Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SPEECH”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Behavior problems in children with pure speech disorders and in children with combined speech and language disorders.

Forty-six children with pure speech disorders and 53 children with disorders of both speech and language were rated by parents and teachers for behavioral problems. Both parents and teachers rated the speech- and language-disordered children as having more severe and more frequent behavioral abnormalities, particularly hyperactive behaviors and developmental problems. Somatic complaints were more pronounced in the pure speech group. Conduct disorders, emotional problems, and poor relationships did not distinguish between the two groups. The importance of these findings for speech therapists and individuals working with speech- or language-impaired children is discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2004

[Early recognition of speech and speech-associated disorders after acute stroke].

In the course of increasing demands in acute stroke care in stroke units, criteria for efficient speech diagnosis, which can be applied in the first hours of acute stroke are necessary. In this study we investigated early recognition of speech and speech-associated disorders in acute stroke, and compared the neurologists' clinical diagnoses at admission with the results of a test battery (KAP--Kurze Aphasieprüfung). 90 of 104 consecutively recruited patients could be tested within the first three days. 53.8% (n = 49/N = 91) of the patients presented with language disorders in the clinical neurological examination at admission compared to 63.7% (n = 58/N = 91) that were found to have language disorders according to KAP. Syndrome classification in the group of aphasias showed a frequent occurrence of global aphasia, unclassified aphasia, anomic aphasia and agraphia. Speech apraxia and alexia were always accompanied by aphasia. A large amount of patients are affected by a variety of speech disorders. This study could show that a portion of these disorders could not be diagnosed in the acute situation without using a standardized test battery. Therefore clinical examination should be supplemented by standardized tests in routine diagnosis of speech disorders in acute stroke units in order to treat every patient adequately as soon as possible.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Recruitment of fusiform face area associated with listening to degraded speech sounds in auditory-visual speech perception: a PET study.

For the fast and accurate cognition of external information, the human brain seems to integrate information from multi-sensory modalities. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to identify the brain areas related to auditory-visual speech perception. We measured the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of young, normal volunteers during the presentation of dynamic facial movement at vocalization and during a visual control condition (visual noise), both under the two different auditory conditions of normal and degraded speech sounds. The subjects were instructed to listen carefully to the presented speech sound while keeping their eyes open and to say what they heard. The PET data showed that elevation of rCBF in the right fusiform gyrus (known as the "face area") was not significant when the subjects listened to normal speech sound accompanied by a dynamic image of the speaker's face, but was significant when degraded speech sound (filtered with a 500 Hz low-pass filter) was presented with the facial image. The results of the present study confirm the possible involvement of the fusiform face area (FFA) in auditory-visual speech perception, especially when auditory information is degraded, and suggest that visual information is interactively recruited to make up for insufficient auditory information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Influence of mothers' slower speech on their children's speech rate.

This study investigated the effects on children's speech rate when their mothers talked more slowly. Six mothers and their normally speaking 3-year-olds (3 girls and 3 boys) were studied using single-subject A-B-A-B designs. Conversational speech rates of mothers were reduced by approximately half in the experimental (B) conditions. Five of the six children appeared to reduce their speech rates when their mothers spoke more slowly. This was confirmed by paired t tests (p < .05) that showed significant decreases in the 5 children's speech rate over the two B conditions. These findings suggest that when mothers substantially decrease their speech rates in a controlled situation, their children also decrease their speech rates. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Speech recognition and dysarthria: a single subject study of two individuals with profound impairment of speech and motor control.

This study investigated the use of the speech recognition system Dragon Dictate as an augmentative method of computer access for two individuals with cerebral palsy, including severe motor dysfunction and dysarthria. Single subject design was used and measures of computer access system effectiveness and speech production were used before, during and after intervention. The users' original switch access system was compared to a combination of their switch access system and speech recognition, by counting the number of correct entries. Adding speech recognition increased the number of correct entries by 40% for one of the participants. The other participant did not complete the intervention protocol. An independent judge rated speech production. No changes in speech were observed. Dragon Dictate is time-consuming to learn and demands a high level of motivation, but can be beneficial to a person who has profound dysarthria and great difficulties in accessing the computer.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Motor cortex dynamics in visuomotor production of speech and non-speech mouth movements.

