Metallization, surface photovoltage, and quantum-well-type resonance for K-covered Si(100) observed via valence-band photoemission.
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Journal Article↗
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[A study of the field of gamma-irradiation from grid- and wedge-type filters using a miniature transistorized Si(Li) detector].
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Radiometry↗
Type As who think they are type Bs: discrepancies between self-ratings and interview ratings of the type A (coronary-prone) behaviour pattern.
The study described here explored discrepancies between self-ratings and interview ratings of Type A behaviour. A total of 281 patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography underwent a comprehensive psychological assessment including the Type A structured interview (SI), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and two self-report measures of Type A behaviour, the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and the Type A Self-Rating Inventory (TASRI). Two subgroups of patients were identified--Type A subjects whose Type A self-ratings were consistent with the SI classification, and subjects who obtained low self-rating scores and yet were classified as Type A by the SI. A comparison of the MMPI profiles showed that the discordant Type As scored lower on MMPI scales 9 (Ma) and 4 (Pd), and higher on scales 0 (Si), 2 (D) and F. The personality attributes associated with this MMPI pattern are more consistent with individual self-reports of Type A behaviour than observer ratings during the SI.
Coronary Disease↗
Insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Relationship to cardiovascular risk factors: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.
OBJECTIVE: Among nondiabetic subjects, insulin resistance has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired fibrinolysis, and coagulation. Less is known about the relationship between insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: To examine this issue, we determined insulin sensitivity (SI) in 479 type 2 diabetic subjects by minimal model analyses of frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), a large multicenter study of insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease in African-Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites. We defined insulin-sensitive subjects as having SI > or = 1.61 x 10(-4) min-1.microU-1.ml-1 (above median in nondiabetic subjects of all ethnic groups in the IRAS). Using this definition, only 37 type 2 diabetic subjects were insulin sensitive, and the remaining 442 were insulin resistant. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, and clinic, insulin resistance was significantly correlated with total triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, VLDL triglyceride, fibrinogen, PAI-1, and fasting glucose, and was inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol level and LDL size. Carotid intimal-medial thickness was greater in insulin-resistant than in insulin-sensitive subjects, but this difference was not statistically significant. After further adjustment for waist circumference (marker of visceral adiposity), insulin-resistant subjects continued to have higher plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and VLDL triglyceride levels, lower HDL cholesterol levels, and smaller LDL particle size than did insulin-sensitive subjects. After further adjustment for fasting glucose levels, these results were very similar. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic subjects have more atherogenic cardiovascular risk factor profiles than insulin-sensitive type 2 diabetic subjects and that this is only partially related to increased obesity and an adverse body fat distribution.
Black or African American↗
beta-Y(2)Si(2)O(7), a new thortveitite-type compound, determined at 100 and 280 K.
A new form of Y(2)Si(2)O(7) (diyttrium heptaoxodisilicate) has been synthesized which is isotypic with thortveitite, Sc(2)Si(2)O(7), and crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group C2/m, both at 100 and 280 K. The Y(3+) cation occupies a distorted octahedral site, with Y-O bond lengths in the range 2.239 (2)-2.309 (2) A. The SiO(4) tetrahedron is remarkably regular, with Si-O bond lengths in the range 1.619 (2)-1.630 (2) A. The bridging O atom of the Si(2)O(7) pyrosilicate group shows a large anisotropic displacement perpendicular to the Si-O bond. Changes in lattice and structural parameters upon cooling are small with, however, a distinct decrease of the anisotropic displacement of the briding O atom. Structure solution and refinement in the non-centrosymmetric space group C2 are possible but do not yield a significantly different structure model. The Si-O-Si bond angle of the isolated Si(2)O(7) groups is 179.2 (1) degrees at 280 K in C2 and 180 degrees per symmetry in C2/m. The C2/m structure model is favoured.
Journal Article↗
Qualitative differences in the behavior of pneumoncoccal deoxyribonucleic acids transforming to the same capsular type.
