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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Strain differences in autotomy in rats undergoing sciatic nerve transection or repair.

The degree of self-mutilation (autotomy) following sciatic nerve injury was assessed in 6 rat strains. Experimental groups included sciatic nerve transection with and without repair and crush lesions. The degree of autotomy was measured using a standard grading system. There were statistically significant differences between the strains in the transected group in terms of both degree of autotomy and the time of onset of its appearance. The repair group showed a shorter mean time of onset, lower maximal scores, and lower percentage of affected animals. Autotomy was absent in the nerve crush group and in all Lewis rats. In experimental studies when the status of the foot is critical (e.g., to evaluate functional walking patterns) Lewis rats appear to be the most appropriate strain to utilize. These results suggest that there are definite strain differences in the degree of autotomy following nerve transection or repair.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orthopaedic manifestations in congenitally insensate patients.

The spectrum of orthopaedic problems in eight congenitally insensate patients was reviewed. The conditions included congenital insensitivity to pain, Riley-Day syndrome, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In each of these conditions, the patient has an abnormality of interpretation of painful stimuli or lacks normal pain avoidance, leading to self-inflicted damage. The orthopaedic problems and complications included fracture, self-mutilation, autoamputation, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, Charcot joints, scoliosis, and dislocation. Effective management consists of early diagnosis and patient/parent education to prevent as many complications as possible. Fractures may be treated conservatively, while progressive scoliosis requires operative intervention. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and Charcot joints require appropriate operative treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent dress, Part I: Dress and body markings of psychiatric outpatients and inpatients.

This paper investigated the dress and body markings of 100 adolescent psychiatric patients (both hospitalized and never-hospitalized). Data were obtained from in-depth interviews conducted by a child psychiatrist. In contrast to nonhospitalized patients, hospitalized patients had a higher incidence of self-scarring, i.e., marks applied to self, either as a self-mutilation/suicide gesture or serving another purpose (for example, carving a boyfriend's initials into one's arm). Other individual expressions of appearance did not differentiate hospitalized from nonhospitalized patients. Detailed dress and appearance observations, questionnaires, photo reviews, self-portraits, and family discussions contributed to the beneficial effect of psychotherapy by focusing on feelings evoked and symbolized in dress and body markings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence and correlates of cutting behavior: risk for HIV transmission.

The prevalence of cutting behavior among a population of 76 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents was found to be 61.2%. The frequency ranged from a single occasion to over 50 instances, with a mean of 9.9 occasions. Increased self-mutilation was not found to be associated with gender, age, ethnicity, or primary psychiatric diagnosis. A significant association was identified between adolescents who report forced sex and those who report cutting behavior. Approximately 26.7% of those reporting this behavior also report sharing cutting implements with other adolescents. This article raises concern about this behavior as it relates to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and makes recommendations for clinicians treating this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Multiple personality and forensic issues.

As clinicians become more sophisticated regarding MPD, we can expect many more cases to come to the court's attention, especially among violent offenders. This is because violence and MPD have very similar origins in early extraordinary physical and sexual abuse. As offenders become more knowledgeable, we can also expect to encounter more and better malingering. At this time, however, we are far more likely to overlook the problem than we are to overdiagnose it. Why is it that MPD is recognized so infrequently in the offender population? Probably because so many of its characteristics are similar to the symptoms associated with antisocial personality. For example, amnesia for behaviors is dismissed as lying, fugue states appear to be attempts to evade justice; finding things in one's possession looks like stealing; self-mutilation and suicide attempts seem manipulative; and the use of different names at different times and in different circumstances is interpreted as the conscious use of aliases in order to evade the law. Even the dramatic, at times heart-wrenching emotional catharses relating to abuse revealed during hypnosis are so painful that the average person has difficulty accepting that they happened and, therefore, dismisses them as exaggeration or total fabrication. Most often, the diagnosis is missed because the clinician does not even consider it a possibility. In this article we have reviewed some of the ways in which courts have approached the issue of MPD and some of the problems specific to its diagnosis in forensic settings. The clinician must keep in mind that in cases in which issues of mental illness are raised, the law reflects that which it is taught by alleged experts. The case law on multiple personality is still sparse, leaving much room for new data and new interpretations of these data. The current tendency to treat each alternate as though it were a whole and responsible individual as opposed to an imaginary construct, a symptom of a mental illness, reflects the confusion among clinicians as well as attorneys regarding the phenomenon of MPD. As we continue to learn more about the disorder and its forensic implications, we must be careful to avoid presenting to the court clinical impression as fact or mythology as truth.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacological evaluation of SCH-12679: evidence for an in vivo antagonism of D1-dopamine receptors.

