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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Shock absorbing material on the shoes of long leg braces for paraplegic walking.

A study was designed to evaluate if shock absorbing material (ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA)) on the shoes of long leg braces could decrease the accelerations and consequent shock forces transmitted through the leg and brace during paraplegic walking. Six male paraplegics (26-55 years old) took part, four using a "swing-to" and two a "swing-through" technique when walking. Recordings comprised accelerometry of leg and brace, force platform measurement, and still photography of the trajectories of the leg segments. Each experimental condition was tested three times with a coefficient of variation (CV) for the measurements ranging from 5-22%. Compared to hard heels, shoes equipped with 20 mm EVA soles decreased the acceleration amplitude in the first 10 msec as well as at maximum for shoe-to-ground contact. With the accelerometer at the malleolus reduction of the amplitude averaged 22% and 12% respectively, and 35% and 21% respectively with the accelerometer on the caliper (p: 0.03-0.1). In a second trial the two "swing-through" walkers had new shoes made with a 10 mm thick EVA heel built in. After 3 months of walking with these shoes tests were carried out with the accelerometer attached to the malleolus both when the new and the former shoes were put on the calipers. CV for these measurements were 15-24%. It was found that the new shoes decreased the amplitudes by up to 62% and 26% on average (all p less than 0.01). The experimental subjects indicated that the EVA soles/heels gave a more comfortable and silent walk, e.g. the "bump" transmitted up through the body to the head diminished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Men's shoes and knee joint torques relevant to the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if men's dress shoes and sneakers increase knee joint torques and play the same role in the development and/or progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) as women's high-heeled dress shoes. METHODS: Three-dimensional data regarding lower extremity torques and motion were collected during walking in 22 healthy men while (1) wearing dress shoes, (2) wearing sneakers, and (3) barefoot. Data were plotted and qualitatively compared; major peak values were statistically compared between conditions. RESULTS: The external knee varus torque in early stance was slightly greater with the dress shoes and sneakers, but this slight increase can be explained by the faster walking speed with shoes. No significant increases were found in any other of the sagittal, coronal, or transverse knee torques when walking with dress shoes and sneakers compared to barefoot. CONCLUSION: Men's dress shoes and sneakers do not significantly affect knee joint torques that may have relevance to the development and/or progression of knee OA.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Role of EVA viscoelastic properties in the protective performance of a sport shoe: computational studies.

Modern sport shoes are designed to attenuate mechanical stress waves, mainly through deformation of the viscoelastic midsole which is typically made of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. Shock absorption is obtained by flow of air through interconnected air cells in the EVA during shoe deformation under body-weight. However, when the shoe is overused and air cells collapse or thickness of the EVA is reduced, shock absorption capacity may be affected, and this may contribute to running injuries. Using lumped system and finite element models, we studied heel pad stresses and strains during heel-strike in running, considering the viscoelastic constitutive behavior of both the heel pad and EVA midsole. In particular, we simulated wear cases of the EVA, manifested in the modeling by reduced foam thickness, increased elastic stiffness, and shorter stress relaxation with respect to new shoe conditions. Simulations showed that heel pad stresses and strains were sensitive to viscous damping of the EVA. Wear of the EVA consistently increased heel pad stresses, and reduced EVA thickness was the most influential factor, e.g., for a 50% reduction in thickness, peak heel pad stress increased by 19%. We conclude that modeling of the heel-shoe interaction should consider the viscoelastic properties of the tissue and shoe components, and the age of the studied shoe.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1986

[After care of surgically treated ruptures of the outer ligaments of the anterior ankle joint with special reference to the special Dr. Spring shoe].

P.o. treatment of ankle joint ligament ruptures via the special shoe "adimed-STABIL" can avoid the disadvantages of complete immobilisation with a cast. An essential condition for this type of management is the reliable prevention of extreme movements by means of this shoe, such as supination, adduction as well as maximal extension and flexion. In 10 patients with ankle joint ligament ruptures we could demonstrate that the special shoe could not fulfil these requirements, as demonstrated by stress x-rays with the correctly laced shoe under anaesthesia. Due to these results immobilisation of the ankle joint by cast after reconstruction of the ligaments appears to be the method of choice. Our observations in cases of ankle joint lesions could not confirm the fear that prolonged cast immobilisation would lead to trophic changes and would require functional physiotherapy. Because of the disadvantages of the special shoe in respect of insufficient stability, high cost, lack of ventilation and the problems involved in applying or taking off the shoe, or in remaining in "shoeless condition", we can recommend using this shoe in aftercare treatment in exceptional cases only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The effects of shoe design parameters on rearfoot control in running.