A method is described for estimating quantitatively the frequency of transformation of pneumococci to new capsular types. It is found that, when S-(III) cells are exposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from wild-type I strains, transformation to SI occurs at a frequency 20 to 60 times that of transformation to the binary type SI-III. SI markers on DNA isolated from binary strains behave qualitatively and quantitatively in a different manner from the same markers on DNA from wild-type I strains and will transform S-(III) cells only to SI-III. Strains are described which produce only one capsular polysaccharide, but which are genetically binary and carry a second capsular genome with a mutated gene so that the second polysaccharide is not produced. Stability and other characteristics of binary strains are discussed, and one hypothesis for the genetic organization of binary strains is presented.
Chromosome Mapping↗
Treating Type A behaviours and mild hypertension in middle-aged men.
Unmedicated mildly hypertensive Type A men were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: stress management intervention training (N = 15), Type A management (N = 15), and delayed Type A management intervention. Significantly greater reductions in blood pressure at rest and during the Type A structured interview were found following the active interventions than during the minimal treatment control period of the delayed intervention. Type A management was more successful in changing a number of Type A behaviours, including anger, hostility and global Type A behaviour. Changes on measures of anger-in, -out, hostility, and SI ratings of Type A behaviour were associated with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity during interview.
Adult↗
Insertion of primary syncytium-inducing (SI) and non-SI envelope V3 loops in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LAI reduces neutralization sensitivity to autologous, but not heterologous, HIV-1 antibodies.
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of V3 loops from naturally occurring viruses on the neutralization sensitivity of a molecularly cloned virus. A selection of well-defined syncytium-inducing (SI) and non-SI V3 loops of a single human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individual (H594) and the V3 regions of two SI laboratory strains were inserted in an infectious molecular clone of human immunodeficiency type 1 LAI. Neutralization was performed with a heterologous serum pool and autologous patient serum, using the virus reduction neutralization assay and peripheral blood lymphocytes as target cells. High sensitivity of the chimeric viruses containing the laboratory strain V3 regions to neutralization by H594 sequential sera as well as the heterologous serum pool was found. A statistically significant correlation between the sensitivities of these viruses was seen. In contrast, insertion of the primary isolate NSI and SI envelope V3 loops significantly reduced the neutralization by autologous serum but not by the heterologous serum pool. No correlation was found between the neutralization of the viruses with laboratory strain-derived V3 regions and the viruses with primary isolate V3 domains. We conclude that heterologous antibodies are able to neutralize infectious molecular clones with V3 loops of both SI and NSI viruses, regardless of whether they originated from laboratory strains or primary isolates. However, serum of patient H594 discriminated between the two types of viruses and showed reduced neutralization of the viruses with the autologous NSI and SI primary isolate V3 loops. These results indicated that the neutralization sensitivity of the viruses depended on the capacity of the V3 region to influence the conformation of the virus envelope. These V3-dependent conformational changes partially explain the neutralization sensitivity of laboratory strains and the relative neutralization resistance of primary isolates.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
The synthesis of allyl ether functionalized siloxane monomers under ultrasonic irradiation at ambient conditions.
The novel class of cationic UV-curable allyl ether functionalized siloxane monomers type CH2=CH-CH2-O-R-O-Si(CH3)3 and type CH2=CH-CH2-O-R-O-Si(CH3)2-O-R-CH2-CH=CH2 have been synthesized in excellent yields in short times at ambient temperature conditions in the absence of any added catalyst by the classical silylation reactions of homoallyloxyalcohols with chlorosilanes under ultrasonic irradiation.
Journal Article↗
Thought disorder and schizophrenia: isolating and timing a mental event.
This study explored the ability of nonparanoid schizophrenic, paranoid schizophrenic, and mixed psychiatric control (manics and schizoaffectives) patients to perform on two types of conceptual, speeded inference (SI) tasks, which differ in type of abstraction process required. The subjects (N = 30) were grouped into high and low levels of thought dysfunction, as measured by the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST). There were no differences among the three clinical groups on the conceptual, SI tasks. Reaction times differed reliably across the two SI tasks. High-WIST subjects were impaired on SI accuracy. Significant impairment in accuracy was demonstrated by high-WIST time and error groups on the more complex SI tasks. Information processing deficit was demonstrated in terms of encoding phase and reaction time in problem-solving of the three diagnostic groups as a function of WIST levels.
