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PubMed2001

A comparison of the National Death Index and Social Security Administration databases to ascertain vital status.

We compared vital status follow-up by the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration for a cohort of breast cancer patients. Only the National Death Index allowed follow-up for subjects with an unknown Social Security number. All of the deaths identified by the Social Security Administration were reported by the National Death Index. No subject reported to be alive by the Social Security Administration matched a National Death Index record. Subjects with inaccurate identifying information were more effectively followed up by the National Death Index. The National Death Index more accurately reported dates of death.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1987

The Social Security program and the private sector alternative: lessons from history.

As the Social Security program in the United States emerged from the crisis of the 1970s with a solid set of reforms intended to guarantee the program's financial solvency into the twenty-first century, a new attack on the system arose in the form of debates centering around the relationship of the Social Security fund to the federal deficit. Conservative economists used concerns about the national economy as fuel for their own arguments that Social Security has negatively affected the economy and that heavier reliance should be placed on private sector benefits. This paper uses historical evidence to analyze how adequately private sector benefits functioned in the past. Among the conclusions reached are that the private sector failed to provide adequate protection for older citizens, and that benefits were inequitably distributed on the basis of gender and social class. Any tendency toward heavier reliance on the private sector for provisions for old age security would only exacerbate existing inequalities.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Forty-fifth anniversary of social security.

August 14, 1980, marks the 45th anniversary of the signing of the Social Security Act. Across the country, we have held town meetings where people have discussed the past 45 years of social security and assessed the implications for the future. Now I would like to take the opportunity to convey my personal views of the past and future of social security, both as Commissioner and as an individual who has watched the program evolve over the years.

Anniversaries and Special Events↗
PubMed1999

Termination of social security benefits among Los Angeles recipients disabled by substance abuse.

OBJECTIVES: Although a 1996 federal law terminated Social Security disability benefits to individuals disabled primarily by drug addiction and alcoholism, many were expected to successfully appeal for recertification based on mental illness. This study examined appeal and recertification in Los Angeles County. METHODS: Data for 2,001 persons receiving Social Security disability benefits in 1996 because of substance abuse disability were obtained from the referral and monitoring agency, where each person had completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) during an initial visit in the past two years. Administrative data were obtained from the Social Security Administration. Severity of psychiatric symptoms--low, medium, or high--was based on the composite score on the ASI psychiatric subscale. Logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between severity and appeal and recertification status. RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of the subjects scored in the medium- or high-severity range. Appeals were made by 80 percent of the 506 recipients with high scores, 72 percent of the 510 recipients with medium scores, and 74 percent of the 985 recipients with low scores. Recertification rates were 60 percent, 45 percent, and 47 percent, respectively. Compared with recipients who had low scores, those with high scores were more likely to appeal and to be recertified. However, benefits were terminated for 51 percent of recipients with high scores, including all those who did not appeal. CONCLUSIONS: Many recipients of Social Security disability benefits with comorbid psychiatric problems lost benefits either because they did not appeal or because their appeal was denied.

Comorbidity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human milk substitutes in Mexican social security services during 1990].

An analysis of the amount, type, trade mark, cost and distribution procedures of milk formulas in the IMSS (Mexican Social Security Institute) and ISSSTE (Social Security Institute for Government Employees) during 1990 is presented. During this year, IMSS purchased 19 million cans of powdered milk (454 g each) with a total expenditure of 20 million U.S. dollars. Mothers have the right to receive 36 cans during the first six months of their baby's life. The type of milk formula distributed included whole milk (53.3%), modified milk (43.2%), and soy derived milk (3.5%). As the number of births during the same period was 706,077, the average of cans per child was 27.1. ISSSTE purchased 3.7 million cans of milk with an expenditure of 6 million U.S. dollars; 42.4 per cent as whole milk, 55 per cent modified milk, and 2.6 per cent soy derived milk. Although this institution should provide 27 cans per child, the average was 46.5. The early age at which powdered milk is introduced to babies and the high cost (in economic and health terms) of this practice indicate the need to review newborn feeding policies within the two major social security agencies in the country.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1983

Financial status of the Social Security Program.