Control of the amount and/or rate of pronation of the foot which occurs during distance running has been cited as an important consideration for runners when selecting a running shoe. In this study, high-speed movie film was taken from the rear while 10 subjects ran on a treadmill at a pace of 3.8 m X s-1. These subjects wore 36 different shoes in combinations of three midsole hardnesses, three heel flares, and four heel heights. The film data were digitized and used to determine the eversion or inversion of the heel relative to the lower leg throughout foot contact. Because eversion of the foot is a component of pronation it was used as a predictor of how much pronation was occurring. It was found that shoes with soft midsoles (25 durometer, Shore A scale) allowed significantly more maximum pronation (MP) and total rearfoot movement (TRM) than shoes with either medium (35 durometer) or hard (45 durometer) midsoles. Shoes with 0 degrees heel flare allowed significantly more MP and TRM than shoes with either 15 degrees or 30 degrees heel flares. Heel height was found to have no significant effect on either MP or TRM. These data provide guidelines for the construction of running shoes designed to limit rearfoot movement.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1975

Torques developed by different types of shoes on various playing surfaces.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of shoe type, playing surface, weight supported and stance position upon the torques developed at the shoe-turf interface. The study was predicated upon the assumption that many knee injuries are torque-related and due to foot fixation, either by rigid cleating or by excessive traction between the shoe and playing surface. A laboratory apparatus was designed to measure the torque developed by various shoe-surface combinations. Under investigation were 11 shoe types, three artificial surfaces and natural grass, two player weights, and two player foot-stance positions. Torque data were gathered using impact loading, with an impact energy that is probably often experienced under competitive playing conditions. Resulting data indexed the shoes according to the mean torques developed on each of the playing surfaces, and comparisons of torque data with field studies by other researchers suggested which shoe-surface combinations might be the most potentially hazardous.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Effects of high-top and low-top shoes on ankle inversion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in the rate and amount of ankle inversion in subjects wearing high-top and low-top shoes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects were filmed at 60 Hz while on an inversion platform that suddenly inverted the right ankle 35 degrees . We measured 5 trials of sudden inversion for each subject in high-top and low-top shoes. SUBJECTS: Twenty male subjects with no history of lower leg injury within the previous 6 months. MEASUREMENTS: We measured ankle inversion using video motion analysis techniques at 60 Hz. A2 x 5 factorial repeated- measures analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences in the amount of inversion, average rate of inversion, and maximum rate of inversion. RESULTS: The high-top shoes significantly reduced the amount and rate of inversion. The high-top shoes reduced the amount of inversion by 4.5 degrees , the maximum rate of inversion by 100.1 degrees /s, and the average rate of inversion by 73.0 degrees /s. CONCLUSIONS: The high-top shoes were more effective in reducing the amount and rate of inversion than the low-top shoes. Depending upon the loading conditions, high-top shoes may help prevent some ankle sprains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Lung cancer risk of workers in shoe manufacture and repair.

BACKGROUND: The occupational lung cancer risk in manufacturing and repair of shoes was studied by pooling of two major case-control studies from Germany. METHODS: Some 4184 incident hospital-based cases of primary lung cancer and 4253 population controls, matched for sex, age, and region of residence were intensively interviewed with respect to their occupational and smoking history. Based on the occupational coding and a free text search, all individuals who had ever worked in shoe manufacturing or repair for at least half a year were identified. Shoemaker-years were calculated as the cumulated duration of working in shoe manufacturing or repair. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated via conditional logistic regression. Additional adjustment for smoking and occupational asbestos exposure was used. RESULTS: Seventy-six cases and 42 controls who had ever worked in shoe manufacture or repair (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.29-2.78). After adjustment for smoking, this risk was lowered to 1.69 (95% CI: 1.09-2.62). Further adjustment for asbestos exposure only slightly changed the risk estimates upwards. The smoking adjusted OR in males was 1.50 (95% CI: 0.93-2.41) and 2.91 (95% CI: 0.90-9.44) in females. Logistic regression modeling showed a positive dose-effect relationship between duration of exposure in shoe manufacture and repair and lung cancer risk. The odds ratio for 30 years of exposure varied between 1.98 and 2.24 depending on the model specified. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk for shoemakers and workers in shoe manufacturing. The risk seems to double after being 30 years in these occupations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint.

The forces and moments acting at the hip joint influence the long-term stability of the fixation of endoprostheses and the course of coxarthrosis. These loads may depend on the kind of footwear and the walking or running style. These factors were investigated in a patient with instrumented hip implants. He wore different sports shoes, normal leather shoes, hiking boots and clogs and walked barefoot with soft, normal and hard heel strikes. The loads were lowest while walking and jogging without shoes. All shoes increased the joint force and the bending moment at the implant slightly but the torsional moment rose by up to 50%. No relation was found between the different type of shoes and the load increase, only shoes with very hard soles were clearly disadvantageous. Soft heels, soles or insoles did not offer advantages. Gait stability seems to play the most important role in increasing the joint loading and should be the criterion for the choice of footwear. Smooth gait patterns with soft heel strikes are the only means to reduce joint loading during slow jogging.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

The effectiveness of wedge shoes in patients with insufficient vestibular compensation.