We investigated timing and hemispheric balance of motor cortex activation when kinetically similar speech and non-speech mouth movements and sequences of such movements were triggered by visually presented letter- and symbol-strings. As an index of motor cortex activation, we used magnetoencephalographic recording of task-related change of precentral 20 Hz (16-24 Hz) activity. Suppression of the 20 Hz rhythm revealed pre-movement activation in the face representation areas that was tied to visual instruction, not movement onset. The 20 Hz rhythm remained suppressed throughout the preparation and execution of mouth movements and was followed by post-movement rebound. Left hemisphere preceded the right at the onset and offset of the suppression, similarly for isolated and sequential speech and non-speech movements. Pattern of task-related change in 20 Hz activity was otherwise symmetrical. In the face areas, the overall modulation of 20 Hz activity increased with sequence length and motor demands. Hand representation areas showed also weak reactivity, with systematically larger modulation of 20 Hz activity for non-speech than speech movements. Our results suggest an active role for the motor cortex in cognitive control of visually triggered mouth movements, not limited to movement execution.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Hemispheric balance in coding speech and non-speech sounds in Chinese participants.

To study the role of neuromagnetic auditory approximately 100-ms responses (N100m) in phonetic processing, we recorded N100m in 24 right-handed Chinese participants using a whole-head neuromagnetometer. The stimuli included vowel /a/ and consonant-vowels /ba/ and /da/, spoken by one Chinese speaker, and a 1-kHz tone. N100m to tones was larger in the right hemisphere, whereas that to speech sounds was bilaterally similar. The amplitude ratio of speech to non-speech N100m was larger in the left hemisphere. N100m dipoles in the left hemisphere were approximately 2 mm more anterior for speech than for tone stimuli. The results suggest that N100m reflects both acoustics and phonetic processing. Moreover, the ratio of speech to non-speech activation in individual hemispheres may be useful for language lateralization.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Auditory and visual speech perception: confirmation of a modality-independent source of individual differences in speech recognition.

Two experiments were run to determine whether individual differences in auditory speech-recognition abilities are significantly correlated with those for speech reading (lipreading), employing a total sample of 90 normal-hearing college students. Tests include single words and sentences, recorded on a videodisc by a male speaker [Bernstein and Eberhardt, Johns Hopkins Lipreading Corpus, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1986]. The auditory speech was presented with a white noise masker, at -7 dB Sp/N. The correlations between overall auditory and visual performance were 0.52 and 0.43 in the two experiments, consistent with the existence of a modality-independent ability to perceive linguistic "wholes" on the basis of linguistic fragments. Subjects in the second experiment also identified printed sentences, with 40%-60% portions of the printed characters deleted. Performance on this graphical "fragmented-sentences test" also correlated significantly with auditory speech recognition, providing a possible clue to the cognitive basis for the look-versus-listen correlation. The existence of a modality-independent source of variance in speech-recognition abilities may be a partial explanation of the difficulty in demonstrating strong associations between psychoacoustic measures of spectral or temporal acuity, and speech discrimination or identification. Female subjects in both experiments were significantly better lipreaders than their male counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Speech-based interaction with in-vehicle computers: the effect of speech-based e-mail on drivers' attention to the roadway.

As computer applications for cars emerge, a speech-based interface offers an appealing alternative to the visually demanding direct manipulation interface. However, speech-based systems may pose cognitive demands that could undermine driving safety. This study used a car-following task to evaluate how a speech-based e-mail system affects drivers' response to the periodic braking of a lead vehicle. The study included 24 drivers between the ages of 18 and 24 years. A baseline condition with no e-mail system was compared with a simple and a complex e-mail system in both simple and complex driving environments. The results show a 30% (310 ms) increase in reaction time when the speech-based system is used. Subjective workload ratings and probe questions also indicate that speech-based interaction introduces a significant cognitive load, which was highest for the complex e-mail system. These data show that a speech-based interface is not a panacea that eliminates the potential distraction of in-vehicle computers. Actual or potential applications of this research include design of in-vehicle information systems and evaluation of their contributions to driver distraction.