This study, originally a background paper for the National Commission on Social Security Reform and published as Appendix J in the Commission's Report, outlines the dimensions of the financing problem the Commission addressed. Prepared by Robert J. Myers, the Commission's Executive Director and a former Deputy Commissioner and Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration, it discusses, in turn, the operational and funding procedures of the Social Security Trust Funds, the measures developed to determine the financial soundness of the program, and the financial status of each trust fund in the past, at present, and projected for the future. The author shows how program funding was gradually shifted from a modified-reserve to a pay-as-you-go basis and how the balance between income and outgo was disrupted by adverse economic conditions during 1979-81, when prices rose more rapidly than wages and unemployment was substantially higher than anticipated. Using several different economic assumptions, Myers estimates how extensive the deficits of the program could be over the short run (the remainder of the 1980's) and over the long term (the period 1982-2055).

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1999

Social Security, retirement incentives, and retirement behavior: an international perspective.

Escalating rates of early retirement are imposing fiscal pressure on retirement systems around the world. In some developed countries, the labor-force participation rates of men ages 60-64 have fallen by 75 percent over the last three decades. One explanation for this striking decline is social security program provisions which create disincentives to continued labor-force participation by older workers. There are substantial differences among developed nations in the labor-force participation of older workers. While two-thirds of 60-year-old American males are working, only one-quarter of men that age are working in Belgium. Over the entire 55-65 age range, 63 percent of American males are working, compared with only 40 percent of French males and 33 percent of Belgians males. There is strong evidence that the early retirement provisions of social security systems in developed countries determine the modal age of retirement. There is a strong relationship between early retirement ages and labor-force withdrawal rates; for example, in France, 60 percent of those working at the early entitlement age of 60 leave the labor force at that age. The core of this analysis is the construction of "implicit tax/subsidy rates" on additional work at older ages through each nation's social security system. These rates measure the change in a worker's retirement wealth entitlement from delaying retirement for one year, relative to the amount that would have been earned over that year. The U.S. Social Security system has an actuarial adjustment for delayed benefits claiming and other features that avoid financial incentives to leave the labor force at age 62 for a married worker, there is a slight disincentive to work for single workers and high wage earners. However, at ages 65 and older there is a stronger incentive to leave the labor force, with implicit tax rates on work of 19 percent for married workers and 33 percent for single workers. By comparison, other nations do not have actuarially fair adjustments, and as a result impose substantial taxes on additional work at older ages. In several countries, implicit tax rates on work at older ages approach or exceed 100 percent. This is because by delaying retirement, workers forgo benefits which often replace close to their full wage, in addition to having to pay the high payroll taxes required to finance generous social security benefits. There is a striking correlation across nations between high implicit tax rates on additional work and low labor-force participation rates among older workers. This suggests that social security program incentives are an important determinant of retirement. These findings have important policy implications for reforming social security programs in the United States and abroad. Policymakers must consider how program reforms will affect incentives for continued work at older ages.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1989

Income and assets of Social Security beneficiaries by type of benefit.

The SIPP data have provided a first look at the relative economic status of various types of Social Security beneficiaries. They have shown that the different types of Social Security beneficiaries face very different economic circumstances. Retired workers and wife beneficiaries have the highest family incomes adjusted for family size. Aged widows and minor children have the lowest family incomes, with high proportions of poor or near poor. And disabled workers are in between, but also have high proportions of poor or near poor. Retired-worker and wife beneficiary households also have considerably more asset holdings than disabled-worker or widow beneficiary households. Beneficiaries with high family incomes are very likely to live with relatives and to rely heavily on the relatives' income. The high-income families tend to have non-means-tested sources of family income other than Social Security amounting to substantial proportions of their total income and to have high asset holdings. Conversely, beneficiaries with low family incomes are very likely to live alone or with nonrelatives, to rely heavily on Social Security and means-tested benefits, and to have low asset holdings. A majority of ever-poor beneficiaries (with the exception of widow beneficiaries) are poor in only some months of a year. This situation is not consistent with the stereotype of beneficiaries living on fixed incomes. But the change in poverty status is often due to a change in the income of other family members rather than of the beneficiary. And in some cases, a change in poverty status occurs with little or no change in income as the cost of living rises.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Social security and fertility: an international perspective.

