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Results for “STIGMATIZATION”

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PubMed1991

Effects of structured cooperative contact on changing negative attitudes toward stigmatized social groups.

The contact hypothesis predicts that cooperative interaction with members of a disliked group results in increased liking for those members and generalizes to more positive attitudes toward the group. The authors sought to provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that contact affects attitude in part by eliciting a more positive portrait of the typical group member. Undergraduates participated in a 1-hr dyadic learning session (scripted cooperative learning, jigsaw cooperative learning, or individual study) with a confederate portrayed as a former mental patient. Students initially expected the confederate to display traits similar to those of a typical former mental patient. After the sessions, initially prejudiced students in the 2 cooperative conditions described the typical mental patient more positively and adopted more positive attitudes and wider latitudes of acceptance toward the group. Connections between intergroup attitudes and impression formation are discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed2004

Stigmatization, discrimination, and mental health: the impact of multiple identity status.

The authors present the empirical characteristics of the Experience of Discrimination Scale (EDS) using baseline data from the Center for Mental Health Services-funded, multisite Consumer Operated Services Project. Specific hypotheses focused on the influence of multiple identity status on reports of discrimination. Data indicated that discrimination caused by mental disability was associated with level of psychiatric symptoms and perceived social rejection as a result of mental illness, whereas discrimination for other reasons was associated with broader quality of life and social interaction indicators. The clinical and policy implications of findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Expectations of obese trainees: how stigmatized trainee characteristics influence training effectiveness.

This study identifies stigma as a potential precursor to self-fulfilling prophecies in training interactions. Expectations held by leaders often result in actions that elicit expectancy-confirming behaviors from their subordinates. The results of the present study suggest that trainee weight (manipulated with a photograph depicting the trainee as either obese or average weight for height) influenced female trainer expectations and evaluations of the training and trainee. Furthermore, the results suggest that negative expectations held by trainers were related to trainee evaluations of the training and the trainer and, for less flexible trainers, to decrements in trainee performance on the trained task. Overall, the results suggest that trainer expectations can be influenced by stereotypes held about trainee characteristics, thus undermining training effectiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

When do the stigmatized make attributions to discrimination occurring to the self and others? The roles of self-presentation and need for control.

Two experiments examined how the goals of self-presentation and maintenance of control over one's outcomes influence women's tendencies to make or to avoid making attributions to discrimination. Demonstrating the importance of self-presentational goals, Experiment 1 showed that targets of discrimination were just as likely as similar others to make attributions to discrimination under private reporting conditions, but they were significantly less likely to do so under public reporting conditions. This experiment also provided initial evidence that need for personal control increases discrimination attributions. Experiment 2 demonstrated that targets' minimization of discrimination, observed in public reporting conditions, was eliminated when the need to reassert personal control was induced. Both experiments also demonstrated that failing to view events as discrimination has negative psychological costs.

Female↗
PubMed2004

[Stigmatization of mentally ill patients by the society].

In our society, people with mental illness are exposed to various forms of discrimination. In principle, individual and structural discrimination plus discrimination due so self-stigmatisation can be distinguished. All three forms of discrimination will be illustrated based on results from our own studies. Next, negative consequences of discrimination for those afflicted will be described such as lack of self-confidence and reduced subjective well-being as well as social disadvantages and disadvantages with regard to treatment and rehabilitation. Finally, using the association "Irrsinnig menschlich" ("Madly human") in Leipzig as an example, approaches to reduce discrimination of mentally ill people will be presented.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Sickle cell disease: a stigmatizing condition that may lead to depression.

Individuals with a chronic illness such as sickle cell disease are at risk for depression. Moreover, they are at risk for untreated depression. Depression may go untreated because of the stigma and high rates of disability associated with this chronic illness that most often affects African Americans in the United States. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen in a sample of 232 African American adults with sickle cell disease. Respondents reported higher levels of depression (26%) and depressive symptoms (32%) than did the overall United States population (9.5%). All adults with chronic illnesses need to be screened for depression in primary care practice sites where the diagnosis and treatment of depression needs to be coordinated.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1998

Injection drug users as social actors: a stigmatized community's participation in the syringe exchange programmes of New York City.