OBJECTIVES: Patients who fail to achieve sufficient vestibular compensation after acute vestibular deafferentation show a tendency to deviate toward the affected side. This study evaluated the effectiveness of wedge shoes specially manufactured with a 4mm inclination on the affected side to patients with chronic vestibular insufficiency. METHODS: Subjects comprised 13 patients with chronic vestibular insufficiency for >6 months after acute unilateral vestibular dysfunction and 9 healthy volunteers. Subjects underwent vestibular tests wearing wedge shoes and regular shoes. Differences in results were compared. RESULTS: Patients showed significant improvements in the straight gait test (p<0.01), Unterberger-Fukuda stepping test (p<0.01) and posturography test (p=0.015) when wearing wedge shoes compared with wearing regular shoes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that raising the lateral sole of shoes on the affected side could effectively ameliorate the effects of chronic vestibular insufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Use of orthopedic shoes in patients with degenerative disorders of the foot.

OBJECTIVES: To study the actual use of orthopedic shoes by patients with degenerative foot disorders and to identify factors associated with use and nonuse, based on the parameters of the International Organization for Standardization definition of usability: effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction, and context of use. DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective cohort study. SETTING: Outpatient clinics of 7 rehabilitation centers in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred consecutive patients with degenerative foot disorders. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Usability was assessed by means of the Questionnaire for Usability Evaluation of orthopedic shoes. RESULTS: Seventy of 93 patients with degenerative foot disorders wore their orthopedic shoes for more than 3 days a week after 3 months of follow-up. Factors significantly associated with the actual use of orthopedic shoes were (1) increase in stance duration (effectiveness odds ratio [OR]=2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-3.85), (2) decrease in skin abnormalities (effectiveness OR=1.35; 95% CI, 1.02-1.8]), (3) problems experienced with putting on and taking off orthopedic shoes (efficiency OR=.46; 95% CI, .26-.82), and (4) cosmetic appearance of orthopedic shoes (satisfaction OR=1.54; 95% CI, 1.1-2.15). The overall fit of the multiple logistic regression model ( R 2 ) was 56.3%. CONCLUSIONS: By adding efficiency and satisfaction factors and not focusing only on the effectiveness factors, the amount of explained variance increases, and it becomes possible to evaluate and design products for people with special needs more comprehensively.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Recovery of trace DNA and its application to DNA profiling of shoe insoles.

In recent years, the analysis of trace amounts of DNA has become a necessary and useful forensic tool. DNA profiles can be obtained from items that have been worn or handled, due to the presence of transferred DNA derived from skin cells. Shoeprints collected from crime scenes that match a suspects shoe can link a shoe to the crime scene. A DNA profile from inside the shoe can link a wearer to a shoe thus increasing the evidential value of the forensic evidence. In this work, variation in the amount of DNA recovered from hands and feet of different individuals is investigated. Sites for sampling DNA from shoe insoles are compared and a protocol for the subsequent sampling and extraction is developed. Finally, a case study is described where DNA analysis of shoe insoles has provided forensic evidence.

DNA↗
PubMed2001

Shoe design for prevention of injuries in sport climbing.

Foot injuries and deformations are more frequent at higher levels of sport climbing. These are accepted as unavoidable because it is assumed that, for optimal performance, a prerequisite is the wearing of a shoe, which is too tight and has an unnatural shape. Based on a biomechanical analysis, we came up with a different approach to shoe design. By using regional thinning of the sole, easy flexion and extension of the toes is made possible. The form of the shoe conforms to the natural form of the foot, the shoe closure provides a close fit for feet with width differences of up to 20 mm and a shoe-sizing system was developed. After testing prototypes, we conclude that the new shoe design can contribute to the prevention of foot injuries and deformations in sport climbing.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A quantitative assessment of healing sandals and postoperative shoes in offloading the neuropathic diabetic foot.

The purpose of this report is to compare plantar pressures between custom healing sandals and postoperative shoes using unmodified prescription shoe gear as a control. Using a repeat measures design, we recorded the plantar forefoot pressures of eight patients classified as diabetic foot category 1 (neuropathy, no significant deformity, no history of ulceration) with each ambulating in three devices: 1) unmodified prescription shoe gear, 2) postoperative shoe gear, and 3) a custom-fabricated healing sandal. Each subject served as his or her own control. The healing sandal significantly reduced plantar forefoot pressure in all areas of the forefoot except the fifth metatarsal head. The postoperative shoe did not significantly reduce pressure at any site in the forefoot when compared with unmodified prescription shoe gear.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Energy aspects associated with sport shoes.