The benzazepine compound SCH-12679 has been shown to have clinical efficacy against aggressive behavior in mentally deficient patients. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the potential mechanism of action of SCH-12679. Because of the structural similarity of SCH-12679 to compounds influencing D1-dopamine receptors, even though in vitro studies indicated no direct action on this receptor, investigations focused on the possibility that in vivo SCH-12679 antagonizes the function of this dopamine receptor subtype. After i.p. administration to neonatal-6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, SCH-12679 reduced, dose-dependently, the locomotor activity induced by SKF-38393, a D1-dopamine agonist. A dose of SCH-12679 that antagonized the activity induced by SKF-38393 in neonatally lesioned rats also blocked various behaviors observed after administration of this D1-dopamine agonist. SCH-12679 did not alter the activity or behavioral responses induced by quinpirole, a D2-dopamine agonist, when administered to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. SCH-12679 antagonized the self-mutilation behavior and behavioral responses induced by L-dihydroxyphenylalanine in neonatal-6-OHDA lesioned rats in a manner similar to the prototypic D1-dopamine antagonist SCH-23390 and, like SCH-23390, produced a deficit in avoidance responding in unlesioned rats. SCH-12679 produced a small, transient activation of locomotor activity immediately after administration to neonatal-6-OHDA-lesioned rats that was not observed in unlesioned or adult-6-OHDA-lesioned rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1990

Heterozygous expression of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome clinical and ultrastructural studies.

The study comprised two cases (male & female sibs) from one family, with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. They were subjected to clinical evaluation, pedigree construction, uric acid estimation in blood, urates in urine, metabolic screening of blood and urine for amino acids, examination of oral cavity, histological studies of the gingiva by light and electron microscopy as well as buccal smear for Barr & Y bodies (for the female). The proband, a six years old female presented with self-mutilation, mental retardation, hyperactivity and aggression. She had bitten her index finger causing amputation of its distal phalanx. On family study her younger brother (9 months) was found to have increased uric acid and less severe neurologic involvement. The serum uric acid level of the affected female was higher. Her Barr body showed normal pattern. Oral cavity examination showed no abnormalities. Histological examination of the gingiva showed macrophages around the blood vessels. Ultrastructural studies showed more or less normal epithelium. There was collection of macrophages around the blood vessels in the sub-epithelial layer, the cytoplasm of these macrophages contained stippled cytoplasmic inclusions. The surrounding connective tissue showed thin collagen fibers with sharp delineation between the epithelial and connective tissue layers indicating poor quality of collagen. There was no histological difference between the hemizygous male and the heterozygous female. The present study indicates heterozygous expression of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome at both the clinical and the ultrastructural levels in favour of extreme lyonization or X-chromosome deletion in the affected female. Our findings also indicate that ultrastructural studies could be sensitive indicators of abnormal uric acid metabolism. Further studies are needed to compare the phenotypic expression of hemizygotes and heterozygotes with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome at both the clinical and ultrastructural levels.

Child↗
PubMed1990

A severe form of breakdown in communication in the psychoanalysis of an ill adolescent.

The paper focuses on a particularly severe kind of breakdown in communication that can arise in the psychoanalysis of ill adolescents who have experienced a real breakdown in functioning, such as a severe suicide attempt or one or more psychotic breakdowns. Clinical material is presented from the analysis of a suicidal and self-mutilating adolescent as an illustration of the theme. Included is a discussion of different types of breakdown in communication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Factitious purpura].