Attention↗
PubMed1999

The persuasiveness of synthetic speech versus human speech.

Is computer-synthesized speech as persuasive as the human voice when presenting an argument? After completing an attitude pretest, 193 participants were randomly assigned to listen to a persuasive appeal under three conditions: a high-quality synthesized speech system (DECtalk Express), a low-quality synthesized speech system (Monologue), and a tape recording of a human voice. Following the appeal, participants completed a posttest attitude survey and a series of questionnaires designed to assess perceptions of speech qualities, perceptions of the speaker, and perceptions of the message. The human voice was generally perceived more favorably than the computer-synthesized voice, and the speaker was perceived more favorably when the voice was a human voice than when it was computer synthesized. There was, however, no evidence that computerized speech, as compared with the human voice, affected persuasion or perceptions of the message. Actual or potential applications of this research include issues that should be considered when designing synthetic speech systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Adding user-friendliness and ease of implementation to continuous speech recognition technology with speech macros: case studies.

Continuous Speech Recognition Technology implementation is expensive, and the failure of leading companies in this niche can hamper usefulness. C-SRT, if deployed and used with speech macros, experiences vastly improved implementations and drastically reduces medical transcription costs.A speech macro is a short phrase that is automatically translated into a block of text or a graphic display. A more powerful form of speech macro can bring up predefined templates and insert spoken text into the proper position automatically, based on its interpretation. Cases from the author's consulting experiences and from medical journals emphasize the need for speech macros from a cost-benefit standpoint. A prototype program is introduced that facilitates the process of creating macros. The need for macro management software is reconciled with current research on speech recognition and technology adoption. A planned experiment is discussed.

Speech Recognition Software↗
PubMed1977

Validation norms for speech discrimination scores of normal-hearing subjects in wide-band and in speech-spectrum noise at S/N 0 DB.

W-22 lists were given at 40 db re SRT with a Maico MA-24B audiometer and attachments to 20 normal-hearing adults in quiet and in combination with either wide-band or speech-spectrum noise at S/N = 0, monaurally by earphone and binaurally by loudspeaker(s). No systematic L-R differences were observed. DS in quiet by any condition was at or near 100%. Mean DS in noise by monaural earphone was 79.80 +/- 13.3 for wide-band noise and 54.7 +/- 12.7 for speech-spectrum noise. When speech and noise were from two different loudspeakers placed +/- 45 degrees from midline, DS was 90.8 +/- 9.5 for wide-band noise and 88.1 +/- 7.8 for speech-spectrum noise. When both speech and noise came from the same loudspeaker, DS was 79.10 +/- 10.3 for wide-band noise and 57.0 +/- 21.8 for speech-spectrum noise. These values are proposed as provisional norms for clinical facilities using these conditions and employing similar instrumentation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of speech intelligibility after a secondary dehiscence operation using an artificial graft in patients with speech disorders after partial glossectomy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate speech intelligibility after a dehiscence operation using artificial grafts for patients with speech disorders after partial glossectomy that were caused by scars resulting from the primary operation. The subjects were six men and three women, who had had a partial glossectomy for tongue cancer followed by direct closure without reconstruction. They were operated on a second time operation to mobilise the residual tongue by dividing the cicatrix. An artificial graft was applied to the wound to maintain the dehiscence. Speech intelligibility was evaluated by a standardised Japanese speech intelligibility test before, and 6 and 12 months after the second operation. The intelligibility scores significantly improved during the first 6 months after the second operation, and continued to improve slightly during the following 6 months. This study suggests that the dehiscence operation using an artificial graft could improve speech in patients after partial glossectomy.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The fragile nature of the speech-perception deficit in dyslexia: natural vs synthetic speech.