Sport shoes can have an influence on the energetics of human movement. The two main aspects where sport shoes can play a role are in maximizing the energy which is returned to the athlete and minimizing the energy which is lost by the athlete. Maximum values of energy storage in a shoe sole are on the order of 10 J. However, not all of this energy is returned to the athlete as shoe midsoles lose approximately 30% of the energy input. Depending on the movement, energy return sometimes occurs at the wrong time, frequency, location and in the wrong direction which compromises the ultimate influence on improving performance. As a result, the actual influence that energy return has on performance is probably minimal. Examples of the strategy to minimize energy loss include (1) reducing the mass of the shoe, (2) using appropriate midsole materials which dissipate unwanted vibrations, (3) implementing constructions which improve the stability of the ankle joint and (4) increasing the bending stiffness of shoe midsoles which reduces the energy lost at the metatarso-phalangeal joint. Energy that has not been lost for tasks not directly related to the actual performance may be applied to the movement and may result in an increase of athletic performance. We propose that athletic footwear can have a much larger influence on performance by minimizing the energy which is lost as opposed to maximizing the energy which is returned.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Measuring plantar weight distribution of shoes with forefoot support].

PURPOSE: Differences in weight bearing using forefoot relief ortheses available on the German market. METHODS: Six different forefoot relief shoes were tested. All ten probands wearing the same shoe-size, had a physiological foot anatomy and a normal gait. Contact time, contact area, maximum pressure and the pressure-time integral were assessed in six different areas of the sole. We used the dynamic device Fast SCAN by MEGASCAN placing the sensor inside the orthesis. RESULTS: A reduction of the pressure underneath the forefoot was seen with all sample shoes. In particular 3 types showed favourable parameters. The Metasan walking aid keeping the forefoot hanging free, reduced the pressure to almost zero compared to barefoot walking. The Forefoot relief orthesis with protective shield--also not supporting the forefoot--permitted a reduction down to 20% of the barefoot pressure. The Forefoot relief orthesis Dr. L. S. Barouk is reducing the pressure to 20% as well, allows a safer gait by lifting the front parts of the foot. Concerning the gait line remarkable differences between the shoe-types are seen. In all samples the front tipping edge of the shoe was free of peak loading. CONCLUSIONS: The shoes tested do reduce the pressure under the toes and under the metatarsals. They are not suitable for the postoperative care of proximal metatarsal or tarsometatarsal osteotomies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The influence of basketball shoes with increased ankle support on shock attenuation and performance in running and jumping.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of footwear with increased ankle support on ankle kinematics and on impact loads during landing from a vertical jump using high-speed cinematography, dynamometry and accelerometry in a series of tests in which a rebound action was simulated. To analyse the effect of this increased support on motor performance, two performance tests were designed: a vertical jump test and an obstacle course running test. Two prototype shoes with identical soles but different uppers were used. The first was designed to provide greater ankle support, with such features as a high top, heel counters and a rearfoot lacing system. The second prototype was a less supporting shoe, with low top and no heel counter or any other feature for support. In the shock attenuation test, the use of high-support shoes resulted in higher forefoot impact forces and higher shock transmission to the head, but showed lower shock transmission to the tibia. The use of high support shoes resulted in lower ranges of eversion and higher ranges of inversion of the ankle on landing. In the motor performance tests, the high-support shoes reduced the height jumped and increased the time to complete the running course relative to the low-support shoes. We conclude that increased ankle support reduces ankle eversion range but increases shock transmission, and reduces both jumping and running performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Shoe adaptation after amputation of the II - V phalangeal bones of the foot.

In The Netherlands, about 50% of all amputations of the lower limb are toes and forefoot amputations. Traumata of toes and mid-foot are rare. Preservation of the foot is the primary goal for treatment. Crush injuries of the foot may be associated with prolonged morbidity. This case study presents an insole solution for the solitary first phalangeal bone after amputation of the phalangeal bones II - V. The normal adaptation for forefoot amputations is stiffening of the sole of the shoe and a rocker bar to improve the toe off phase with load reduction of the forefoot. Because the patient had to do excessive stair climbing during work another solution was chosen. As a foot orthosis, a metal soleplate was made in order to have free movement during loading and toe-off during walking. The soleplate gives safety and provides self-adjusting properties after toe off. This enables the shoe technician to make a shoe without a rocker bar or an extra stiff insole. The 0.5 mm custom-made spring-steel plate is also used as a protective in industrial safety shoes. To improve shoe adaptation more research and case reports have to be published in order to inform doctors and shoe technicians about everyday solutions to partial foot amputations.

Amputees↗