evidence that canine S. stercoralis infections can be manipulated to reproduce with great fidelity the parasitological and clinico-pathological events occurring in human disseminated strongyloidiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Sudden death of calves by experimental infection with Strongyloides papillosus. IV. Electrocardiographic and pneumographic observations at critical moments of the disease.

Electrocardiographic and pneumographic observations at critical moments were carried out on five calves that died suddenly following experimental infections with Strongyloides papillosus. Time which elapsed during these critical moments was calculated from the time of observation of ventricular flutter (VF) to the appearance of accelerated respiration and cessation of respiration. The beginning of accelerated respiration ranged from -19 to 41 s after VF. Time (minutes:seconds) of cessation of respiration ranged from 2:10 to 3:50 after VF. The results of the experiment suggested sudden cardiac death as the cause of death in calves following infection with Strongyloides papillosus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Phylogenetic relationships of Australian strongyloid nematodes inferred from ribosomal DNA sequence data.

The sequence of the second internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA was determined for the following strongyloid nematodes: Cylicocyclus insignis, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Cloacina communis, Cloacina hydriformis, Labiostrongylus labiostrongylus, Parazoniolaimus collaris, Macropostrongylus macropostrongylus, Macropostrongylus yorkei, Rugopharynx australis, Rugopharynx rosemariae, Macropostrongyloides baylisi, Oesophagostomoides longispicularis and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis, and compared with published sequences for species of Strongylus and for Hypodontus macropi. The resultant phylogenetic trees supported current hypotheses based on morphological evidence for the separation of the families Strongylidae and Chabertiidae, but did not support the separation of the endemic Australian genera as a distinctive clade within the Chabertiidae. The implications of this finding for the phylogenetic origins of the Australian strongyloids are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Association between Pelodera strongyloides (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) and wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus.

Pelodera strongyloides larvae were found in the conjunctival sacs of Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionomys glareolus and in hair follicles of A. sylvaticus. Those in the eyes were 3rd-stage larvae while most of those in the dermis were early 4th stages. There was no evidence of pathology and sections of the skin showed that the nematodes of freshly killed mice and moulted once to the adult stage in 1-2 days at 15 degrees C. The stimulus to resume development appeared to be a reduction in temperature rather than presence of bacterial food or reduction in osmotic pressure. Countless generations ensued on nutrient agar provided the nematodes were periodically sub-cultured onto fresh agar. Nematodes from the eyes died in culture. Dauerlarvae of P. strongyloides were produced in exhausted cultures. They resumed development on fresh agar but not in distilled water. About half could be induced to exsheath by a temperature similar to that of mouse skin. A. sylvaticus probably accumulates nematode larvae in the dermis during its life and the nematodes resume development when the host dies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Strongyloides cf fuelleborni in Papua New Guinea: epidemiology in an isolated community, and results of an intervention study.

Strongyloides cf fuelleborni was found to be distributed homogeneously with respect to space and time in a semi-nomadic community in Papua New Guinean rainforest. The parasite predominantly infects children, reaching 60% prevalence in the first year of life and peaking around 80% at five years of age. Egg loads follow a similar pattern but peak earlier (at 20 months) and fall off more sharply. The few infected adults have very light infections as measured by egg count. In the first few months of life, incidence was estimated as 50% per month. Following treatment, incidence in older children was reduced to around 9% per month. By comparison, hookworm infection (probably all Necator americanus) has a much lower incidence in early life, and this increases with age. The high incidence of Strongyloides in early life is not explained by prenatal infection or by contamination from maternal faeces.

Adolescent↗