A number of studies reported that developmental dyslexics are impaired in speech perception, especially for speech signals consisting of rapid auditory transitions. These studies mostly made use of a categorical-perception task with synthetic-speech samples. In this study, we show that deficits in the perception of synthetic speech do not generalise to the perception of more naturally sounding speech, even if the same experimental paradigm is used. This contrasts with the assumption that dyslexics are impaired in the perception of rapid auditory transitions.

Auditory Perceptual Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Perception of postpalatoplasty speech differences in school-age children by parents, teachers, and professional speech pathologists.

The aims of this study were twofold: (1) to test the ability of parents and teachers to discriminate the speech of children with repaired cleft palate from that of their unaffected peers and (2) to compare these lay assessments of speech acceptability with the critical perceptual assessments of expert clinicians. The subjects for this study were 20 children of school age (age range, 8 to 12 years) who were drawn from a large population (n = 1282) of patients. All subjects had been referred for palatoplasty to the same tertiary cleft center between 1978 and 1991. There were 16 matched controls. The listening team included parents of subjects (n = 32) and teachers of age-matched school children (n = 12). Randomized master audiotape recordings of the study group were presented in blinded fashion to both groups of the adult raters, who were inexperienced in the evaluation of patients with speech dysfunction. An experienced panel of three extramural speech pathologists evaluated the same recordings. In all parameters rated, both parents and teachers showed a consistent tendency to give the subject children more negative ratings than the control children. Expert raters were sensitive to differences in resonance and intelligibility in the control and cleft palate groups. Results of this study differ from similar previous research, indicating that naive peer raters (similar-age children) were insensitive to speech differences in the cleft palate and control groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The response of the apparent receptive speech disorder of Parkinson's disease to speech therapy.

Eleven patients with Parkinson's disease were tested for prosodic abnormality, on three tests of speech production (of angry, questioning, and neutral statement forms), and four tests of appreciation of the prosodic features of speech and facial expression. The tests were repeated after a control period of two weeks without speech therapy and were not substantially different. After two weeks of intensive domiciliary prosodic therapy, the prosodic abnormality score was improved, as were three of the four tests of recognition of the prosodic features of speech and facial expression, and two of the three tests of production (of angry and questioning forms). The apparent receptive disorder of speech in Parkinson's disease can thus respond to therapy. Possible mechanisms of improvement are briefly discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Speech perception and speech production skills of children with multichannel cochlear implants.

The acquisition of speech perception and speech production skills emerges over a protracted time course in congenitally deaf children with multichannel cochlear implants (CI). Only through comprehensive, longitudinal studies can the full impact of cochlear implantation be assessed. In this study, the performance of CI users was examined longitudinally on a battery of speech perception measures and compared with subjects with profound hearing loss who used conventional hearing aids (HA). The average performance of the multichannel cochlear implant users gradually increased over time and continued to improve even after 5 years of CI use. Speech intelligibility was assessed from recordings of the subjects' elicited speech and played to panels of listeners. Intelligibility was scored in terms of percentage of words correctly understood. The average scores for subjects who had used their CI for 4 years or more exceeded 40%.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1985

Issues in speech motor control and their relation to the speech of individuals with cleft palate.

A view of speech motor control is presented that is different from conventional coarticulation models. Rather than assuming that phonetic units specify targets for peripheral events, this view is based on holistic behavioral goals. The importance of discovering strategies that organize interactions among physiologic processes of the speech motor system is stressed. The concepts of motor flexibility and plasticity are developed. These motor control issues are used as the basis for discussing the relations among speech motor processes, critical minimum velopharyngeal port size, and speech adequacy in speakers with cleft palate. Different meanings of velopharyngeal incompetency are considered, and a potential misuse of the concept is explained. Finally, the developmental character of motor plasticity is discussed, and the implications of critical periods in speech motor learning are raised for children with cleft palate.

Cleft Palate↗