A number of population scholars have asserted that social security programs such as old-age programs lead to decreased fertility levels because parents need not rely on children for "security" in old age. There is, however, a paucity of empirical data on the above. This paper analyzes 67 countries and shows that social security programs have a measurable negative effect on subsequent levels of fertility. In fact, the social security programs appear to have as much of an independent impact on fertility as do the traditional correlates of fertility (infant mortality, education and per capita income).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A critique of the case for privatizing Social Security.

This article presents and then critiques arguments made by those advocating the privatization of Social Security. It refutes the argument that baby boomers will find themselves without Social Security pensions unless fundamental changes are made. It questions the claims that privatization would increase economic growth, reduce the federal deficit, make the nation more competitive in the global economy, protect workers against payroll tax increases, protect boomers against pension benefit cuts, and increase confidence in Social Security. It argues that for low-wage workers, returns on contributions would probably decrease and future benefits would become politically more vulnerable.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Social security financing.

After nearly 2 years of study, the 1979 Advisory Council on Social Security submitted its findings and recommendations in December. In February the Bulletin published the Executive Summary of the Council's report. Because of the continuing wide public interest in the future of social security financing, the Council's detailed findings and recommendations on that subject are published below. The Council unanimously reports that all current and future beneficiaries can count on receiving the payments to which they are entitled. Among the recommendations it calls for are partial financing with nonpayroll-tax revenues. Suggested changes include hospital insurance (HI) financed through portins of personal and corporate income taxes and a part of the HI insurance payroll tax diverted to cash benefits with the balance of this tax repealed. The Council also recommends that the social security cash benefits program be brought into long-run actuarial balance--with a payroll-tax rate increase in the year 2005. It rejects the idea of a value-added tax as being inflationary. Parenthetical remarks represent additional views of the Council members cited.

Cost Allocation↗
PubMed1983

Purchasing power of U.S. Social Security benefits abroad, 1970-82.

This article examines whether the small number of Social Security beneficiaries living abroad enjoy a higher standard of living than they would with the same benefits if they lived in the United States. The article addresses this question using two methods. First, absolute comparisons of U.S. dollar purchasing power abroad are made using "purchasing power parities," a method recently developed to allow international comparisons of real standards of living. Second, the effects of changes in Social Security benefit levels, exchange rates, and rates of inflation on the relative value of benefits abroad are measured. Both methods show considerable instability in purchasing power of Social Security benefits in the 1970's. Although beneficiaries in 1970 generally could live better abroad than in the United States, this advantage eroded considerably during the 1970's, followed by some improvement in 1981-82.

Economics↗
PubMed2004

The cost of eliminating the 24-month Medicare waiting period for Social Security disabled-worker beneficiaries.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of eliminating the 24-month waiting period for Medicare entitlement for Social Security disabled-worker beneficiaries. There is concern that the waiting period could currently result in reduced access to health care. DATA: : The study linked Social Security and Medicare administrative records. METHODS: Social Security records were used to identify a 20% sample of disabled workers aged 61 or less and newly entitled to Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) in 1995 (n = 105,328). These records were linked to Medicare enrollment and claims data for 1997-2000. Cost prediction models were developed from the linked data to predict monthly Medicare costs. The prediction models were then used to estimate what Medicare costs would have been in the first 24 months of SSDI entitlement if the waiting period had been eliminated. RESULTS: Among the sample of new SSDI entitlees in 1995, 11.8% died during the waiting period, 2.1% recovered, and 86.1% became entitled to Medicare. For the first 24 months of SSDI entitlement, Medicare costs were predicted to be 10,055 US dollars per disabled worker in year 2000 dollars. Costs varied substantially by diagnostic group and whether the person died or recovered during the waiting period. CONCLUSIONS: Extrapolating from the study sample, predicted Medicare costs for the 24-month waiting period were 5.3 billion US dollars (inflation-adjusted to year 2000 dollars) for all disabled workers aged 61 or less and newly entitled to SSDI in 1995.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Federal old-age, survivors and disability insurance and Supplemental Security Income for the Aged, Blind, and Disabled; medical and other evidence of your impairment(s) and definition of medical consultant. Social Security Administration. Final rules.

