Introduction to statistics. III: Correlation, chi-square and the choice of statistical procedure.
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This paper reviews the established practice of providing evidence to regulatory authorities about the claimed properties (such as efficacy and safety) of new pharmaceutical products. The established conventions and procedures are contrasted with scientific concepts and principles. The following issues are discussed: (a) recruitment of subjects and its connection to treatment heterogeneity; (b) the measurement process and the handling of missing data; (c) data transformation and the use of generalized linear models; (d) model selection and model checking; (e) the 'cult of the single trial' and the use of prior information; and (f) hypothesis testing and the P-value culture.
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The application of theoretical models to describe the structure of the types of fibrous network produced by the electrospinning of polymers for use in tissue engineering and a number of other applications is presented. Emphasis is placed on formal analyses of the pore size distribution and porosities that one would encounter with such structures and the nature of their relationships with other structural characteristics likely to be important for the performance of nanofibrous materials. The theoretical structures considered result from interactions between randomly placed straight rods that represent fibres with nanoscale dimensions. The dominant role of fibre diameter in controlling the pore diameter of the networks is shown and we discuss the perhaps counter-intuitive finding that at a given network mass per unit area and porosity, increasing fibre diameter results in an increase in mean pore radius. Larger pores may be required for ingrowth of cells to nanofibrous networks, hence this study clarifies that simply making the diameters of the fibres smaller might not be the way to improve cell proliferation on such substrates. An extensive review of structural features of the network such as the distribution of mass, inter-fibre contacts and available surface for cell attachment, fibre contact distributions for integrity of the networks and the porosity and pore size distributions is given, with emphasis placed on nanofibre dimensions for the first time.
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