Adult↗
Psychophysiological reactivity in type A and B women during a rapid information processing task.
Type A and Type B women assessed by a newly developed German questionnaire 'need for control' (NC) were compared with respect to time-pressured information processing performance and to simultaneously recorded psychophysiological reactivity. The task was computer controlled, monetarily reinforced and subject paced. The physiological measurements included the cardiovascular parameters, ECG and finger plethysmographic amplitudes and the noncardiovascular parameters, EMG (frontal muscle), skin conductance reactivity, and respiration. NC-Type A and Type B women did not differ in performance, but the Type As showed stronger vasoconstrictive responses to the task than did the Type Bs. Other physiological intergroup differences were not seen. In addition, the Type As scored significantly higher in nervousness and irritability and marginally higher in depression, reactive aggressivity and neuroticism than did the Type Bs. This particular pattern of NC-Type A/B differences is discussed with regard to relevant differences observed by other studies between SI and JAS Type As and Bs.
Adult↗
A rapid culture alternative to the shell-vial method for the detection of herpes simplex virus.
The rapid test for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in clinical specimens based on infection of cells in suspension (SI test) was compared to the shell-vial culture (SVC) method and conventional culture. Mink lung cells were used throughout the study. Detection of HSV was not significantly different whether using SI or SVC. The sensitivity of SI in detecting HSV, when compared with conventional culture, was 93.0% using 0.1 ml inocula and 98.3% using 0.5 ml inocula. The time to obtain a final result with both SI and SVC was 1 day compared with 1-7 days by conventional culture. The SI method detected both HSV type-1 and HSV type-2 clinical isolates. The SI technique is a simple method for the rapid detection of HSV and can yield diagnostic results with a minimum of technical manipulations.
Animals↗
Role of root hairs and lateral roots in silicon uptake by rice.
The rice plant (Oryza sativa L. cv Oochikara) is known to be a Si accumulator, but the mechanism responsible for the high uptake of Si by the roots is not well understood. We investigated the role of root hairs and lateral roots in the Si uptake using two mutants of rice, one defective in the formation of root hairs (RH2) and another in that of lateral roots (RM109). Uptake experiments with nutrient solution during both a short term (up to 12 h) and relatively long term (26 d) showed that there was no significant difference in Si uptake between RH2 and the wild type (WT), whereas the Si uptake of RM109 was much less than that of WT. The number of silica bodies formed on the third leaf in RH2 was similar to that in WT, but the number of silica bodies in RM109 was only 40% of that in WT, when grown in soil amended with Si under flooded conditions. There was also no difference in the shoot Si concentration between WT and RH2 when grown in soil under upland conditions. Using a multi-compartment transport box, the Si uptake at the root tip (0-1 cm, without lateral roots and root hairs) was found to be similar in WT, RH2, and RM109. However, the Si uptake in the mature zone (1-4 cm from root tip) was significantly lower in RM109 than in WT, whereas no difference was found in Si uptake between WT and RH2. All these results clearly indicate that lateral roots contribute to the Si uptake in rice plant, whereas root hairs do not. Analysis of F(2) populations between RM109 and WT showed that Si uptake was correlated with the presence of lateral roots and that the gene controlling formation of lateral roots and Si uptake is a dominant gene.
Cell Surface Extensions↗
[Angiotensin converting enzyme gene and exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia (SI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: One hundred and eight patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus with normal rest electrocardiograph and 50 healthy individuals were selected randomly. SI was diagnosed with treadmill exercise test and ACE genotypes were detected with PCR. RESULTS: (1) The control group and type 2 diabetes mellitus group had similar distribution of ACE genotypes and alleles (P>0.05). Compared with the non-SI group, the SI group had significantly higher ACE D allele prevalence (Chi-square=4.501, P<0.05); however, the two groups had similar prevalence of ACE genotypes (P>0.05). (2) There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics and serum lipoproteins among the three ACE genotypes (II, DD,ID) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (P>0.05). (3) The prevalence of SI in DD group was found to be 68.2%, which was significantly higher than that in II genotype group (39.5%, Chi-square=4.593, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ACE D allele increases the risk of SI in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Adult↗
Risk factors for myocardial infarction: the importance of relaxation.