We are revising the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability regulations regarding sources of evidence for establishing the existence of a medically determinable impairment under title II and title XVI of the Social Security Act (the Act). We are doing this to clarify and expand the list of acceptable medical sources and to revise the definition of the term "medical consultant" to include additional acceptable medical sources.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2004

The Social Security amendments of 1960: completing the foundation for Medicare and Medicaid.

The expansion of social security coverage enabled northern, industrial states to transfer a larger share of their Old Age Assistance (OAA) clients to the Social Security (OASDI) rolls at an earlier date than was possible in southern, agricultural states. Due to the differential rate of transferring clients, northern states could achieve a larger financial return from the establishment of Medicare while an increase in federal medical reimbursement for public assistance clients was more beneficial to southern jurisdictions. Although public opinion overwhelmingly supported the former option, partisan presidential politics and a split in the Democratic ranks enabled southern Democrats to thwart the will of the people by enacting legislation that significantly expanded federal contributions for the health care of indigent, elderly citizens. The evidence, therefore, indicates that regional differences in the share of elderly citizens receiving OASDI and OAA benefits contributed to the suppression of Medicare amendments. It is also evident that, in the absence of a presidential veto threat, southern opposition to Social Security health insurance would have been muted and Congress may gave enacted Medicare legislation in 1960 instead of 1965.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Multinational corporate penetration, industrialism, region, and social security expenditures: a cross-national analysis.

This study examines the determinants of spending on social security programs. We draw predictions from industrialism and dependency theories for the explanation of social security programs. The explanations are tested with data on seventy-five nations, representative of core, semipheripheral and peripheral nations. Industrialization variables such as the percentage of older adults and economic productivity have strong effects in models involving all nations, as does multinational corporate (MNC) penetration in extraction, particularly when region is controlled; such penetration is negatively associated with spending on social security. We then look at industrialism and dependency effects for peripheral and non-core nations alone. The effects of all industrialization variables, except economic productivity, appear insignificant for peripheral nations, while the effects of region and multinational corporate penetration in extractive and agricultural industries appears significant. Models involving all non-core nations (peripheral and semi-peripheral) look more like models for all nations than for peripheral nations alone.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The effects of social security on population and output growth.

"In this paper we have considered two unfunded social security programs. Under the conventional system, benefits are related to aggregate fertility; under the hypothetical fertility-related system, benefits are directly linked to individual fertility. The effects on fertility and per capita growth rates of the two social security systems are examined in the context of endogenous growth." The relative merits of the two systems for developing and developed countries are considered. The authors conclude that "the conventional social security system existing in many developed nations may be desirable to...developing countries in reducing population and promoting economic growth. On the other hand, the hypothetical fertility-related system may be useful to developed countries as far as increasing fertility is concerned."

Demography↗
PubMed1997

The politics of dependency estimates: Social Security Board statistics, 1935-1939.

State theorists maintain that Social Security Board (SSB) bureaucrats managed the evolution of public welfare. Institutional politics theory more readily accepts the influences of political interest groups. SSB archival records offer an opportunity to contrast these models and explore the early measurement of old age dependency. In reports designed to protect the 1935 Social Security Act, SSB staff exaggerated the extent of dependency among elderly persons. By 1939, Board statistics clearly showed that children were more impoverished than aged persons. SSB leadership did not repudiate prior estimates and they accepted rising transfers to aged persons, largely because of the political power of interest groups interested in flat pensions. While bureaucrats attempted to control events, an institutional politics approach better explains both the pivotal role of other, political actors and the solidification of the myth of old age impoverishment.

Activities of Daily Living↗