Three identical case histories consisting of circular delimited petechial purpura around the mouth and chin in children aged 13-15 years are presented. This form of purpura was undoubtedly due to self-mutilation by establishing of a vacuum over the skin produced by a tumbler from which the air had been partially aspirated. This is regarded as a symptom of hysterical conversion on account of stressing conditions at home or in school. Strategies for making the patient and the parents aware of the causal connection and the possibilities for intervention are mentioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

"Your feet's too big": an inquiry into psychological and symbolic meanings of the foot.

The foot is a highly cathected appendage that is commonly singled out as the brunt of humorous or derisive remarks, as if it embodies repugnance and disgust. Attitudes toward the foot are overdetermined, bearing the imprint of man's early linguistic patterns and individual dynamics. This article suggests that feet are symbolic because they bear the feelings derived from earlier separations, good and bad object representations, collective memories, and genital representations. The foot's role as symbol of both the male and female genitals, repository of badness, symbol of passivity, initiator of movement, and site of self-mutilation have been briefly reviewed. As Fats Waller rhapsodizes that the "feet's too big," he finds a convenient way to displace his symbiotic and erotic anxieties vis-à-vis women. Similarly, patients who come for psychiatric treatment and psychotherapy frequently make references to their feet or use them in specific ways. An understanding of this type of communication can often provide insight into individual dynamics and enhance treatment. The weight placed on these communications depends, of course, on the vicissitudes of the previous therapeutic work as well as on the particular problems of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Cornelia de Lange syndrome (I) with analgesia].

The case of a boy, observed from 9-17 years of age, with de Lange syndrome is described. The typical symptoms of the de Lange syndrome (brachymicrocephalie, characteristic face, hypertrichosis, typical form of the hand, debility and proportioned shortening) were combined with intensivity to pain and psychomotoric epilepsy. He showed a strikingly aggressive behaviour and simultaneous masochism with self-mutilation as it is typical for analgesia congenita. The autopsy showed cortical heterotopias of the brain and slight microgyria.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anyhydrosis: morphological studies of skin and peripheral nerves.

Two male siblings born to consanguineous parents, with the diagnosis of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis are evaluated. The patients presented with unexplained bouts of fever, self-mutilation, repeated trauma and inability to sweat. Physical examination revealed both siblings to be insensitive to pain and temperature. The electron microscopic study of the skin was unremarkable whereas sural nerve biopsies yielded an essential lack of unmyelinated fibers.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

[A cause of multiple failures in autoplasties: cutaneous pathomimesis].

The authors report a case of cutaneous pathomimesis of the hand with severe self-mutilation, contrasting with the minimal nature of the psychiatric illness. They recall several pathogenic and therapeutic elements for this disease which, although difficult, should be managed by a multidisciplinary approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of muscimol on aggressive behaviors induced by clonidine in mice].

A behavioral study was carried out to clarify a relationship between the GABAergic and purinergic central system in aggressive behaviors induced by clonidine in mice. Mice administered a high dose of clonidine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited aggressive behaviors such as biting and attacking. These behaviors are inhibited by L-PIA (N6-L-phenylisopropyl adenosine) and stimulated by caffeine, which suggest that a blockade of adenosine receptors is involved in these behaviors. Muscimol (0.5-2 mg/kg, i.p.), a GABA-a receptor agonist, not only markedly potentiated clonidine (20 mg/kg i.p.)-induced aggressive behaviors but also elicited characteristic behaviors such as gnawing, reinforced irritability, and self-mutilation. Bicuculline (1, 2 mg/kg, i.p.), a GABA-a receptor antagonist, or picrotoxin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), a chloride channel blocker, did not significantly affect clonidine (20 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced aggressive behaviors. The potentiating effects of muscimol (0.5, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) on clonidine-induced aggressive behaviors were antagonized by bicuculline (1, 2 mg/kg, i.p.), but not affected significantly by picrotoxin (1 mg/kg, i.p.). L-PIA (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced clonidine-induced aggressive behaviors and also reversed the potentiating effects of muscimol. Stereotyped gnawing behaviors induced by combined treatment of muscimol (0.5, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and clonidine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) were not affected by bicuculline (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The results suggest that the potentiating effects of muscimol on clonidine-induced aggressive behaviors may be induced via the stimulation of GABA-a receptors, although not necessarily associated with chloride channel functions, and may involve certain interactions between the stimulation of GABA-a receptors and the inhibition of adenosine receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol intoxication in teenagers using inhalant stupefacients.