Several risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were examined, including history of smoking and hypercholesterolemia, income, education, coronary-prone behaviour by Structured Interview (SI) and the type and quality of stress-reducing relaxing activities, in a case-control study. Our sample included 100 AMI patients (80 males and 20 females, with mean ages 57.3 and 64.1 years, respectively), as well as 100 age- and sex-matched controls. Univariate differences between cases and controls were significant for history of smoking, income level, SI-defined hostility, SI-defined suppression of hostility, amount and type of relaxing activities and history of hypercholesterolemia. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that AMI patients reported significantly lower levels of relaxation and income, but higher levels of suppressed hostility and a higher incidence of hypercholesterolemia. Our findings confirm the significance of hostility and particularly suppressed hostility as AMI risk factors; furthermore, inadequate relaxation was identified as an independent risk factor associated with AMI.
Arousal↗
Psychophysiological reactivity and speech behavior during the Structured Type A Interview and a self-disclosure monologue.
Speech characteristics and the simultaneously recorded psychophysiological reactivity were compared between two tape-recorded speech tests, the Structured Type A Interview (SI) and a standardized 'self-disclosure' monologue (SD) as a non-social speech test. The SD started with a 5-min mental preparation interval followed by 3 subsequent self-reports each lasting 1.5 min. The 26 students used as subjects showed in all cardiovascular parameters (interbeat interval, pulse transit time to the earlobe, finger plethysmographic amplitudes and blood pressure) strong and similar reactivity to both tests. The individual rankings of physiological reactivity turned out to be remarkably constant over all experimental periods, but this reactivity was neither correlated with the Type A scores nor with sex. Modest correlations between the SI and SD test were obtained for word rate, expiratory sighs, and silent latent pauses. Thereby, some speech variables tended to be affected by the Type A behavior, and, to a somewhat stronger extent, by sex. The desirability of a non-social speech test for assessing Type A behavior is discussed.
Adult↗
Chemical Twinning in Zintl Phases.
In the systems Ba/Mg/(Si, Ge), two new ternary Zintl phases with the compositions BaMg(4)Si(3) and BaMg(4)Ge(3) were found and structurally characterized. Both compounds are isotypic and crystallize with a new structure type [BaMg(4)Si(3), P4/mmm, Z = 1, a = 4.6115(9) Å, c = 8.615(2) Å; BaMg(4)Ge(3), P4/mmm, Z = 1, a = 4.6335(8) Å, c = 8.746(2) Å]. The anionic partial structure is built of X(2)(6)(-) dumbbells and isolated X(4)(-) ions (X = Si, Ge), and the structure can be described according to the Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept with the formulation (Ba(2+))(Mg(2+))(4)[X(2)(6)(-)][X(4)(-)]. The BaMg(4)X(3) structure can also be described as a result of the fusion of the structures of Mg(2)X and BaMg(2)X(2). In this regard, BaMg(4)Si(3) and BaMg(4)Ge(3) are very striking examples of chemical twinning.
Journal Article↗
CXCR4 as a functional coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of primary macrophages.
The coreceptors used by primary syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary macrophages were investigated. SI strains using only CXCR4 replicated equally well in macrophages with or without CCR5 and were inhibited by several different ligands for CXCR4 including SDF-1 and bicyclam derivative AMD3100. SI strains that used a broad range of coreceptors including CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, CXCR4, and BONZO infected CCR5-deficient macrophages about 10-fold less efficiently than CCR5(+) macrophages. Moreover, AMD3100 blocked infection of CCR5-negative macrophages by these strains. Our results therefore demonstrate that CXCR4, as well as CCR5, is used for infection of primary macrophages but provide no evidence for the use of alternative coreceptors.
HIV-1↗