In 1992, New York State Department of Health regulations provided for fully legal syringe exchange programmes in the state. The policies and procedures mandated that: 'Each program must seek to recruit ... for inclusion on its advisory board ... program participants ... Programs are also urged to establish other advisory bodies, such as Users' Advisory Boards made up of program participants, to provide input and guidance on program policies and operations.' The inclusion of drug users as official advisors to the legal programmes was seen as a method for incorporating the views of the consumers of the service in operational decisions. The 1992 regulations implied a new public image for users of illicit psychoactive drugs: active drug users were seen to be capable not only of self-protective actions (such as avoiding HIV infection), but also of serving as competent collaborators in programmes to preserve the public health. This development has important implications with regard to the evolution of official drug policy, since it will be difficult in future to treat IDUs simply as the passive objects of state intervention. Whether as individuals or representatives of a wider population of illicit drug users, they have acquired a legitimacy and sense of personal worth which would have been unthinkable in previous periods.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stigmatizing smokers: public sentiment toward cigarette smoking and its relationship to smoking behaviors.

Public sentiment in the United States has been evolving against cigarette smoking. Providing support for stronger tobacco control legislation, unfavorable public sentiment has contributed to the decrease in the size of the smoking population in this country. The present study hypothesizes that the unfavorable public sentiment may also discourage cigarette smoking by creating an unfavorable "smoking climate" in which smoking is socially rejected as a deviant behavior. Analyses of several secondary data-sets provided evidence that smoking rates are lower in the states where the public holds relatively unfavorable sentiment toward cigarette smoking. The relationship between public sentiment and smoking rates was significant even after controlling for the effects of state-level tobacco control measures, such as cigarette taxes and smoking restrictions in private workplaces and restaurants. We also found that smokers who have experienced unfavorable public sentiment are more willing to quit smoking than those who have not, supporting the hypothesized effects of antismoking public sentiment on smoking behaviors.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Haplotype structure of the stigmatic self-incompatibility gene in natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata.

We describe analyses of almost full-length sequences (including both the kinase domain and the S-domain) of the putative SRK incompatibility gene of the self-incompatible plant Arabidopsis lyrata. In A. lyrata, the SRK S-domain controls the pistil recognition specificity, as in self-incompatible Brassica species. In alleles from plants derived from natural A. lyrata populations, nonsynonymous and synonymous site diversity values are very high in both domains; even in exons 3 to 7 of the kinase domain, which probably have no recognition functions, 39% of the amino acids are polymorphic. Within populations, diversity between alleles is high, as expected for an incompatibility locus, which should be under frequency-dependent selection within populations, whereas within the different putative allelic classes polymorphism is very low, as predicted from theoretical models when recombination is rare. Nonsynonymous site variability declines in the kinase domain with increasing distance from the S-domain border, although synonymous diversity remains high, and the introns are unalignable. A decline in nonsynonymous diversity is expected due to selective constraints in the kinase domain, in combination with recombination (allowing diversity to decrease at sites distant from those under balancing selection). However, it is unclear whether recombination occurs in the SRK locus, and interpretation of the observed diversity pattern is complicated by apparent gene conversion with a paralogous gene (or genes). Patterns of linkage disequilibrium in our SRK sequences do not support the conclusion that recombination occurs, which was suggested from previous analyses based on Brassica SLG sequences.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

First person account: self-stigmatization.

The article that follows is part of the Schizophrenia Bulletin's ongoing First Person Accounts series. We hope that mental health professionals--the Bulletin's primary audience--will take this opportunity to learn about the issues and difficulties confronted by consumers of mental health care. In addition, we hope that these accounts will give patients and families a better sense of not being alone in confronting the problems that can be anticipated by persons with serious emotional difficulties. We welcome other contributions from patients, ex-patients, or family members. Our major editorial requirement is that such contributions be clearly written and organized, and that a novel or unique aspect of schizophrenia be described, with special emphasis on points that will be important for professionals. Clinicians who see articulate patients, with experiences they believe should be shared, might encourage these patients to submit their articles to First Person Accounts, Division of Clinical and Treatment Research, NIMH, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rm. 18C-06, Rockville, MD 20857.

Adult↗