The study was carried out 11 boys, 12-17 years old, treated in the Therapeutic-Educational Guidance Center for the Young because of using inhalant stupefacients and incliniation to alcohol abuse. The inhalant stupefacients were taken for a period of 6 months to three years, of alcohol--from 6 months to 2 years. The most common inhalant stupefacients were "Butapren" glue, trichlorethylene and "Roxy" fluid; wine and vodka were the alcohols used. No one patient displayed the full dependence syndrome, most of them (83%) had organic CNS damage, in 63% pathological EEG changes were recorded. The alcohol inebriation was accompanied by marked psychomotor excitation with cognitive disturbances, aggressiveness, anxiety, self-mutilation. One patient developed visual illusions and hallucinations. The findings suggest that the consequences of abuse of inhalant stupefacients significantly influence the syndrome of alcohol intoxication, potentiating the psychopathological signs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[A neurologic model of early infantile autism].

Based on the abnormalities in sleep-wakefulness cycle of early infantile autism, the author discussed its pathophysiology focusing on its main lesion in the raphe nuclei. These neurons, located in the midline portion of the brainstem send their axons to various neurons of the upper and lower nervous systems, including the locus coeruleus and the dopamine neurons of the tegmentum, the former having a broad innervation and the latter a restricted area in the central nervous system. These monoaminergic neurons modulate the functions of the involved neurons and regulate their functional and structural maturation in the early developmental course. The early lesion of the raphe nuclei causes poor adaptation to environment which develops as abnormal circadian oscillation and pervasive lack of responsiveness. Combined hypofunction of the locus ceruleus, particularly of its dorsal bundle, results in the failure of extinction of acquired memory in mice which relates clinically to the excellent memory and resistance to change peculiar interests and attachments in humans. From early childhood, the disturbance of dopaminergic neurons becomes apparent clinically, and causes hyperkinesia and stereotyped activities. With the other two monoaminergic neurons, dopaminergic neurons cause occasional aggressiveness or self-mutilation. The latter behaviors are like those of pampered children and are simulated to "muricide" and "friendliness" observed in rats with these monoaminergic lesions. The particular language disturbance with echolalia is due to the right hemispheric dominance, which might have been caused by a delayed functional lateralization of the hemisphere resulting also from the delayed development of the circadian oscillation in infancy. The motor disturbances consisting of hypotonia and impaired locomotion might be due to decreased tonic innervations of the locus ceruleus and the raphe nuclei to the spinal locomotion center. CT examination of symptomatic autism showed the amygdala as one of the causative nuclei for the autistic behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Spectacles for dogs and cats (author's transl)].

Indications for using spectacles in dogs and cats are reviewed. These indications are classified into the following categories: (1) correction of visual acuity, (2) protection against external irritants such as ultraviolet rays and wind, (3) prevention of self-mutilation and (4) psychological reasons. The only justifiable indications for the use of spectacles or sun-glasses in dogs or cats consist in the treatment or prevention of some ophthalmic disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Youth in crisis: dimensions of self-destructive conduct among adolescent prisoners.

Self-mutilation and attempted suidcide among adolescent prisoners are explored in relation to concrete coping tests posed in prison and to self-esteem problems posed by failure of external (family) and internal (peer) support systems. Crisis sequences are traced using verbatim excerpts from interviews with self-destructive prisoners and conceptualized in terms of enduring adolescent needs and concerns. Some general observations regarding strategies of intervention with crisisprone prisoners are included.

Adjustment Disorders↗